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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Emerging Trends in Biological Treatment of Wastewater From Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction

Unconventional oil and gas exploration generates an enormous quantity of wastewater, commonly referred to as flowback and produced water (FPW). Limited freshwater resources and stringent disposal regulations have provided impetus for FPW reuse. Organic and inorganic compounds released from the shale/brine formation, microbial activity, and residual chemicals added during hydraulic fracturing bestow a unique as well as temporally varying chemical composition to this wastewater. Studies indicate that many of the compounds found in FPW are amenable to biological degradation, indicating biological treatment may be a viable option for FPW processing and reuse. This review discusses commonly characterized contaminants and current knowledge on their biodegradability, including the enzymes and organisms involved. Further, a perspective on recent novel hybrid biological treatments and application of knowledge gained from omics studies in improving these treatments is explored.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the metabolic potential during early production of Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 in the Delaware Basin

Demand for natural gas continues to climb in the United States, having reached a record monthly high of 104.9 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in November 2023. Hydraulic fracturing, a technique used to extract natural gas and oil from deep underground reservoirs, involves injecting large volumes of fluid, proppant, and chemical additives into shale units. This is followed by a “shut-in” period, during which the fracture fluid remains pressurized in the well for several weeks. The microbial processes that occur within the reservoir during this shut-in period are not well understood; yet, these reactions may significantly impact the structural integrity and overall recovery of oil and gas from the well. To shed light on this critical phase, we conducted an analysis of both pre-shut-in material alongside production fluid collected throughout the initial production phase at the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 (HFTS 2) located in the prolific Wolfcamp formation within the Permian Delaware Basin of west Texas, USA. Specifically, we aimed to assess the microbial ecology and functional potential of the microbial community during this crucial time frame. Prior analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing data through the first 35 days of production revealed a strong selection for a Clostridia species corresponding to a significant decrease in microbial diversity. Here, we performed a metagenomic analysis of produced water sampled on Day 33 of production. This analysis yielded three high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), one of which was a Clostridia draft genome closely related to the recently classified Petromonas tenebris. This draft genome likely represents the dominant Clostridia species observed in our 16S rRNA profile. Annotation of the MAGs revealed the presence of genes involved in critical metabolic processes, including thiosulfate reduction, mixed acid fermentation, and biofilm formation. These findings suggest that this microbial community has the potential to contribute to well souring, biocorrosion, and biofouling within the reservoir. Our research provides unique insights into the early stages of production in one of the most prolific unconventional plays in the United States, with important implications for well management and energy recovery.

natural gas↗
DOE OSTI2025

Gulf Coast Basin CORE-CM Initiative (Final Report)

This report describes critical mineral/rare earth element resources, including Gulf Coast coal resources, and waste streams including coal ash from power plants, red mud from alumina processing, heavy mineral concentrates from sand mining industry, zeolite, graphite, and produced water with oil and gas.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermodynamic modeling of calcium carbonate scale precipitation: aqueous Na + -Ca 2+ -Cl – -HCO 3 – -CO 3 2– -CO 2 system

To allow for accurate calculations of calcium carbonate scaling in highly saline produced waters, we present a comprehensive thermodynamic model based on the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (eNRTL) activity coefficient equation for the aqueous Na ⁺ -Ca ²⁺ -Cl – -HCO 3 – -CO 3 ²– -CO 2 system. The eNRTL binary interaction parameters for the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -CO 3 2– ) pair, the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -HCO 3 – ) pair, the (Na⁺-Cl–):(Na ⁺ -CO 3 2– ) pair, and the (Na ⁺ -Cl – ):(Na ⁺ -HCO 3 – ) pair are identified in this work via the regression of thermodynamic, calorimetric, and phase equilibria experimental data. The binary interaction parameters associated with the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -Cl – ) pair, the CO 2 :(Na ⁺ -Cl – ) pair, the H 2 O:(Ca ²⁺ -Cl – ) pair, and the (Na ⁺ -Cl – ):(Ca ²⁺ -Cl – ) pair are retrieved from the literature. The remaining binary interaction parameters are retrieved from Aspen Plus or set to zero. In addition, the solubility product constants are identified for Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 · 7H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·NaHCO 3 2H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·3NaHCO 3 (s) , and CaCO 3(s) via regression of solubility data. Here, the model is capable of accurately calculating all phase equilibria and calorimetric properties at temperatures up to 473.15 K and salt concentrations up to saturation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comparative analysis of various pretreatments to mitigate fouling and scaling in membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) has shown strong promise for treating hypersaline produced water (PW) streams. Scaling and fouling on the membrane surface, however, have been identified as major challenges for commercialization and widespread application. The focus of this study was to first identify the nature of foulants and scalants on the membrane surface and then investigate the pretreatment strategies that mitigate the extent of fouling and scaling on the membrane surface. Vacuum MD (VMD) was selected for this study because of its higher flux at more moderate feed temperatures that eventually leads better assessment of fouling and scaling on the membrane surface. VMD flux tests were carried out with three different real PW samples at total dissolved solids concentrations in the range of 120-160 g/L. It was found that an efficient pretreatment prior to MD is required to mitigate the fouling potential of the organic matter, mostly suspended constituents, in PW samples. Suspended organics fouled and quickly wetted the MD membrane. Major conventional treatments, including filtration, oxidation, coagulation, air floatation, and aeration were investigated to pretreat the PW before VMD tests. A comprehensive comparative analysis is presented showing that the ultrafiltration and coagulation pretreatments displayed the best performance in mitigating the fouling and scaling, while oxidative pretreatment was found to be effective in reducing the iron concentration to less than 5 ppm. The surface of scaled membranes was carefully characterized to further evaluate the performance of each pretreatment. The components that had the highest tendency to precipitate on the membrane surface were identified as strontium sulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, iron oxide, and silica. In closing, these findings are supported by thermodynamic estimation of the saturation index.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Predicting Rare Earth Element Potential in Produced and Geothermal Waters of the United States via Emergent Self-Organizing Maps

This work applies emergent self-organizing map (ESOM) techniques, a form of machine learning, in the multidimensional interpretation and prediction of rare earth element (REE) abundance in produced and geothermal waters in the United States. Visualization of the variables in the ESOM trained using the input data shows that each REE, with the exception of Eu, follows the same distribution patterns and that no single parameter appears to control their distribution. Cross-validation, using a random subsample of the starting data and only using major ions, shows that predictions are generally accurate to within an order of magnitude. Using the same approach, an abridged version of the U.S. Geological Survey Produced Waters Database, Version 2.3 (which includes both data from produced and geothermal waters) was mapped to the ESOM and predicted values were generated for samples that contained enough variables to be effectively mapped. Results show that in general, produced and geothermal waters are predicted to be enriched in REEs by an order of magnitude or more relative to seawater, with maximum predicted enrichments in excess of 1000-fold. Cartographic mapping of the resulting predictions indicates that maximum REE concentrations exceed values in seawater across the majority of geologic basins investigated and that REEs are typically spatially co-associated. The factors causing this co-association were not determined from ESOM analysis, but based on the information currently available, REE content in produced and geothermal waters is not directly controlled by lithology, reservoir temperature, or salinity.

Engle, Mark A. (ORCID:0000000152587374)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Controlled dehumidification to extract clean water from a multicomponent gaseous mixture of organic contaminants

Rapid expansion of the unconventional oil and gas extraction has increased American energy independence, but also led to increased production of large amounts of contaminated water. Wastewater from the oil and gas industry contains a wide range of contaminants. Injecting such contaminated water into disposal wells or discharging it to the environment jeopardizes freshwater resources. Conventional and membrane-based wastewater treatment techniques are often not effective choices to treat highly contaminated wastewater; however, a suitable way to remove contaminants from wastewater is to selectively separate water in a process analogous to humidification-dehumidification (HDH). Only a few studies have investigated the use of HDH for wastewater treatment. In this study, a novel HDH system is introduced for treating highly contaminated water, such as oil and gas flowback and produced water. In this HDH process, a non-condensable gas, such as air, mixes with wastewater vapor to facilitate the separation of contaminants. As a result, clean water condenses from the multicomponent gaseous mixture while air carries organic contaminants out of the dehumidification section. A laboratory apparatus was constructed and experiments were performed to investigate the HDH process for wastewater treatment and to study the effects of flow dynamics including air flow rate on the composition of treated water. Different contaminants including benzene, toluene, 2-propanol and 2-butoxyethanol were tested. Experimental results showed that the system can be successfully applied for removing volatile and/or toxic organic contaminants from wastewater. A representative multicomponent mixture of fracking wastewater was successfully treated using the experimental setup and clean water with quality of 98.3% was obtained. It was revealed that increasing the air-to-vapor mass ratio improves purity of treated water. Quantitative analysis showed that by increasing the air-to-vapor mass ratio from 0.6 to 5.9, the fraction of separated 2-propanol through the air was improved from 43% to more than 96% of the initial amount. ASPEN software was employed to simulate equilibrium conditions. Finally, experimental results were observed to have lower mass fraction of residual contaminant in the treated water compared to equilibrium state.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Technology Assessment for Producing Propellant From Lunar Water

Introduction: The presence of water ice in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) on the lunar surface may enable a sustained human presence on the Moon with minimal need for consumables. One of the most valuable uses of lunar water is to produce rocket propellant. A sustained human presence on the Moon will re-quire frequent launches from the lunar surface, and each launch will require tons of propellant. However, many other volatiles are likely to be present in the areas where lunar water is stable1. Producing propellant from lunar water in-situ will require the separation and purification of water before it can be electrolyzed into oxygen and hydrogen gas. The Resource Exploration and Science of OUR Cosmic Environment (RESOURCE) project, funded by the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) program, includes a task to demonstrate the end-to-end process of water extraction, capture, purification and electrolysis to produce pure/dry oxygen gas sourced from an icy regolith mixture. Water Purification: The requirements for water purity are driven by the type of water electrolyzer used. For example, the water electrolyzer currently used on the International Space Station is based on proton ex-change membrane (PEM) technology. PEM-based electrolyzers require water to be ultrapure and deionized (>10 MegaOhm-cm) so that electrical conductivity is limited to the membranes themselves, where electrical current is used to convert H2O into H2 and O2.. A practical first step toward purifying water that is sourced from a lunar PSR is to use freeze distillation to separate water from other volatiles2. A sub-micronic filter can also be used to ensure that a minimal amount of dust is present in any lunar water that is captured. The combination of freeze distillation and sub-micronic filtration will result in relatively pure water but would require a deionization step if being fed into a PEM electrolyzer. Water Electrolysis: An alternative to PEM electrolysis is to use a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE). This technology operates at a much higher operating temperature (~800oC) and has a limited pressure range but does not require water to be ultrapure and deionized. Another advantage of SOE technology is that it produces pure dry oxygen gas without the need of an additional drying step. PEM electrolyzers produce humid oxygen gas and the humidity must be removed prior to liquefaction. Assessment: In order to compare PEM and SOE technologies side-by-side, they must be compared at a system level that includes water purification and gas drying steps. Engineers at the Johnson Space Center up-dated and utilized a detailed In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) system model to compare and select the best option for the RESOURCE project which will conclude with a laboratory demonstration of the process of producing pure/dry oxygen from an icy regolith mixture in 2025.

A.J. Paz↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Technology Assessment for Producing Propellant From Lunar Water

Introduction: The presence of water ice in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) on the lunar surface may enable a sustained human presence on the Moon with minimal need for consumables. One of the most valuable uses of lunar water is to produce rocket propellant. A sustained human presence on the Moon will re-quire frequent launches from the lunar surface, and each launch will require tons of propellant. However, many other volatiles are likely to be present in the areas where lunar water is stable1. Producing propellant from lunar water in-situ will require the separation and purification of water before it can be electrolyzed into oxygen and hydrogen gas. The Resource Exploration and Science of OUR Cosmic Environment (RESOURCE) project, funded by the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) program, includes a task to demonstrate the end-to-end process of water extraction, capture, purification and electrolysis to produce pure/dry oxygen gas sourced from an icy regolith mixture. Water Purification: The requirements for water purity are driven by the type of water electrolyzer used. For example, the water electrolyzer currently used on the International Space Station is based on proton ex-change membrane (PEM) technology. PEM-based electrolyzers require water to be ultrapure and deionized (>10 MegaOhm-cm) so that electrical conductivity is limited to the membranes themselves, where electrical current is used to convert H2O into H2 and O2.. A practical first step toward purifying water that is sourced from a lunar PSR is to use freeze distillation to separate water from other volatiles2. A sub-micronic filter can also be used to ensure that a minimal amount of dust is present in any lunar water that is captured. The combination of freeze distillation and sub-micronic filtration will result in relatively pure water but would require a deionization step if being fed into a PEM electrolyzer. Water Electrolysis: An alternative to PEM electrolysis is to use a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer (SOE). This technology operates at a much higher operating temperature (~800oC) and has a limited pressure range but does not require water to be ultrapure and deionized. Another advantage of SOE technology is that it produces pure dry oxygen gas without the need of an additional drying step. PEM electrolyzers produce humid oxygen gas and the humidity must be removed prior to liquefaction. Assessment: In order to compare PEM and SOE technologies side-by-side, they must be compared at a system level that includes water purification and gas drying steps. Engineers at the Johnson Space Center up-dated and utilized a detailed In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) system model to compare and select the best option for the RESOURCE project which will conclude with a laboratory demonstration of the process of producing pure/dry oxygen from an icy regolith mixture in 2025.

ISRU↗
NASA NTRS1975

Origin of Martian channels - Clathrates and water

Criticism is directed at the suggestion that Martian channels may have been eroded by liquid water produced by the depressurization of CO2 hydrate. The release of pre-existing subsurface liquid water, such as that trapped under a permafrost layer, by meteorite impact or tectonic activity could produce sufficient flow and would not require heat transfer. The presence of water in a CO2 hydrate is shown to be detrimental to its release from an underground reservoir.

Peale, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Solar Power System Evaluated for the Human Exploration of Mars

The electric power system is a crucial element of any mission for the human exploration of the Martian surface. The bulk of the power generated will be delivered to crew life support systems, extravehicular activity suits, robotic vehicles, and predeployed in situ resource utilization (ISRU) equipment. In one mission scenario, before the crew departs for Mars, the ISRU plant operates for 435 days producing liquefied methane and oxygen for ascent-stage propellants and water for crew life support. About 200 days after ISRU production is completed, the crew arrives for a 500-day surface stay. In this scenario, the power system must operate for a total of 1130 days (equivalent to 1100 Martian "sols"), providing 400 MW-hr of energy to the ISRU plant and up to 18 kW of daytime user power. A photovoltaic power-generation system with regenerative fuel cell (RFC) energy storage has been under study at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. The conceptual power system is dominated by the 4000- m2 class photovoltaic array that is deployed orthogonally as four tent structures, each approximately 5 m on a side and 100-m long. The structures are composed of composite members deployed by an articulating mast, an inflatable boom, or rover vehicles, and are subsequently anchored to the ground. Array panels consist of thin polymer membranes with thin-film solar cells. The array is divided into eight independent electrical sections with solar cell strings operating at 600 V. Energy storage is provided by regenerative fuel cells based on hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane technology. Hydrogen and oxygen reactants are stored in gaseous form at 3000 psi, and the water produced is stored at 14.7 psi. The fuel cell operating temperature is maintained by a 40-m2 deployable pumped-fluid loop radiator that uses water as the working fluid. The power management and distribution (PMAD) architecture features eight independent, regulated 600-Vdc channels. Power management and distribution power cables use various gauges of copper conductors with ethylene tetrafluoroethylene insulation. To assess power system design options and sizing, we developed a dedicated Fortran code to predict detailed power system performance and estimate system mass. This code also modeled the requisite Mars surface environments: solar insolation, Sun angles, dust storms, dust deposition, and thermal and ultraviolet radiation. Using this code, trade studies were performed to assess performance and mass sensitivities to power system design parameters (photovoltaic array geometry and orientation) and mission parameters (landing date and landing site latitude, terrain slope, and dust storm activity). Mission analysis cases were also run. Power results are shown in this graph for an analysis case with a September 1, 2012, landing date; 18.95 North latitude landing site; two seasonal dusts storms; and tent arrays. To meet user load requirements and the ISRU energy requirement, an 8-metric ton (MT) power system and 4000-m2 photovoltaic array area were required for the assumed advanced CuInS2 thin-film solar cell technology. In this figure, the top curve is the average daytime photovoltaic array power, the middle curve is average daytime user load power, and the bottom curve is nighttime power. At mission day 1, daytime user power exceeds 120 kW before falling off to 80 kW at the end of the mission. Throughout the mission, nighttime user power is set to the nighttime power requirement. In this analysis, "nighttime" is defined as the 13- to 15-hr period when array power output is below the daytime power requirement. During dust storms, power system capability falls off dramatically so that by mission day 900, a daily energy balance cannot be maintained. Under these conditions, the ISRU plant is placed in standby mode, and the regenerative fuel cell energy storage is gradually discharged to meet user loads.

Kerslake, Thomas W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The effect of convective life cycle stage on microwave brightness temperature/rainrate relations as determined from 3-D cloud model results

The relationship between the rain rate and the brightness temperature (Tb) was investigated using a cloud model/microwave radiative transfer model combination to obtain the rain-rate/Tb relations for four different frequencies: 10, 19, 37, and 86 GHz. The results at 19, 37, and 86 GHz were found to be significantly affected by ice in the modeled convective system, while the results at 10 GHz showed very little effect. Nonprecipitating cloud water was found to affect Tb in two ways. First, at low rain rates, the presence of significant cloud water produced higher Tb values than in cases with little cloud water. The second effects occurs at 19, 37, and 86 GHz at higher rainrates associated with significant ice formation; the scattering by ice lowered the Tb.

Adler, Robert F.↗
NASA NTRS2014

NASA TechPort Entry for Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) CL IR&D Project

The Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) project will result in a proof-of-concept demonstration for a lightweight, compact, affordable, regenerable and disposable solution to brine water recovery. The heart of CoBRA is an evaporator that produces water vapor from brine. This evaporator leverages a novel design that enables passive transport of brine from place to place within the system. While it will be necessary to build or modify a system for testing the CoBRA concept, the emphasis of this project will be on developing the evaporator itself. This project will utilize a “test early, test often” approach, building at least one trial evaporator to guide the design of the final product.

Pensinger, Stuart↗
DOE OSTI2023

Insights into Acetic Acid Binding and Ketene Formation on Anatase TiO 2 (101)

Understanding the adsorption and reactivity of carboxylic acids on oxide surfaces is of great interest in catalysis for biomass upgrading via ketonization, a carbon–carbon coupling reaction. Herein, we investigate the adsorption and reaction of acetic acid on anatase TiO 2 (101) using scanning tunneling microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, temperature programmed reaction, and density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate the adsorption of acetic acid can form two intermediates: (1) dissociated, bidentate acetate with an associated bridging hydroxyl, and (2) molecular, monodentate acetic acid. The coexistence of ordered phases with increasing monolayer (ML) saturation coverages consisting of (1) pure acetate (0.5 ML), (2) mixed acetate/acetic acid (0.67 ML), (3) mixed acetate/acetic acid (1.0 ML) and (4) pure acetic acid demonstrates similar energetics for both acetate and acetic acid species. Under ultra-high vacuum conditions, the presence of both monodentate acetic acid and bidentate acetate was observed below room temperature, while solely bidentate acetate was observed up to 575 K. The deprotonation of acetic acid produces water at 280 K, while the thermal decomposition of bidentate acetate produces ketene and acetic acid at 645 K. In conclusion, this model study provides detailed insight into the stability and reactivity of carboxylic acid surface-bound intermediates, which could participate during ketonization reactions for biomass upgrading.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2006

Survey of Dust Issues for Lunar Seals and the RESOLVE Project

Lunar dust poses a technical challenge for sealing applications on the moon. A survey of seals used in Apollo lunar missions is presented as well as lunar soil characteristics and a description of the lunar environment. Seal requirements and technical challenges for the volatiles characterization oven and hydrogen reduction reaction chamber of the RESOLVE project are discussed. The purpose of the RESOLVE project is to find water or ice in lunar soil and demonstrate the ability to produce water, and hence oxygen and hydrogen, from lunar regolith for life support and propellants.

Proctor, Margaret P.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Hindbrain serotonin and the rapid induction of sodium appetite

Both systemically administered furosemide and isoproterenol produce water intake (i.e., thirst). Curiously, however, in light of the endocrine and hemodynamic effects produced by these treatments, they are remarkably ineffective in eliciting intake of hypertonic saline solutions (i.e., operationally defined as sodium appetite). Recent work indicates that bilateral injections of the serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide into the lateral parabrachial nuclei (LPBN) markedly enhance a preexisting sodium appetite. The present studies establish that a de novo sodium appetite can be induced with LPBN-methysergide treatment under experimental conditions in which only water is typically ingested. The effects of bilateral LPBN injections of methysergide were studied on the intake of water and 0. 3 M NaCl following acute (beginning 1 h after treatment) diuretic (furosemide)-induced sodium and water depletion and following subcutaneous isoproterenol treatment. With vehicle injected into the LPBN, furosemide treatment and isoproterenol injection both caused water drinking but essentially no intake of hypertonic saline. In contrast, bilateral treatment of the LPBN with methysergide induced the intake of 0.3 M NaCl after subcutaneous furosemide and isoproterenol. Water intake induced by subcutaneous furosemide or isoproterenol was not changed by LPBN-methysergide injections. The results indicate that blockade of LPBN-serotonin receptors produces a marked intake of hypertonic NaCl (i.e., a de novo sodium appetite) after furosemide treatment as well as subcutaneous isoproterenol.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rapid water dynamics structures the OH-stretching spectra of solitary water in ionic liquids and dipolar solvents

In a recent study [J. Phys. Chem. B 126, 4584–4598 (2022)], we have used infrared spectroscopy to investigate the solvation and dynamics of solitary water in ionic liquids and dipolar solvents. Complex shapes observed for water OH-stretching bands, common to all high-polarity solvents, were assigned to water in several solvation states. Here, in the present study, classical molecular dynamics simulations of a single water molecule in four ionic liquids and three dipolar solvents were used to test and refine this interpretation. Consistent with past assignments, simulations show solitary water usually donates two hydrogen bonds to distinct solvent molecules. Such symmetrically solvated water produces the primary pair of peaks identified in the OH spectra of water in nearly all solvents. We had further proposed that additional features flanking this main peak are due to asymmetric solvation states, states in which only one OH group makes a hydrogen bond to solvent. Such states were found in significant concentrations in all of the systems simulated. Simulations of the OH stretching spectra using a semiclassical description and the vibrational map developed by Auer and Skinner [J. Chem. Phys. 128, 224511–224512 (2008)] provided semi-quantitative agreement with experiment. Analysis of species-specific spectra confirmed assignment of the additional features in the experimental spectra to asymmetrically solvated water. The simulations also showed that rapid water motions cause a marked motional narrowing compared with the inhomogeneous limit. This narrowing is largely responsible for making the additional features due to minority solvation states manifest in the spectra.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of Scale Deposition and Wellbore Corrosion in Carbonated Brine Injection: A Simulation Study

Carbonated brine injection (CBI), which involves dissolving CO2 in produced water to be injected into deep geologic reservoirs, is a method to manage produced brine, carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, and reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This low-risk CO2 storage strategy can leverage the existing saltwater disposal infrastructure and well resources. However, the potential for corrosion and scale deposition are a major challenge for carbonated brine which may result in subsidence, wellbore failure, casing failure, and cement failure. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the wellbore materials compatibility with carbonated brine water during the injection process, for repurposing Class II saltwater disposal wells for CBI.

Belarbi, Zineb↗