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DOE OSTI2023

FERC Order No. 2222 and Considerations for Distributed Wind

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued Order No. 2222 in October 2020. The rule directs Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators (ISOs) to amend their tariffs and participation models to accommodate heterogeneous distributed energy resource (DER) aggregations in the wholesale energy markets that they operate, including capacity, energy, and ancillary service markets. The Commission issued the rule to better capture the benefits provided by DERs deployed in the United States, whose use has been expanding rapidly. The Commission defines DERs as “any resource located on the distribution system, any subsystem thereof or behind a customer meter,” including but not limited to “electric storage resources, distributed generation, demand response, energy efficiency, thermal storage, and electric vehicles and their supply equipment.” The rule aims to increase DER participation in wholesale markets by allowing the creation of DER aggregations, in which multiple DERs that are too small to meet minimum capacity requirements for wholesale markets individually would be able to participate in markets as a single unit. As of June 20, 2023, all ISOs have filed initial compliance plans and a number have begun implementation. Compliance dates range from 2024 to 2029, with Midcontinent ISO having the latest date of compliance proposed for 2029. Southwest Power Pool still has an outstanding date, having no final order yet from FERC, but a target date of the third quarter of calendar year 2025. The rule, which is technology agnostic and requires ISOs to create participation plans that accommodate different DERs, provides an opportunity for distributed wind market expansion. In addition, distributed wind can bring benefits to heterogenous DER aggregations. These benefits include resource diversity (i.e., a complementary generation profile to other types of distributed generation), its small footprint and ability to be co-located with load, and its potential to provide frequency response, voltage support, and black start services, among other ancillary services. This report provides a status update on FERC Order No. 2222, the current state of ISO compliance, and information relevant to the distributed wind industry as DER aggregators and other stakeholders expand their participation to wholesale energy markets.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Shock Formation and Vorticity Creation for 3d Euler

Abstract We analyze the shock formation process for the 3D nonisentropic Euler equations with the ideal gas law, in which sound waves interact with entropy waves to produce vorticity. Building on our theory for isentropic flows in [3, 4], we give a constructive proof of shock formation from smooth initial data. Specifically, we prove that there exist smooth solutions to the nonisentropic Euler equations which form a generic stable shock with explicitly computable blowup time, location, and direction. This is achieved by establishing the asymptotic stability of a generic shock profile in modulated self‐similar variables, controlling the interaction of wave families via: (i) pointwise bounds along Lagrangian trajectories, (ii) geometric vorticity structure, and (iii) high‐order energy estimates in Sobolev spaces. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Mathematics↗

DOE OSTI2022

Scaling of Electron Heating by Magnetization During Reconnection and Applications to Dipolarization Fronts and Super-Hot Solar Flares

Electron ring velocity space distributions have previously been seen in numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection exhausts and have been suggested to be caused by the magnetization of the electron outflow jet by the compressed reconnected magnetic fields (Shuster et al., 2014, https://doi. org/10.1002/2014GL060608). Here, we present a theory of the dependence of the major and minor radii of the ring distributions solely in terms of upstream (lobe) plasma conditions, thereby allowing a prediction of the associated temperature and temperature anisotropy of the rings in terms of upstream parameters. We test the validity of the prediction using 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations with varying upstream plasma density and temperature, finding excellent agreement between the predicted and simulated values. We confirm the Shuster et al. suggestion for the cause of the ring distributions, and also find that the ring distributions are located in a region marked by a plateau, or shoulder, in the reconnected magnetic field profile. The predictions of the temperature are consistent with observed electron temperatures in dipolarization fronts, and may provide an explanation for the generation of plasma with temperatures in the 10s of MK in super-hot solar flares. A possible extension of the model to dayside reconnection is discussed. Since ring distributions are known to excite whistler waves, the present results should be useful for quantifying the generation of whistler waves in reconnection exhausts.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Rapid spatial analysis of surrogate TRISO fuel particles using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy image analysis

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) mapping enables rapid elemental and spatial analysis of solid samples. In this work, surrogate TRi-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) particles with various layers consisting of Zr, W, C, and Si were used to demonstrate the use of a new thickness measurement tool developed to analyze elemental images generated from LIBS maps. Zr particles with varying outer-layer thicknesses ranging from 16 to 32 μm were measured with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and LIBS with both a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector and an intensified charged coupled device (ICCD) detector. LIBS maps of particles were completed using CMOS and ICCD spectrometers with effective spatial resolutions of 4 and 2 μm, respectively. The novel thickness measurement tool identified layer regions within a LIBS map and then identified the locations of the boundaries between these layers. The tool then generated up to 1000 random profiles stemming radially from the center region, which were used to measure the layer thickness/radius. This image analysis tool demonstrated LIBS's ability to provide values comparable with SEM-EDS (3.7% relative difference) along with a 95% reduction in measurement time. Furthermore, the precision of these measurements was on par with the SEM-EDS measurements at <15% relative standard deviation. Following the analysis of the Zr particles, W particles with increased complexity (e.g., five versus three layers) were analyzed using both the CMOS and ICCD spectrometers simultaneously. The spatial dimensions were extracted with an average relative difference of 2.7% and an average relative standard deviation of 9%.

Andrews, Hunter B. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory ↗

DOE OSTI2024

Plasma pressure profiles in a sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch

We report the plasma pressure reached inside the central plasma column of a sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch using Thomson scattering measurements. Building on previously reported experimental results and the analysis methods established for the high temperature and moderate density plasmas generated on the FuZE device, we show evidence of a central plasma region with higher electron temperature and density, which is consistent with a pinch behavior. Elevated electron temperatures up to 2.25 ± 0.8 keV and densities up to (4.9±0.2)×1017 cm−3 are observed to temporally coincide with the fusion neutron production from the plasma. Reconstructed plasma pressure profiles highlight the presence of a several millimeter-wide column with elevated pressure whose location varies shot-to-shot. The plasma pressure rises as neutron production from the deuterium plasma increases, reaching a peak value of 2.6 kBar. This peak value is consistent with a radially force-balanced pinch equilibrium model based on the measured ∼320 kA pinch current. Complete datasets were obtained at two axial locations, 10 and 20 cm axial position from the tip of the central electrode, which corroborate the estimated neutron source axial lengths.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of the inter-species power balance in JET plasmas

Most auxiliary heating methods provide heating to more than one particle species (electrons, ions, impurities) in a fusion plasma. This can lead to substantial temperature differences between species, depending on conditions such as heating power to the different species and collisionality, with temperature differences between species limited by inter-species thermal equipartition and transport. The analysis of the steady-state electron-ion and impurity-ion power balances presented in this paper are used for consistency-checking experimental ion and electron temperature measurements and for inferring the main ion temperature from measured impurity temperatures. As ion temperature measurements by charge exchange spectroscopy (CXS) based on impurity ions have become more difficult and time-consuming since the installation of the ITER-like wall (ILW) with Be and W PFC's, knowing the maximum sustainable temperature difference between ions and electrons, |T i -T e | allows rejecting erroneous measurements. It also obviates the need for an ion temperature measurement, if an electron temperature measurement is available and |T i - T e | cannot be larger than the combined errors of the underlying measurements. A power balance analysis is also required for estimating the errors of the ion and electron heat fluxes prior to any species-resolved transport analysis. The ion-impurity temperature differences are usually found to be small due to strong thermal equipartition between ion species. However, they can approach 10% in JET-ILW low density, high power discharges, such the ones under development for a future JET deuterium–tritium campaign (Joffrin et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion). This has a generally small, but not always negligible effect on the calculation of fusion reaction rates, which depend on main ion temperatures. An important outcome of this analysis is that temperature differences between impurity species are always much smaller than between the impurities and hydrogenic species and can usually be neglected. The article presents two methods for calculating the impurity-to-main ion temperature ratio. Finally, this analysis leads to a method for the reconstruction ion temperature profiles from ion temperature data available at only one or a small number of spatial locations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Long-slit spectral study of the unusual post-interacting galaxy Arp 263

ABSTRACT Arp 263 is a single irregularly shaped galaxy with intense star formation. Its short tidal features of low brightness visible in both optics and the H i line, as well as the strong non-circular motion of atomic gas in the outskirts, give pieces of evidence of a recent merging with some intruder, non-observed directly. We carried out spectral observations of this galaxy at the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory. The spectra for three positions of the spectral slit were obtained: two of them cross the central region of the galaxy and the third one runs along the nearly straight narrow chain of clumps of emission gas with a length of 4–5 kpc. We derived the profiles of velocity, fluxes, and oxygen abundances (O/H) along the slits. We confirm that within the radius of several kpc the galaxy rotates regularly. The maximal value of the rotational velocity allows us to conclude that the dark mass of the galaxy prevails over the mass of its visible components. The observed velocity profile along the peripheral star-forming chain gives pieces of evidence that it is located outside of the plane of the disc, and the gas that formed the chain is probably falling back on to the disc after being ejected from the galaxy. We discuss that the observed chain of clumps is the result of gravitational instability of the gaseous filament.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

DOE OSTI2026

Electromagnetic Analysis of ITER Electron Cyclotron Emission Model

The ITER electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic system is located at diagnostics shielding module 2 (DSM2), equatorial port 9 (EP9), to measure electron temperature profile and electron temperature fluctuations, and also assess nonthermal electron distributions via the oblique view. Therefore, ECE has both radial and oblique views with two hot sources for calibration and two couples of mirrors for two different optical views. It shall receive that the large electromagnetic (EM) loads up to 100-MN/m3 force density due to the eddy currents on the copper mirrors generated by the short transient plasma disruption. The simplified EM analysis model using magnetic field ( B ) data and flux variations (dB/dt) method based on the worst case of plasma disruption, MD_DW_EXP16MS_CATIII, has been developed to calculate the force and moments for each ECE component and support structure for EP9 DSM2 Bay2 and Bay3. The B and dB/dt methods use the constant B and dB/dt assumed for each local bay space, but the real B and dB/dt are basically varied along the radial direction of each bay. The complex global model with the local ECE components and support structure using Maxwell transient has been developed to do EM analysis to compare the results of the B and dB/dt models. The volumetric EM force density of the whole ECE components and support structure can be used for the subsequent structural analysis. In conclusion, combined with the thermal and nuclear loads and seismic and initial loads, the ECE integration analysis can be finalized for the operation case.

Fang, J. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPP↗

DOE OSTI2023

Sensor Development for Liquid Water Detection in Dry Storage Casks: FY 2023 Status

Modeling efforts were undertaken in fiscal year (FY) 2023 to evaluate the feasibility and capability for sensing of liquid water inside canister-based dry cask storage systems (DCSSs). The focus was on the development of full-scale finite element models (FEMs) of ultrasound propagation through DCSS canister components. For these initial investigations, simulation of the baseplate component was targeted, envisioning water collection at the bottom of a vertically oriented canister. The effects of internal canister components (i.e., fuel basket, fuel assemblies) on ultrasound propagation in the baseplate component were evaluated in these efforts. The environment inside a DCSS confinement is intended to be inert and free of water to prevent potential corrosion of used fuel cladding or other internal hardware. Spent fuel assemblies are dried, after storage in water pools, to make sure water has been removed from assembly cavities. However, there is some uncertainty about the amount of residual water potentially left behind in a DCSS after drying processes, because water can become trapped in cavities or other small crevices in the surfaces formed by the fuel cladding, fuel assemblies, and other internal hardware components. Considering the complex space- and time-dependent temperature profiles in DCSSs, water may be in a liquid or gas phase depending on its location in the cask and how long the cask has been in storage. Evacuating most water and oxidizing agents contained within a canister is recommended by NUREG-1536 (NRC 2010), which covers DCSSs. As summarized by Salazar et al. (2020), existing guidance typically relies on achievable vacuum pumping pressures sustained over a hold period as a signal of dryness and water removal. However, time series data about water removal from full-scale commercial drying procedures are lacking (Hanson and Alsaed 2019). A review of drying specifications from several vendors led to the conclusion that if the specifications are followed correctly, the residual moisture in DCSSs should present an insignificant risk of cladding degradation (Knoll and Gilbert 1987). A more recent analysis concluded that much larger quantities of residual water could remain in DCSSs, but the amount would still not be expected to lead to significant corrosion of fuel cladding or other internal components (Jung et al. 2013). Industry drying procedures are mostly prescriptive in nature, and operational issues arising during the process could result in incomplete drying. A summary of operational issues and potential negative effects of residual water is provided by Salazar et al. (2019). Experimental efforts are ongoing to validate the extent of water removal in a DCSS based on drying procedures used at nuclear power plants through well-designed investigations of drying process efficacy and water retention (Durbin et al. 2021; Pulido et al. 2022a, Pulido et al. 2022b). This has been approached by simulating limited portions of a DCSS internal volume and fuel assemblies. So far, these efforts have focused on the effects of potential water trapping in the dashpot region of control rod guide tubes but are expected to be expanded to include the effects of other internal hardware features and failed fuel rod cladding. A method for detection and measurement of liquid water (Meyer et al. 2022; Meyer et al. 2021), in tandem with the drying information gained through experimental investigations, provides comprehensive bases for understanding the internal conditions of DCSSs and provides technical information to support licensing decisions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Curated Dataset of Regional Meteor Events with Simultaneous Optical and Infrasound Observations (2006–2011)

We present a curated, openly accessible dataset of 71 regional meteor events simultaneously recorded by optical and infrasound instrumentation between 2006 and 2011. These events were captured during an observational campaign using the all-sky cameras of the Southern Ontario Meteor Network and the co-located Elginfield Infrasound Array. Each entry provides optical trajectory measurements, infrasound waveforms, and atmospheric specification profiles. The integration of optical and acoustic data enables robust linkage between observed acoustic signals and specific points along meteor trajectories, offering new opportunities to examine shock wave generation, propagation, and energy deposition processes. This release fills a critical observational gap by providing the first validated, openly accessible archive of simultaneous optical–infrasound meteor observations that supports trajectory reconstruction, acoustic propagation modeling, and energy deposition analyses. By making these data openly available in a structured format, this work establishes a durable reference resource that advances reproducibility, fosters cross-disciplinary research, and underpins future developments in meteor physics, atmospheric acoustics, and planetary defense.

astrometry↗

DOE OSTI2026

Project Phase 1 Report: Reducing Data Center Peak Cooling Demand and Energy Costs With Cold Underground Thermal Energy Storage (Cold UTES)

Cold Underground Thermal Energy Storage (Cold UTES) is an ultra-long duration grid energy storage technology. With Cold-UTES, low-cost grid power is converted to cold thermal energy and stored in the native subsurface rock at the point of use. Cold UTES is one approach within the general category of engineered geothermal systems. Cold UTES for peak-hour cooling of data centers (DCs) was studied for deployment in Maricopa County, Arizona and Loudoun County, Virgina using thermal storage capacities from 4 GWh-th to over 1,000 GWh-th (>1 Terawatt-hour). The two sites have different power and transmission systems, available grid energy resources, daily and seasonal load profiles, weather conditions, and grid regulatory requirements. The study results indicate high value for both locations and because of this, likely indicates value across most of the US and the world. The basis of the study was a 1,000 MW-e hourly electric use of DC computing and auxiliary loads, which was modeled as 1 GW-th of thermal load to a dry cooled heat rejection system - i.e. a cooling system that does not consume water. The electric power required for cooling the DC varies as the air temperature changes. In cold weather only the dry-coolers are used, with an electrical load for cooling load as low as 10 MW-e. In hot summer hours, chillers and dry- coolers are required, which raises the electrical load for cooling load to as much as 300 MW-e. The continuous and peak cooling electrical loads result in a grid interconnection requirement of no less than 1,300 MW-e. From both a grid and thermal design modeling perspective the 1.3 GW-e could either be a single facility or result from the total load at multiple sites.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Energy Snapshot - Palau

This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Palau, an independent island nation geographically located in the Micronesia region. Over 97% of the island's electricity production is dependent on imported fossil fuels, primarily diesel. Palau is aiming for 45% renewable energy generation by 2025, and is striving to overcome technological, financial, and institutional capacity challenges to meet this goal.

44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗

DOE OSTI2020

Energy Snapshot - Martinique

This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Martinique, an insular region of France located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗

DOE OSTI2020

Energy Snapshot - Guadeloupe

This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Guadeloupe, an overseas region of France located in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Guadeloupe has set a target to achieve 100% energy independence by 2030. As of 2018, 21% of Guadeloupe's electricity was generated by renewable energy.

44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗

DOE OSTI2020

Energy Snapshot - Guadeloupe

44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗

DOE OSTI2020

Methodology for deriving the telescope focus function and its uncertainty for a heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar

Doppler lidars provide two measured parameters, radial velocity and signal-to-noise ratio, from which winds and turbulent properties are routinely derived. Attenuated backscatter, which gives quantitative information on aerosols, clouds, and precipitation in the atmosphere, can be used in conjunction with the winds and turbulent properties to create a sophisticated classification of the state of the atmospheric boundary layer. Calculating attenuated backscatter from the signal-to-noise ratio requires accurate knowledge of the telescope focus function, which is usually unavailable. Inaccurate assumptions of the telescope focus function can significantly deform attenuated backscatter profiles, even if the instrument is focused at infinity. Here, we present a methodology for deriving the telescope focus function using a co-located ceilometer for pulsed heterodyne Doppler lidars. The method was tested with Halo Photonics StreamLine and StreamLine XR Doppler lidars but should also be applicable to other pulsed heterodyne Doppler lidar systems. The method derives two parameters of the telescope focus function, the effective beam diameter and the effective focal length of the telescope. Additionally, the method provides uncertainty estimates for the retrieved attenuated backscatter profile arising from uncertainties in deriving the telescope function, together with standard measurement uncertainties from the signal-to-noise ratio. The method is best suited for locations where the absolute difference in aerosol extinction at the ceilometer and Doppler lidar wavelengths is small.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and transcriptome profiling identify QTLs and candidate genes associated with heat stress response during reproductive development in Camelina sativa

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is a low-input oilseed crop that has great potential in providing sustainable feedstock for biofuels and bioproducts. Climate change is threatening production of camelina with rising global temperatures. Elucidating the genetic response to high temperatures is essential for successful breeding of heat-tolerant camelina varieties. Here, we report a combinatorial approach to identifying candidate genes associated with heat stress by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and comparative transcriptome profiling. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was grown in a controlled growth chamber under the high-temperature regimes for 14 days beginning at the onset of the reproductive stage. Several traits related to seed production were evaluated at maturity. The QTL analysis identified several regions with co-located traits on chromosomes 8, 10, and 12. Two RILs with contrasting phenotypic responses to heat stress were chosen for gene expression profiling via RNA sequencing. Multiple pathways and genes were found to be strongly affected by heat stress, and many genes expressed differently between the two RILs. Several genes identified within the QTL regions were considered strong candidates that may control heat tolerance during reproduction in camelina. These studies provide resources for future studies that may assist in improving the heat tolerance of camelina.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Outer midplane neutral density measurements and H-mode fueling studies in NSTX-U

Neutral density profiles are measured on the outboard midplane of the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) using a two dimensional camera (ENDD, edge neutral density diagnostic) filtered for deuterium Balmer α (D α ) emission interpreted via simulations using the Monte Carlo neutral transport code DEGAS 2. Deuterium atomic densities n D are calculated by inverting the line-integrated D α brightness and using local measurements of electron density ne and temperature T e to determine atomic rate coefficients. The assumptions used in the derivation of n D from D α emissivity are validated using DEGAS 2 to estimate contributions to emissivity due to electron impact excitation and molecular processes. In this work, experimental measurements and DEGAS 2 simulations are compared over a database of L- and H-mode discharges, showing good agreement in D α emissivity profiles. Residual disagreement between experiment and simulations is suggestive of the possible role of intermittent transport and uncertainties in the molecular data. DEGAS 2 simulations are further used to complement the ENDD diagnostic, extracting neutral (atomic and molecular) densities at locations where the ENDD measurement are not made or where the assumptions used in the ENDD analysis are not valid. Deuterium atomic densities and ionization profiles on the outer midplane are compared for L-mode and H-mode discharges in NSTX-U. One-way coupling of DEGAS 2 to UEDGE multi-fluid simulations constrained by experimental data is used to study edge fueling and neutral penetration in NSTX-U discharges.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗