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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Recrystallization Behavior and Super-Elasticity of a Metastable β-Type Ti-21Nb-7Mo-4Sn Alloy During Cold Rolling and Annealing

Based on the d-electron alloy design theory, a new metastable β-type titanium alloy for biomedical applications, Ti-21Nb-7Mo-4Sn (wt.%) was designed in this article. This theory predicted this alloy was a metastable single β-type titanium alloy with low elastic modulus at room temperature, and the β-phase transition (β to α″) would be easy to occur during the cold rolling. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy during cold rolling plus annealing were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and mechanical properties test. The results indicate that only β phase can be identified in this alloy before cold rolling, while a large amount of lath martensite (α″ phase) appears after cold rolling due to stress-induced martensitic transformation, which is in accordance with the prediction of the d-electron alloy design theory. The recrystallization nucleation occurs preferentially in the martensite lath region during the subsequent annealing process, and this region forms a large number of nano-crystals and microcrystals, showing that cold rolling plus annealing can become a new process for refining grains. Compared with casting and cold rolling samples, the annealing materials at 923 K for 10 min have excellent comprehensive mechanical properties with lower elastic modulus (58 GPa) and higher elastic recovery rate (35.39%).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructural Analysis and Texture Evolution of the CVCEDed AZ31 Magnesium Alloy by Hot Rolling

Grain refinement is one of the important methods to improve the performance of magnesium alloy sheets. This paper attempts to prepare the billets of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE) and then prepare sheets by rolling. The results show that the average grain size of the sheets rolled from extruded products by CVCDE with 2 interim dies reduced by 30% and the tensile strength increased by 12.6% compared with the sheets rolled from extruded products by traditional extrusion (CE), which is related to the dislocation multiplication in the corresponding conditions. The high dislocation density hinders the plastic deformation of the material, which is one of the internal factors that cause the increase in the strength of the material and the decrease in the plasticity. In addition, the basal surface of a lot of grains of the sheets rolled from extruded products by CVCDE with 2 interim dies is parallel to the RD-TD plane and the strength of texture is high. Meanwhile, the value of average Schmid factor of the sheets rolled from extruded products by CVCDE with 2 interim dies along the rolling direction is lowest, which result in lower plasticity. The above research provides a new idea for the development of high-performance magnesium alloy sheets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Contradictory Feature Size Effects in the Tensile Yield Strength of Cu Sheets Produced Using Different Sequences Involving Annealing, Rolling, and Grinding

The feature size effect is significant research interest in the field of microforming. It is assumed that the size effect is influenced by the material preparation process. To verify this, the feature size effects associated with the tensile yield strength of Cu sheets with thicknesses ranging from 100 to 200 μm, produced using different sequences involving annealing, rolling, and grinding, were studied. Differing feature size effects were observed in the Cu specimens, and it was confirmed that the size effect was indeed influenced by the specimen preparation sequence. The tensile yield strengths of the annealed–ground–rolled and annealed–rolled specimens increased as the specimen thicknesses decreased. However, an opposing size effect was observed in the case of the annealed–rolled–annealed, annealed–ground, and annealed–rolled–ground specimens. The reduction ratio did not alter the trend associated with the size effect, but influenced the intensity of the size effect. It is believed that the reinforcement and erosion of the surface-hardened layer introduced during rolling resulted in the contradictory results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

The Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Hot-Rolled TiB{sub 2}/Ni Composites

To quickly prepare TiB{sub 2}/Ni composites at low temperatures, a method combining spark plasma sintering and hot rolling was used. This paper presents the preparation, microstructural and mechanical properties, strengthening mechanism and corrosion properties of TiB{sub 2}/Ni composites in detail. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the texture degree of the TiB{sub 2}/Ni composites after hot rolling greatly differed from that of the as-rolled pure Ni samples. The addition of TiB{sub 2} particles limited grain growth in the Ni matrix and led to grain refinement. Dislocation strengthening, grain refinement strengthening and load transfer strengthening contributed to a 30% increase in the tensile strength compared to that of the as-rolled pure Ni. In addition, the strengthening mechanism of the mechanical property reinforcement was analyzed. The electrochemical test results demonstrate that the as-rolled pure Ni exhibited a lower corrosion current density and corrosion resistance than the other as-rolled TiB{sub 2}/Ni composites fabricated in this paper. This work demonstrates a new approach for fabricating composites in less time at lower preparation temperatures than conventional methods.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Reinforcement of the Cube texture during recrystallization of a 1050 aluminum alloy partially recrystallized and 10% cold-rolled

In high purity Aluminum, very strong {l_brace}100{r_brace}<001> recrystallization texture is developed after 98% cold rolling and annealing at 500 Degree-Sign C. On the contrary, in Aluminum alloys of commercial purity, the Cube component hardly exceeds 30% after complete recrystallization. Parameters controlling Cube orientation development are mainly the solute dragging due to impurities in solid solution and the stored deformation energy. In the present study, besides the 85% cold rolling, two extra annealings and a slight cold rolling are introduced in the processing route to increase the Cube volume fraction. The Cube development was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD). The nucleation and growth mechanisms responsible for the large Cube growth were investigated using FEG/EBSD in-situ heating experiments. Continuous recrystallization was observed in Cube oriented grains and competed with SIBM (Strain Induced Boundary Migration) mechanism. This latter was favored by the stored energy gap introduced during the additional cold-rolling between the Cube grains and their neighbors. Finally, a Cube volume fraction of 65% was reached after final recrystallization. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer EBSD in-situ heating experiments of aluminum alloy of commercial purity. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A 10% cold-rolling after a partial recrystallization improved Cube nucleation and growth. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Annealing before cold-rolling limited the solute drag effect and permitted a large Cube growth. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cube development is enhanced by continuous recrystallization of Cube sub-grains. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The preferential Cube growth occurs by SIBM of small Cube grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Characterization of microstructure, texture and magnetic properties in twin-roll casting high silicon non-oriented electrical steel

An Fe-6.5 wt.% Si-0.3 wt.% Al as-cast sheet was produced by twin-roll strip casting process, then treated with hot rolling, warm rolling and annealing. A detailed study of the microstructure and texture evolution at different processing stages was carried out by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. The initial as-cast strip showed strong columnar grains and pronounced < 001 >//ND texture. The hot rolled and warm rolled sheets were characterized by large amounts of shear bands distributed through the thickness together with strong < 110 >//RD texture and weak < 111 >//ND texture. After annealing, detrimental < 111 >//ND texture almost disappeared while beneficial (001)<210 >, (001)<010 >, (115)<5 − 10 1 > and (410) < 001 > recrystallization textures were formed, thus the magnetic induction of the annealed sheet was significantly improved. The recrystallization texture in the present study could be explained by preferred nucleation and grain growth mechanism. - Highlights: • A high silicon as-cast strip with columnar structure was produced. • A thin warm rolled sheet without large edge cracks was obtained. • Microstructure and texture evolution at each stage were investigated. • Beneficial (001)<210 >, (001)<010 >, (410)<001 > recrystallization textures were formed. • The magnetic induction of annealed sheet was significantly improved.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure and mechanical properties development of micro channel tubes in extrusion, rolling and brazing

Highlights: • Rolling and brazing greatly affect the properties of micro-channel tubes (MCTs). • The properties of MCTs are investigated by the evolution of the microstructure. • Strength is decreased by 47% at 5%-rolling reduction ratio and 3-minute brazing. • Ductile fracture mode is observed by OM at failure of MCTs under inner pressure. - Abstract: In addition to extrusion, the post-processing of rolling and brazing has significant effect on the mechanical properties of multi-port tubes. The aluminum micro channel tubes, especially the seam welding zone in the internal webs, are investigated in terms of mechanical tests, microstructure characterization, and finite element analysis. The effect of the post-process of rolling are quantified by varying amount of rolling reduction ratios. Tensile strength and pressure bearing capacity are determined by tensile tests and burst pressure tests, respectively. The evolution of the microstructure within the seam wielding zone is characterized by Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and optical microscopy (OM). The fracture profile observed by OM indicates ductile fracture mode. The pressure bearing capacity is reduced by ~47% at 5% reduction ratio of rolling followed by 3-minute brazing, where largest grains are obtained due to abnormal grain growth.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hot Rolling of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy with Isotropic Tensile Properties from Tubing Made by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)

In the present work, we utilized Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE), a solid-phase processing technique, to extrude hollow tubes of ZK60 Mg alloy. Hot rolling was performed on these as-extruded tubes (after slitting them longitudinally) to thickness reductions of 37%, 68%, and 93% to investigate their viability as rolling feedstock material. EBSD analysis showed the formation of twinned grains in the ShAPE processed material and a gradual re-orientation of the basal texture parallel to the extrusion direction with each rolling step. Moreover, an equiaxed grain size of 5.15 ± 3.39 μm was obtained in the ShAPE extruded material, and the microstructure was retained even after 93% rolling reduction. The rolled sheets also showed excellent tensile strengths and no mechanical anisotropy, a critical characteristic for formability. The unique microstructures developed and their excellent mechanical properties, combined with the ease of scalability of the process, make ShAPE a promising alternative to existing methods for producing rolling feedstock material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Effect of rolling motion on critical heat flux for subcooled flow boiling in vertical tube

This paper presents defining characteristics of the critical heat flux (CHF) for the boiling of R-134a in vertical tube operation under rolling motion in marine reactor. It is important to predict CHF of marine reactor having the rolling motion in order to increase the safety of the reactor. Marine Reactor Moving Simulator (MARMS) tests are conducted to measure the critical heat flux using R-134a flowing upward in a uniformly heated vertical tube under rolling motion. MARMS was rotated by motor and mechanical power transmission gear. The CHF tests were performed in a 9.5 mm I.D. test section with heated length of 1 m. Mass fluxes range from 285 to 1300 kg m{sup -2}s{sup -1}, inlet subcooling from 3 to 38 deg. C and outlet pressures from 13 to 24 bar. Amplitudes of rolling range from 15 to 40 degrees and periods from 6 to 12 sec. To convert the test conditions of CHF test using R-134a in water, Katto's fluid-to-fluid modeling was used in present investigation. A CHF correlation is presented which accounts for the effects of pressure, mass flux, inlet subcooling and rolling angle over all conditions tested. Unlike existing transient CHF experiments, CHF ratio of certain mass flux and pressure are different in rolling motion. For the mass fluxes below 500 kg m{sup -2}s{sup -1} at 13, 16 (region of relative low mass flux), CHF ratio was decreased but was increased above that mass flux (region of relative high mass flux). Moreover, CHF tend to enhance in entire mass flux at 24 bar. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

An investigation of the microstructure and ductility of annealed cold-rolled tungsten

Tungsten is notoriously brittle metal at room temperature. Furthermore, contrary to most metals, plastic deformation increases ductility and recrystallization decreases ductility of tungsten. The fundamentals that govern this behavior have challenged academia and industry for decades. This paper focuses on understanding the controlling factors of ductility through a systematic investigation of the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-rolled tungsten that occur during annealing. Cold-rolled tungsten samples were annealed at temperatures up to 1400 °C, and mechanical testing and microstructural analysis was performed before and after annealing. Furthermore, a dislocation mobility model based on the Orowan equation was applied. The mechanisms of deformation are discussed within the context of deformed and annealed microstructures. The high fraction of low angle grain boundaries and high density of edge dislocations were found to be the most important factors for ductility. Although there were gradual changes in microstructure and mechanical properties, the ductility of cold-rolled tungsten was maintained up to 1300 °C. The material recrystallized when annealed above this temperature, had no ductility, and suffered brittle fracture. Microstructural characterizations of the as-rolled material revealed a typical BCC texture, with grains elongated in rolling direction and a large amount of edge dislocations and low angle grain boundaries. The level of texturing and the fraction of low angle grain boundaries diminished after recrystallization. It was found that, compared to the recrystallized material, as-rolled tungsten can accommodate over 7 orders of magnitude higher deformation velocity due to the high density of edge dislocations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Precipitation in cold-rolled Al–Sc–Zr and Al–Mn–Sc–Zr alloys prepared by powder metallurgy

The effects of cold-rolling on thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, microstructure and recrystallization behaviour of the AlScZr and AlMnScZr alloys prepared by powder metallurgy were studied. The powder was produced by atomising in argon with 1% oxygen and then consolidated by hot extrusion at 350 °C. The electrical resistometry and microhardness together with differential scanning calorimetry measurements were compared with microstructure development observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Fine (sub)grain structure developed and fine coherent Al{sub 3}Sc and/or Al{sub 3}(Sc,Zr) particles precipitated during extrusion at 350 °C in the alloys studied. Additional precipitation of the Al{sub 3}Sc and/or Al{sub 3}(Sc,Zr) particles and/or their coarsening was slightly facilitated by the previous cold rolling. The presence of Sc,Zr-containing particles has a significant antirecrystallization effect that prevents recrystallization at temperatures minimally up to 420 °C. The precipitation of the Al{sub 6}Mn- and/or Al{sub 6}(Mn,Fe) particles of a size ∼ 1.0 μm at subgrain boundaries has also an essential antirecrystallization effect and totally suppresses recrystallization during 32 h long annealing at 550 °C. The texture development of the alloys seems to be affected by high solid solution strengthening by Mn. The precipitation of the Mn-containing alloy is highly enhanced by a cold rolling. The apparent activation energy of the Al{sub 3}Sc particles formation and/or coarsening and that of the Al{sub 6}Mn and/or Al{sub 6}(Mn,Fe) particle precipitation in the powder and in the compacted alloys were determined. The cold deformation has no effect on the apparent activation energy values of the Al{sub 3}Sc-phase and the Al{sub 6}Mn-phase precipitation. - Highlights: • The Mn, Sc and Zr additions to Al totally suppresses recrystallization at 550 °C. • The Sc,Zr-containing particle precipitation is slightly facilitated by cold rolling. • The Mn-containing particle precipitation is highly enhanced by cold rolling. • Cold rolling has no effect on activation energy of the Al{sub 3}Sc and Al{sub 6}Mn precipitation. • The texture development is affected by high solid solution strengthening by Mn.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Calcium and zirconium as texture modifiers during rolling and annealing of magnesium–zinc alloys

Rolling experiments were carried out on a ternary Mg–Zn–Ca alloy and its modification with zirconium. Short time annealing of as-rolled sheets is used to reveal the microstructure and texture development. The texture of the as-rolled sheets can be characterised by basal pole figures with split peak towards the rolling direction (RD) and a broad transverse angular spread of basal planes towards the transverse direction (TD). During annealing the RD split peaks as well as orientations in the sheet plane vanish whereas the distribution of orientations tilted towards the TD remains. It is shown in EBSD measurements that during rolling bands of twin containing structures form. During subsequent annealing basal orientations close to the sheet plane vanish based on a grain nucleation and growth mechanism of recrystallisation. Orientations with tilt towards the TD remain in grains that do not undergo such a mechanism. The addition of Zr delays texture weakening. - Highlights: • Ca in Mg–Zn-alloys contributes to a significant texture weakening during rolling and annealing. • Grain nucleation and growth in structures consisting of twins explain a texture randomisation during annealing. • Grains with transverse tilt of basal planes preferentially do not undergo a grain nucleation and growth mechanism. • Zr delays the microstructure and texture development.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Slow-roll approximation in loop quantum cosmology

The slow-roll approximation is an analytical approach to study dynamical properties of the inflationary universe. In this article, systematic construction of the slow-roll expansion for effective loop quantum cosmology is presented. The analysis is performed up to the fourth order in both slow-roll parameters and the parameter controlling the strength of deviation from the classical case. The expansion is performed for three types of the slow-roll parameters: Hubble slow-roll parameters, Hubble flow parameters and potential slow-roll parameters. An accuracy of the approximation is verified by comparison with the numerical phase space trajectories for the case with a massive potential term. The results obtained in this article may be helpful in the search for the subtle quantum gravitational effects with use of the cosmological data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stochastic disks that roll

We study a model of rolling particles subject to stochastic fluctuations, which may be relevant in systems of nano- or microscale particles where rolling is an approximation for strong static friction. We consider the simplest possible nontrivial system: a linear polymer of three disks constrained to remain in contact and immersed in an equilibrium heat bath so the internal angle of the polymer changes due to stochastic fluctuations. We compare two cases: one where the disks can slide relative to each other and the other where they are constrained to roll, like gears. Starting from the Langevin equations with arbitrary linear velocity constraints, we use formal homogenization theory to derive the overdamped equations that describe the process in configuration space only. The resulting dynamics have the formal structure of a Brownian motion on a Riemannian or sub-Riemannian manifold, depending on if the velocity constraints are holonomic or nonholonomic. We use this to compute the trimer's equilibrium distribution with and without the rolling constraints. Surprisingly, the two distributions are different. We suggest two possible interpretations of this result: either (i) dry friction (or other dissipative, nonequilibrium forces) changes basic thermodynamic quantities like the free energy of a system, a statement that could be tested experimentally, or (ii) as a lesson in modeling rolling or friction more generally as a velocity constraint when stochastic fluctuations are present. In the latter case, we speculate there could be a “roughness” entropy whose inclusion as an effective force could compensate the constraint and preserve classical Boltzmann statistics. Regardless of the interpretation, our calculation shows the word “rolling” must be used with care when stochastic fluctuations are present.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Rolling Reduction on Critical Current Density and Microstructure of Bi-2212 Wires

Bi-2212 Rutherford cables have been fabricated into flat racetrack coils and canted-cosine-theta dipole magnets. The performance gap between the magnets made with Rutherford cables and the “short-sample-limit” is about 30%. To better understand the influence of Rutherford cable processing on the strand performance, we studied three Bi-2212 wires with filament architectures of 37 × 18 and 55 × 18 and diameters of 0.8 and 1.0 mm. To simulate the deformation caused by cabling process, the three wires were rolled with thickness reductions ranging from 10% to 30%. The aspect ratios of rolled strands are between 1.29 and 2.05. The low aspect-ratio wire is also an interesting form for fabricating solenoid coils with higher packing density. The round and rolled strands were heat-treated under 50 bar and with maximum heat treatment temperatures of 885.5 °C and 890.5 °C. The rolling deformation reduced filament size uniformity, resulting in filament merging in fully heat-treated wires. It was found that rolling reduction reduced wire critical current density (JE) by 16 to 18%, but the JE decrease saturated at 15 to 20% of the thickness reduction. It is believed that the reduced JE results from the filament merging caused by rolling and non-uniform shrinking during overpressure heat treatment.

Bi-2212 wire↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-J-56: Dosimetric Impact of Patient Roll Variability in Peripheral-Lung SBRT

Purpose: Positional variation about the patient longitudinal axis may introduce deleterious effects to clinical treatment plans, the effects of which are exacerbated by hypo-fractionated treatment regimens. Our goal is to evaluate the dosimetric impact of rotational setup error in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for peripherally-located lung lesions. Methods: Six patients who had been treated for peripheral lung lesions using varying SBRT techniques were analyzed. Each patient's planning CT was processed using custom in-house software to simulate 1, 3, and 5 degree roll in both directions about their longitudinal axis. The original plan was fused and re-calculated. Agreement between planned and error-simulated dose distributions was quantified using 3%, 3mm criteria for the 3-dimensional gamma metric, and changes in target coverage and adjacent normal anatomy were also quantified. Results: Increased rotational setup error resulted in reduced target coverage, with changes in equivalent uniform dose ranging from −1.24% to −6.11% for simulated roll greater than or equal to 3 degrees, increasing with magnitude of error and skewed for roll directed toward the involved side. Changes to normal tissue metrics are linearly related to simulated roll, with rib D(1cc) changes ranging from −4.23% to 3.27% relative to the original treatment plan. Error-simulated dose distributions demonstrate agreement by the gamma metric in the planned target of 72.56%, 81.02%, and 99.52% for 5, 3, and 1 degree simulated roll scenarios, respectively. Corresponding agreement for the regional dose in excess of 50% of the maximum were 65.71%,70.77%, and 97.88%. Conclusion: This study suggests that the ability to detect and compensate for rotational positioning variations beyond a threshold level may improve care for patients with peripherally-located lesions beyond that which may be accomplished using only translational axes. Positional error of one degree of roll had little influence, though three or more degrees of error introduced significant discrepancy.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Carbide Particle Redistribution in U10Mo Alloy during Hot Rolling Process

The influence of initial carbide particle distribution features on the evolution of particle and stringer distribution within U10Mo alloy during hot rolling was investigated in this study. This work will provide guidance to casting optimization work and identify actionable process changes to eliminate the surface features directly attributed to carbides. Various synthetic microstructure-based finite-element (FE) models were generated with consideration of different parameters (i.e., particle shape, particle volume fraction and particle distribution). Plane-strain compression loading was employed in the FE models to simulate hot rolling to 40% and 80% reductions. Stringer statistics analyses and two-point correlation functions were then performed with the simulated hot-rolling results. The results from stringer analyses show that stringer volume fraction substantially increases with increased rolling reduction for microstructure with particles distributed along grain boundaries, and that microstructures with elliptical particles may have slightly higher stringer volume fractions than those with circular particles. The results also show that the maximum stringer length can increase substantially with increased rolling reduction for microstructures with elliptical particles along grain boundaries, and that the microstructures with higher-aspect-ratio elliptical particles may have higher stringer volume fraction and higher maximum stringer length. Near-surface numbers of particles and particle volume fractions also increase with increased rolling reduction. The results from application of the two-point correlation function show that the particle shape (i.e., circular or elliptical) may not have significant influence on the overall shapes of the correlation curves, and that the correlation curves tend to show higher peaks at short distance and then gradually decrease for microstructures with higher particle volume fractions and particles distributed along grain boundaries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

Aerodynamic roll damping of a T-tail transport configuration

The aerodynamic roll damping and the yawing moment due to roll rate for a model of a T-tail transport with aft-mounted engines were measured by means of a small-amplitude forced-oscillation mechanism. The tests were made for Mach numbers between 0.21 and 0.80 over a range of angles of attack from about minus 4 deg to 22 deg. The basic configuration had positive damping in roll at low angles of attack with regions of low positive and negative damping for angles of attack above 8 deg to 10 deg. There was good agreement between the theoretical estimates of the roll damping for the wing alone and the experimental results at an angle of attack of 0 deg for Mach numbers of 0.60 and less. The T-tail configuration and the engine nacelles mounted aft on the fuselage did not significantly affect either the damping in roll or the yawing moment due to roll rate.

Boyden, R. P.↗