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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Spatially resolved measurements of electron density of a magnetically confined split-ring resonator source

Laser-collisional induced fluorescence is used to study the plasma generated by a split-ring resonator discharge under an external cusp shaped magnetic field created by permanent magnets. The electron density and electron temperature are measured for a helium plasma at different pressures, powers, and magnet field strengths. It is found that the magnetic fields produce higher electron temperatures with peak temperatures of ∼3 eV, while the no magnet case has peak temperatures of ∼0.8 eV. Conversely, the peak electron density is obtained in the no magnet case at a value of ∼1.9 × 1011 cm−3. This indicates that the cusp-field did magnetize the electrons, but contrary to expectations, it resulted in a decrease in electron density. This is believed to be due to the magnetic field having negative effects on the resonance of the plasma source.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achieving American Leadership in the Rare Earth Magnets Supply Chain Factsheet

Rare earth permanent magnets are a critical technology for the clean energy transition and electrified transport revolution. The global supply chain for rare earth metals and magnets is almost completely dominated by China, which controlled 58% of rare earth mining and 92% of magnet manufacturing in 2020. The United States produces only 15% of the global supply of raw materials for these magnets, and while the nation has several nascent downstream processing and manufacturing efforts, current domestic production is limited. Investments and incentives to boost the domestic supply chain, especially in the separation and refining phases, point the way to securing stable supplies of these critical clean energy components.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microstructural evolutions, phase transformations and hard magnetic properties in polycrystalline Ce–Co–Fe–Cu alloys

This work focuses on systematic studies of Ce–Co based 1:5 permanent magnet alloys of CeCo 4.4-x Fe x Cu 0.6 and CeCo 3.9-x Fe x Cu 1.2 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8) by varying Co:Fe. The overarching aim of this manuscript is to elucidate the hard-magnetic properties through a better understanding of phase formation by the structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties in these materials. Improved mutual solubility of Fe in the 1:5 phase has been observed with an extended homogeneity range by Cu substitution. For both composition series, Fe contents of x ≤ 0.6 show a homogeneous microstructure with a single 1:5 phase and good magnetic properties. The composition region 0.6 < x ≤ 0.9 appears to be near the boundary of solubility and evolution of other phases. At x = 1.8, it is found that the homogeneous 1:5 phase and magnetic hardness deteriorated due to the evolution of secondary phases such as 2:17, 2:7, and Fe–Co. Furthermore, the addition of Fe improved both the magnetization and Curie temperature via increased effective exchange interactions, while an increase in Cu content enhanced coercivity.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Structural evolution and magnetic hardness of (Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 alloy particles via reduction-diffusion

The quest for achieving high coercivity in Sm(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 alloys, despite their inherent strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy, has posed significant challenges. Recently, (Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 monocrystalline particles have exhibited coercivity μ 0 H c > 1.2 T, showcasing promising prospects and significant potential for both manufacturing and research endeavors. This study delves into the structural evolution of (Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 (1:12) alloy particles made via the calciothermic reduction-diffusion synthesis process as influenced by the molar ratios of Ca atoms to O 2- ions (Ca/O), annealing time and annealing temperature. Critical insight that informs conditions to optimize the magnetic response is gained via systematic experimentation and advanced electron microscopy. Complex structural features, including core-shell morphologies and intricate multiphase compositions within individual particles, are unveiled. An optimal Ca/O ratio of 1.30 produces particles with a coercivity up to μ 0 H c = 1.63 T, while higher Ca/O ratios induce the formation of a Sm-rich TbCu 7 -type (1: 7 ) phase, which only partially transforms into the desired 1:12 phase during annealing. Persistent remnants of the 1:7 phase locally impact atomic structure, particle morphology, and coercivity. Furthermore, these findings underscore the complex interplay between synthesis parameters, resulting structures, and magnetic properties, informing the design and optimization of high-performance permanent magnets comprised of the (1:12) compound.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Active magnetic regenerative cooling with smaller magnets

Magnetocaloric heat pumping near room temperature, a.k.a. magnetic cooling, relies on the active regenerator cycle to achieve functional temperature spans and realize economic and societal benefits promised by this emerging solid-state cooling technology. The cycle itself depends upon synchronizing oscillating flow of a heat transfer fluid through a solid porous active material matrix, or the refrigerant, with periods when the refrigerant is in the highest available (field-on) and in nearly zero (field-off) magnetic fields to accomplish heat transfer. With this in mind, in this work we analyze varying flow and magnetic field wave forms and the timing between when the fluid is pumped and when the magnetic field is turned on and off. We demonstrate that the volume and the cost of permanent magnet generating the field changes can be cut nearly in half with little to no effect on the device temperature span and cooling power normalized by the refrigerant mass.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Giant Exfoliation Induced Magnetic Coercivity in Fe 3 GaTe 2

Permanent magnets with strong anisotropy and high coercivity underpin modern information and energy technologies, yet rare-earth-free alternatives remain limited. Here, we show that thickness engineering via mechanical exfoliation induces hard magnetic behavior in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe 3 GaTe 2 . Bulk crystals exhibit Curie temperatures above 350 K but negligible room-temperature coercivity. When thinned below ∼100 nm, the coercive field is dramatically enhanced, reaching nearly 1 T at room temperature for in-plane fields—comparable to conventional hard magnets. Micromagnetic analysis reveals a crossover in magnetization reversal from domain-mediated processes in bulk samples to quasi-coherent rotation in thin flakes, driven by increased effective anisotropy and suppressed domain formation. This thickness-dependent transition enables tuning of magnetic hardness without chemical modification. Combined with high saturation magnetization and robust room-temperature performance, Fe 3 GaTe 2 emerges as a promising rare-earth-free material for spintronic applications. Its layered structure further allows integration into van der Waals heterostructures, where large in-plane coercivity can stabilize magnetic states against perturbations and interlayer coupling, offering potential for high-density nonvolatile memory and domain-wall-based devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mechanically Robust High Magnetic Performance Sm-Co Sintered Magnets (Final Report)

Samarium-cobalt based permanent magnets (SmCo 5 and Sm 2 Co 17 ) have excellent magnetic properties, good corrosion resistance, and long-term thermal stability. Sm-Co sintered magnets have been widely used in electric machines, telecommunication, biomedical devices, and magnetic sensors. They are the most preferred magnets for high-temperature applications (200 - 550 °C). However, Sm-Co sintered magnets are brittle. They cannot be used for applications subjected to high stress, vibration, or mechanical shock. Sm-Co sintered magnets are prone to chipping, and fracture in the course of block magnet manufacturing, part machining, assembly, and operation. The brittleness leads to a magnet production loss of up to 20-30% in volume and imposes limitations on part size and shape. Developing mechanically robust high-performance Sm-Co sintered magnets is of great scientific and technical significance. This project is in response to the current market need for mechanically robust high magnetic performance Sm-Co sintered magnets and their novel manufacturing processes. The project will focus on scaling-up, validation, and technology maturation study of the mechanically tough high magnetic performance Sm-Co magnets developed by Ames Laboratory at a lab-scale with the collaboration of the industry partner Electron Energy Corporation (EEC).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of tensile loading during annealing of alnico melt spun ribbons

Conventional magnetic annealing (MA) of the permanent magnet alloy alnico involves application of an external magnetic field at temperatures within the spinodal decomposition range. This field biases the growth of the Fe-Co rich, ferromagnetic α 1 -phase in an energetically favorable 〈001〉 direction in alignment with the applied field within an Al-Ni rich, paramagnetic α 2 -phase. Utilizing a magnetic field to bias the α 1 -phase may limit alnico from reaching theoretical coercivity due to (1) the field having maximum biasing ability at temperatures near the Curie temperature where large α 1 -phase nanorods form and (2) connectivity of the α 1 -phase occurs unavoidably during MA. Both decrease the effective shape anisotropy of the α 1 -phase, thereby reducing coercivity. Herein, we explore tensile-loading as a biasing mechanism to control and optimize the final alnico nanostructure beyond that achieved by MA. Two samples of melt-spun alnico were heat-treated at 860 °C for 5 minutes: one sample was subjected to 10 MPa tensile stress for comparison with a stress-free control sample. Structural and magnetic characterization revealed that the stress-annealed ribbon sample possessed expected phase assemblages, but was distinguished by a ∼2× larger grain diameter and an elongated anisotropic α 1 -phase within grains that were oriented to a shear stress along 〈001〉 directions at an angle of ∼45° relative to the loading direction. Both types of annealing produced a similar increase in the coercivity and remanence, but a decrease in saturation magnetization.

Rinko, E. A.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Nanoparticle Extraction of Lithium from Produced Waters - CRADA 483 (Final Report)

The demand for lithium in the energy production industry is expected to increase sharply, development of simple and cost-effective techniques for lithium production and recovery from various lithium sources is essential. In this project, core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were successfully designed to selectively extract lithium from aqueous lithium sources as an extension of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s magnetic nanofluid extraction technology. The core/shell magnetic nanoparticles are composed of manganese oxide-based lithium ion sieve shells, which allow selective lithium uptake from brines with multiple coexisting ions, over iron oxide cores, which can respond to external magnetic fields for effective recovery and reuse of adsorbents from a liquid. The synthesized lithium ion-sieves and core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using several techniques to reveal their crystallinity and morphology. The lithium uptake properties of the lithium ion-sieves and core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were evaluated in terms of lithium adsorption capacity, removal percentage, selectivity, and cycling performance in simulated and natural brines. Magnetic properties of the core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were tested by measuring magnetic saturation, and magnetic response of colloidal solutions containing the core/shell magnetic nanoparticles was tested with permanent magnets.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Chemical Analysis of Fluorobenzenes via Multinuclear Detection in the Strong Heteronuclear J-Coupling Regime

Chemical analysis via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using permanent magnets, rather than superconducting magnets, is a rapidly developing field. Performing the NMR measurement in the strong heteronuclear J-coupling regime has shown considerable promise for the chemical analysis of small molecules. Typically, the condition for the strong heteronuclear J-coupling regime is satisfied at µT magnetic field strengths and enables high resolution J-coupled spectra (JCS) to be acquired. However, the JCS response to systematic chemical structural changes has largely not been investigated. In this report, we investigate the JCS of C6H6−xFx (x = 0, 1, 2, …, 6) fluorobenzene compounds via simultaneous excitation and detection of 19F and 1H at 51.5 µT. The results demonstrate that JCS are quantitative, and the common NMR observables, including Larmor frequency, heteronuclear and homonuclear J-couplings, relative signs of the J-coupling, chemical shift, and relaxation, are all measurable and are differentiable between molecules at low magnetic fields. The results, corroborated by ab initio calculations, provide new insights into the impact of chemical structure and their corresponding spin systems on JCS. In several instances, the JCS provided more chemical information than traditional high field NMR, demonstrating that JCS can be used for robust chemical analysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Unraveling Site Selective Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Sites in Critical Elements Lean RE(TM)5 Magnet Materials

We report here our discovery of crystallographic and interstitial sites and onsite electron correlation propelled intrinsic and derived permanent magnetic properties of critical elements lean RE(TM) 5 (RE = La, Ce and TM = Fe, Co) magnet materials. A full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the local density approximation (LDA) is used to investigate and analyze the electronic structure and magnetism of these RE(TM) 5 type structures. To better correlate the experimental results, the effective Coulomb (U) and exchange (J) interactions (Hubbard parameters) are crucial at the transition metal sites. Results show that the main propeller of magnetic anisotropy in these compounds is the cobalt atoms at the 2c sites not the 3g sites. This site-specific property and site preference energetics are used to replace 3g sites with non-critical elements such as iron that exhibits a larger magnetic moment. Based on this strategic replacement, we predict two new compounds that have a larger hardness parameter with a relatively large energy product due to the atomic dilution caused by interstitial addition of nitrogen in the compounds: CeCo 2 Fe 3 N 2 and LaCo 2 Fe 3 N 2 .

Rare-earths↗
DOE OSTI2023

Giant Magnetic and Optical Anisotropy in Cerium-Substituted M-Type Strontium Hexaferrite Driven by $4f$ Electrons

By performing density-functional calculations, we find a giant magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) constant in abundant element cerium $\mathrm{Ce}$ substituted M-type hexaferrite, in the energetically favorable strontium site, assisted by a quantum confined electron transfer from $\mathrm{Ce}$ to a specific iron $\mathrm{2a}$ site. Remarkably, the calculated electronic structure shows that the electron transfer leads to the formation of $\mathrm{Ce}^{3+}$ and $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ at the $\mathrm{2a}$ site producing an occupied $\mathrm{Ce}$$(4f^1)$ state below the Fermi level that adds a significant contribution to MCA and magnetic moment. A half $\mathrm{Ce}$ substitution forms a metallic state, while a full substitution retains the semiconducting state of the strontium hexaferrite (host). In the latter, the band gap is reduced due to the formation of charge-transferred states in the gap region of the host. The optical absorption coefficient shows an enhanced anisotropy between light polarization in parallel and perpendicular directions. Calculated formation energies, including the analysis of probable competing phases, and elastic constants confirm that both compositions are chemically and mechanically stable. With successful synthesis, the $\mathrm{Ce}$ hexaferrite can be an alternative high-performing critical-element-free permanent magnet material adapted for use in devices such as automotive traction drive motors.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

MnBi-based magnets prepared from melt-spun alloys: Effect of $α → β$ phase transformation during field annealing

The temperature of the annealing treatment applied to the MnBi alloys with the intention to stabilize the α -MnBi “low-temperature” phase – a promising material for the rare-earth-free permanent magnets – is usually kept below the range of the β -Mn 1.08 Bi “high-temperature” phase. This work is focused on the investigation of the effects of partial and complete α → β phase transformation in bulk magnetic-field-annealed magnets on their structure and magnetic properties. MnBi alloys modified with In, Mg and Sb were melt-spun, compacted to their full density and then heated in a magnetic field of 30 kOe to temperatures sufficiently high for the beginning of the α → β transformation. A heating of 15 °C/min was used which was immediately followed by cooling at the rate of 7.5 °C/min; the degree of the phase transformation was measured by in situ monitoring of changes in the sample magnetization. In all the studied alloys, the α → β transformation was found to improve the [0 0 1] fiber texture induced by the applied magnetic field, although it simultaneously decreased the coercivity. A partial transformation has resulted in a 11% increase of the maximum energy product for the Mn 50 Bi 49 Sb 0.5 In 0.5 magnet, to 8.3 MGOe, and a 3% increase for the Mn 50 Bi 46 Mg 3 Sb 0.5 In 0.5 magnet, to 12.8 MGOe. In the latter alloy, the α → β and reverse transformations were found to initially occur in well-defined pockets leading to clusters of large, highly textured α crystallites. In the Mn 50 Bi 48.5 Sb 1.5 magnet, only part of the α phase could be recovered after the transformation, which instead promoted the paramagnetic MnBi 0.9 Sb 0.1 phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Beyond 15 MW: A cost of energy perspective on the next generation of drivetrain technologies for offshore wind turbines

Leading wind turbine manufacturers are racing to build larger and more powerful offshore machines. Drivetrain configurations often use a permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), in either a direct-drive configuration or coupled to a gearbox. With increasing demand for critical rare-earth magnets, new generator technologies are emerging to ensure a stable and secure supply chain. We evaluate three different topologies of radial flux synchronous generators employing high field magnets with reduced or no rare-earth content: a direct-drive interior PMSG (DD-IPMSG), a geared drivetrain combining a medium speed gearbox with a PMSG (MS-PMSG), and a direct-drive low-temperature superconducting generator (DD-LTSG). We develop a conceptual design module for each of these technologies within a larger framework for full turbine design. This provides the fairest comparison between technologies at nominal power ratings from 15-25 MW, which represent the next generation of offshore wind turbines. The analyses show that if operational expenditures (OpEx) are constant across the technologies, MS-PMSG results in the lowest LCOE with reductions of up to 7% relative to DD-IPMSG. DD-LTSG also yields lower LCOE values by 2%-3% for fixed-bottom turbines and 3%-5% with a floating platform. However, results are sensitive to OpEx assumptions, with a mere 10% increase causing the conclusions to shift.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of vanadium on phase composition and hard magnetic properties of as-solidified and heat-treated Sm–Fe–(Ti,V) alloys

Although the intrinsic magnetic properties of Ti-stabilized Sm(Fe,Co,Ti) 12 compounds exhibit potential of excellent rare-earth-lean permanent magnets, it has been much easier to realize large coercivities with the isostructural compounds stabilized by either V or by certain combinations of Ti and V. To elucidate the influence of V on the microstructure and magnetic properties, a series of Sm 8.1 Fe 78.4 (Ti 1-x V x ) 13.5 alloys was studied after arc-melting and annealing at 850–1000 °C. The alloys were found to fall into three groups. For x ≤ 0.2, solidification generates mostly the Sm(Fe,Ti,V) 12 phase, but annealing converts at least part of it into the non-magnetic Sm(Fe,Ti,V) 11 and the magnetically soft Sm 2 (Fe,Ti,V) 17 phases. For 0.2 < x < 0.6, the alloys solidify into a near-equilibrium mixture of the Sm(Fe,Ti,V) 12 , TiFe 2 and Sm-rich phases. For x ≥ 0.6, solidification generates large fractions of α-Fe solid solution and Sm-rich phases; an annealing step is necessary to complete the formation of Sm(Fe,Ti,V) 12 phase. Also, for x ≥ 0.6 the temperature below which the Sm(Fe,Ti,V) 12 phase is stable decreases with x, as does the fraction of this phase formed during solidification. Here, the differences between these three groups of alloys suggest different strategies for developing hard magnetic properties, with the likelihood of a success increasing with increasing x. For x ≥ 0.6, heat treatment alone is demonstrated to generate a microstructure of micron and submicron Sm(Fe,Ti 1-x V x ) 12 crystallites separated by a Sm-rich phase and exhibiting a coercivity with values up to 3.5 and 5.7 kOe for x = 0.8 and 1.0, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ultra High-Temperature Magnetic Bearing System for s-CO 2 Turbines/Expanders. Phase II Final Report

The goal of this project is to design and construct of a prototype of ultra-high temperature permanent magnet (UHT–PM), which provides the force to pull the spinning shaft towards the target position in the magnetic bearing (MB) clearance circle. This project will develop a PM biased MB system, that is actively cooled to the 550°C maximum operating temperature limit of PMs. The MB test environment will include 700°C, 40krpm and 4,000 psi requirements to advance the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) and other types of Brayton power cycle systems. The proposed novel MBs combine PMs for supplying the bias field and electromagnets for supplying the control field, both in UHT conditions. The choice of material is the UHT Sm-Co PMs (US patent 6,451,132) due to their significantly better thermal stability. The 6-pole homopolar design permits uninterrupted force delivery via a redundant control capability (US patent 7,429,811) even if 3 poles were to fail. The Phase I efforts was to focus on development and demonstration of component technologies and detailed design of full scale components and a demonstrator test rig for use in Phase II. UHT–PMs were produced and used in the MB actuator. The operating environment of the EEC-T550 Sm-Co magnet material could be extended by implementing active cooling. Electromagnetic coils imbedded in the MB provide forces to stabilize the shaft position at the target via sensing and control stages. Shaft position sensors enable to identify the present position of the spinning shaft relative to its desired target position in the MB clearance circle (air gap). Auxiliary bearings will be installed to provide a backup support system in the event that power to the MB fails or there is a fault in a device providing current to the MB coils. For control, reliability and safety reasons the sensors and auxiliary bearings are typically located as close as possible to the MBs, which exposes them to the same environmental conditions. Development of only the actuator for the UHT environment is an inadequate approach to complete integration of the MB system in the turbine/expander. Therefore the UHT sensor and auxiliary bearing were designed and developed along with the actively cooled, UHT-PM actuator development. Although shaft position sensors are commercially available (Kaman) they may cost up to $10k per channel, and a full 5 axis magnetic suspension is best implemented with up to 20 sensors. Once successfully completed, this project will significantly extend the operating environment capability for turbomachinery applications such as nuclear power, concentrated solar thermal, fossil fuel, geothermal, and shipboard propulsion. The further advancement of UHT-PM-MB will also strengthen the US position in PM technology, which is presently heavily dominated by China. The UHT Sm-Co magnet material that will be utilized in the proposed work has been developed exclusively by the project proposer. Many actuators, motors, generators and other MB applications will greatly benefit from the proposed work.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

On dysprosium utilisation in multi-main-phase Nd–Dy–Fe–B magnets with core–shell microstructures

The development of high-performance Nd–Dy–Fe–B magnets that minimise the consumption of the scarce rare earth (RE) element Dy remains a major global scientific and technological quest. Here, we designed an alloy microstructure comprising of a uniform Dy-lean core–Dy-rich shell in a series of multi-main-phase (MMP) Nd–Dy–Fe–B magnets. The resulting MMP Dy1 and Dy3 magnets with an overall Dy level of 1 and 3 wt.% possessed values of 0.48 and 0.29 T/wt.% of coercivity increment per unit weight percentage of the Dy addition, respectively. Most importantly, the resulting MMP Dy3 magnet exhibited a high coercivity (2.38 T), an excellent thermal stability of the coercivity (|β| = 0.531%/°C), a high squareness factor (> 95%), all with little diminishment in the remanent magnetisation (1.35 T) and maximum energy product (43.6 MGOe). These properties are superior to the currently available sintered Nd–Dy–Fe–B magnets which utilise higher levels of Dy of 5 wt.%. Via magnetic and multi-scale microstructural characterisation experiments and micromagnetic simulations, the formation of the Dy-lean core–Dy-rich shell microstructure is rationalised via solid-state-diffusion and solution reprecipitation during liquid-phase sintering. The Dy-lean core–Dy-rich shell microstructure and the non-ferromagnetic low-Fe RE-rich grain boundary phase led to the synergistic magnetic performance. This is significant in the context of the MMP Nd–Dy–Fe–B magnets being applied to large-scale production. The present work establishes a pathway for the more sustainable utilisation of Dy in permanent magnets via formation of a uniform core–shell microstructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tetragonal structure and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the arc-melted (Ce,Zr) 2 (Fe,M) 17 (M = Mo, W, Co) alloys

The tetragonal ThMn 12 -type structure is stabilized in (Ce 1-x Zr x ) 2 T 16 M (x = 0.2 – 0.3; T = Fe or Fe/Co, M = Mo or W) arc-melted alloys. Approximately 5 at% of Mo or W admixture is sufficient to transform the hexagonal Th 2 Ni 17 -type structure of (Ce 1-x Zr x ) 2 Fe 17 into the tetragonal ThMn 12 -type structure of nearly single-phase (Ce 1-x Zr x ) 2 Fe 16 M and/or (Ce 1-x Zr x ) 2 Fe 15 CoM bulk alloys. X-ray Rietveld refinements reveal that Zr and Mo (W) substitute different sites in the tetragonal crystal structure. Zirconium preferentially replaces Ce, whereas Mo (W) substitutes Fe. At room temperature, the tetragonal phases exhibit strong ferromagnetism and a uniaxial magneto-crystalline anisotropy with anisotropy fields of 15 – 17 kOe. These materials possess room-temperature saturation magnetizations of 95 – 105 emu/g and Curie temperature of 420 – 505 K. At some concentrations, concurrent Zr and Mo (W) site occupancy facilitates 1:12 structure formation in bulk alloys with minimal presence of non-magnetic element in the Fe sublattice, thus securing the highest known magnetic moment per Fe atom (∼ 1.37 µ B ) in this type of materials. The intrinsic magnetic characteristics, as well as the absence of critical rare earths (RE), make these compounds interesting for development as low-cost permanent magnets. In conclusion, small Co additions improve the Curie temperature, especially if combined with W.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗