Finite Isospin Groups and Their Experimental Consequences
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Yamada, K.↗
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Why Isospin is Not Dynamically Broken
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Sikivie, P.↗
MEASURING CKM PARAMETERS WITH CP ASYMMETRY AND ISOSPIN ANALYSIS IN B ---> PI K
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Nir, Y.↗
Trojan Penguins and Isospin Violation in Hadronic B Decays
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Grossman, Y.↗
Heavy Quark Hadrons and Exotics a challenge for QCD
Exotic hadrons with heavy quarks can confirm in the same multiquark system that the qq-bar interaction is much stronger than the qq interaction and produces color structures totally different from those of normal hadrons. Unusual heavy tetraquark structure may explain unusual properties of newly discovered mesons like the X(3872). Both charged and neutral B decays produce this narrow neutral resonant state that decays to both J/{psi}{rho} and J/{psi}{omega}, while no charged resonances in the same multiplet are found. This suggests that the X is an isoscalar resonance whose production conserves isospin, while isospin is violated only in the decay by an electromagnetic interaction allowing the isospin-forbidden J/{psi}{rho} decay. New data for X production in B decays provide a separation between production and decay, sharpen several experimental puzzles and impose serious constraints on all models. A proposed isoscalar tetraquark model agrees with all present data, conserves isospin in its production and breaks isospin only in an electromagnetic X(3872)J/{psi}{rho}{sup o} decay. The narrow X decay width results from the tiny phase space available for the J/{psi}{omega} decay and enables competition with the electromagnetic isospin-forbidden J/{psi}{rho} decay which has much larger phase space. Experimental tests are proposed for this isospin production invariance.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Symmetry energy effects on the mixed hadron-quark phase at high baryon density
The phase transition of hadronic to quark matter at high baryon and isospin density is analyzed. Relativistic mean-field models are used to describe hadronic matter, and the MIT bag model is adopted for quark matter. The boundaries of the mixed phase and the related critical points for symmetric and asymmetric matter are obtained. Due to the different symmetry term in the two phases, isospin effects appear to be rather significant. With increasing isospin asymmetry the binodal transition line of the (T,{rho}{sub B}) diagram is lowered to a region accessible through heavy-ion collisions in the energy range of the new planned facilities (e.g., the FAIR/NICA projects). Some observable effects are suggested, in particular an isospin distillation mechanism with a more isospin asymmetric quark phase, to be seen in charged meson yield ratios, and an onset of quark number scaling of the meson-baryon elliptic flows. The presented isospin effects on the mixed phase appear to be robust with respect to even large variations of the poorly known symmetry term at high baryon density in the hadron phase. The dependence of the results on a suitable treatment of isospin contributions in effective QCD Lagrangian approaches, at the level of explicit isovector parts and/or quark condensates, is discussed.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Complementary test of the dark matter self-interaction in dark U(1) model by direct and indirect dark matter detection
The halo dark matter (DM) can be captured by the Sun if its final velocity after the collision with a nucleus in the Sun is less than the escape velocity. We consider a selfinteracting dark matter (SIDM) model where U(1) gauge symmetry is introduced to account for the DM self-interaction. Such a model naturally leads to isospin violating DM-nucleon interaction, although isospin symmetric interaction is still allowed as a special case. We present the IceCube-PINGU 2σ sensitivity to the parameter range of the above model with 5 years of search for neutrino signature from DM annihilation in the Sun. This indirect detection complements the direct detection by probing those SIDM parameter ranges which are either the region for very small m{sub χ} or the region opened up due to isospin violations.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Contribution of Vector Mesons and Spin-1 Diquark to the Nucleon Structure Functions
In our previous works [1-7] we used both symmetrical (no diquark) core quark distribution and asymmetrical (diquark-quark) core quark distribution along with pseudoscalar mesons and vector mesons to calculate polarized [1,5,6] and unpolarized [2-4,7] nucleon structure functions. For the asymmetrical distribution we considered the superposition of spin-0, isospin-0 and spin-0, isospin-1 along with spin-0, isospin-0 and spin-1 isospin-1 states. It turned out that for unpolarized structure functions only the quark-diquark model was able to reproduce experimental results reasonably well [2-4,7]. Also, one needs the contribution of vector mesons to reproduce the observed Gottfried sum-rule violation [13]. However, for the polarized case the results were rather mixed. For some case the symmetrical model was more agreeable with observation [1,5,6]. Our objective here is to have a core quark distribution that can reproduce observation equally well, whether it is for the polarized structure function or the unpolarized structure function. To achieve this goal we have added the other two possible states to the diquark state. Namely, spin-1, isospin-0 and spin-1, isospin-1 and the contribution of both pseudoscalar mesons and vector mesons. The calculation is performed in the light-cone frame. The dressed nucleon is assumed to be a superposition of the bare nucleon plus virtual light-cone Fock states of baryon-meson pairs. For bare nucleon we consider both the case of diquark-quark model which is now the superposition of all four diquark states and the case which there is no quark clustering inside the nucleon. The initial distributions are evolved using DGLAP equations. The final results are compared with experimental results and other theoretical predictions.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Update on light WIMP limits: LUX, lite and light
We reexamine the current direct dark matter data including the recent CDMSlite and LUX data, assuming that the dark matter consists of light WIMPs, with mass close to 10 GeV/c{sup 2} with spin-independent and isospin-conserving or isospin-violating interactions. We compare the data with a standard model for the dark halo of our galaxy and also in a halo-independent manner. In our standard-halo analysis, we find that for isospin-conserving couplings, CDMSlite and LUX together exclude the DAMA, CoGeNT, CDMS-II-Si, and CRESST-II possible WIMP signal regions. For isospin-violating couplings instead, we find that a substantial portion of the CDMS-II-Si region is compatible with all exclusion limits. In our halo-independent analysis, we find that for isospin-conserving couplings, the situation is of strong tension between the positive and negative results, as it was before the LUX and CDMSlite bounds, which turn out to exclude the same possible WIMP signals as previous limits. For isospin-violating couplings, we find that LUX and CDMS-II-Si bounds together exclude or severely constrain the DAMA, CoGeNT and CRESST-II possible WIMP signals.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Existence of diproton-like particles in 3+1 lattice QCD with two flavors and strong coupling
Starting from quarks, gluons, and their dynamics, we consider the existence of two-baryon bound states of total isospin I=1 in an imaginary-time formulation of a strongly coupled 3+1-dimensional SU(3){sub c} lattice QCD with two flavors and 4x4 spin matrices, defined using the Wilson action. For a small hopping parameter {kappa}>0 and a much smaller gauge coupling 0<{beta}<<{kappa}<<1 (heavy quarks and large glueball mass), using a ladder approximation to a lattice Bethe-Salpeter equation, diproton-like bound states are found in the I=1 isospin sector, with asymptotic masses -6ln{kappa} and binding energies of order {kappa}{sup 2}. By isospin symmetry, for each diproton there is also a dineutron bound state with the same mass and binding energy. The dominant two-baryon interaction is an energy-independent spatial range-one potential with an O({kappa}{sup 2}) strength. There is also an attraction arising from gauge field correlations associated with six overlapping bonds, but it is subdominant. The overall range-one potential results from a quark-antiquark exchange with no meson exchange interpretation (wrong spin indices). The repulsive or attractive nature of the interaction does depend on the isospin and spin of the two-baryon states. A novel representation in term of permanents is obtained for the spin, isospin interaction between the baryons, which is valid for any isospin sector.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Measurements of B to V(Gamma) Decays
The standard model has been highly successful at describing current experimental data. However, extensions of the standard model predict particles that have masses at energy scales that are above the electroweak scale. The flavor-changing neutral current processes of the B meson are sensitive to the influences of these new physics contributions. These processes proceed through loop diagrams, thus allowing new physics to enter at the same order as the standard model. New physics may contribute to the enhancement or suppression of rate asymmetries or the decay rates of these processes. The transition B {yields} V{gamma} (V = K*(892), {rho}(770), {omega}(782), {phi}(1020)) represents radiative decays of the B meson that proceed through penguin processes. Hadronic uncertainties limit the theoretical accuracy of the prediction of the branching fractions. However, uncertainties, both theoretical and experimental, are much reduced when considering quantities involving ratios of branching fractions, such as CP or isospin asymmetries. The most dominant exclusive radiative b {yields} s transition is B {yields} K*{gamma}. We present the best measurements of the branching fractions, direct CP, and isospin asymmetries of B {yields} K*{gamma}. The analogous b {yields} d transitions are B {yields} {rho}{gamma} and B {yields} {omega}{gamma}, which are suppressed by a factor of |V{sub td}/V{sub ts}|{sup 2} {approx} 0.04 relative to B {yields} K*{gamma}. A measurement of the branching fractions and isospin asymmetry of B{sup +} {yields} {rho}{sup +}{gamma} and B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup 0}{gamma}, as well as a search for B {yields} {omega}{gamma}, are also given. These measurements are combined to calculate the ratio of CKM matrix elements |V{sub td}/V{sub ts}|, which corresponds to the length of one side of the unitary triangle. Finally, we present a search for the penguin annihilation process B {yields}{phi}{gamma}. We use a sample of 383 million B{bar B} events collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory for the analysis of B {yields} K*{gamma}. We measure the branching fractions {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} K*{sup 0}{gamma}) = (4.47 {+-} 0.10 {+-} 0.16) x 10{sup -5} and {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} K*{sup +}{gamma}) = (4.22 {+-} 0.14 {+-} 0.16) x 10{sup -5}. We measure the direct CP asymmetry to be -0.033 < {Alpha}{sub CP} (B {yields} K*{gamma}) < 0.028 and the isospin asymmetry to be 0.017 < {Delta}{sub 0-} < 0.116, where the limits are determined at the 90% C.L. and include both the statistical and systematic uncertainties. Using a sample of 347 million B{bar B} events, we measure the branching fractions {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} {rho}{sup +}{gamma}) = (1.10{sub -0.33}{sup +0.37} {+-} 0.09) x 10{sup -6} and {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup 0}{gamma}) = (0.79{sub -0.20}{sup +0.22} {+-} 0.06) x 10{sup -6}, the isospin asymmetry {Delta} = -0.35 {+-} 0.27, and set a 90% C.L. upper limit {Beta}(B {yields} {omega}{gamma}) < 0.78 x 10{sup -6}. We also measure the isospin-averaged branching fraction {Beta}(B {yields} ({rho}/{omega}){gamma}) = (1.25{sub -0.24}{sup +0.25} {+-} 0.09) x 10{sup -6}, from which we determine |V{sub td}/V{sub ts}|= 0.200{sub -0.020}{sup +0.021} {+-} 0.015, where the first uncertainty is experimental and the second theoretical. Finally, a sample of 124 million B{bar B} events is used to set an upper limit of {Beta}(B {yields} {phi}{gamma}) < 8.5 x 10{sup -7} at the 90% C.L.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Quadrupole strength in isobaric triplets
The dependence of the 𝐸2 matrix elements on isospin projection 𝑇 𝑧 is linked to the conservation of the isospin symmetry. To study this conjecture, we calculated the 𝐵(𝐸2 : 2 + →0 + ) rates for the even-even 𝑇=1 mirror nuclei with 42 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 98 within nuclear density functional theory, employing the generalized Bohr Hamiltonian, and carrying out angular momentum projection. We demonstrated that collective effects are crucial for describing experimental data near the 𝑁=𝑍 line without invoking explicit beyond-Coulomb isospin symmetry-breaking corrections. We also determined the 𝐵(𝐸2↓) values for odd-odd 𝑇 𝑧 =0 nuclei 70 Br and 78 Y in doubly blocked configurations. We discussed the requirements for accurately describing isobaric analog states and emphasized how current theoretical results should be interpreted within the study of isospin symmetry across isospin triplets.
collective levels↗
Photoproduction of π 0 mesons off protons and neutrons in the second and third nucleon resonance regions
Background: Photoproduction of mesons off quasi-free nucleons bound in the deuteron allows to study the elec- tromagnetic excitation spectrum of the neutron and the isospin structure of the excitation of nucleon resonances. The database for such reactions is much more sparse than for free proton targets. Purpose: Study experimentally single π 0 photoproduction off quasi-free nucleons from the deuteron. Investigate nuclear effects by a comparison of the results for free protons and quasi-free protons. Use the quasi-free neutron data (corrected for nuclear effects) to test the predictions of reaction models and partial wave analysis (PWA) for $\gamma$n → nπ 0 derived from the analysis of the other isospin channels. Methods: High statistics angular distributions and total cross sections for the photoproduction of π 0 mesons off the deuteron with coincident detection of recoil nucleons have been measured for the first time. The experiment was performed at the tagged photon beam of the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) accelerator for photon energies between 0.45 GeV and 1.4 GeV, using an almost 4π electromagnetic calorimeter composed of the Crystal Ball and TAPS detectors. A complete kinematic reconstruction of the final state removed the effects of Fermi motion. Results: Significant effects from final state interactions (FSI) were observed for participant protons in comparison to free proton targets (between 30% and almost 40%). The data in coincidence with recoil neutrons were corrected for such effects under the assumption that they are identical for participant protons and neutrons. Reaction model predictions and PWA for $\gamma$n → nπ 0 , based on fits to data for the other isospin channels, disagreed between themselves and no model provided a good description of the new data. Conclusions: The results demonstrate clearly the importance of a measurement of the fully neutral final state for the isospin decomposition of the cross section. Model refits, for example from the Bonn-Gatchina analysis, show that the new and the previous data for the other three isospin channels can be simultaneously described when the contributions of several partial waves are modified. Finally, the results are also relevant for the suppression of the higher resonance bumps in total photoabsorption on nuclei, which are not well understood.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Direct detection of light “Ge-phobic” exothermic dark matter
We present comparisons of direct dark matter (DM) detection data for light WIMPs with exothermic scattering with nuclei (exoDM), both assuming the Standard Halo Model (SHM) and in a halo model — independent manner. Exothermic interactions favor light targets, thus reducing the importance of upper limits derived from xenon targets, the most restrictive of which is at present the LUX limit. In our SHM analysis the CDMS-II-Si and CoGeNT regions become allowed by these bounds, however the recent SuperCDMS limit rejects both regions for exoDM with isospin-conserving couplings. An isospin-violating coupling of the exoDM, in particular one with a neutron to proton coupling ratio of −0.8 (which we call “Ge-phobic”), maximally reduces the DM coupling to germanium and allows the CDMS-II-Si region to become compatible with all bounds. This is also clearly shown in our halo-independent analysis.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Study of B to pi l nu and B to rho l nu Decays and Determination of |V_ub|
We present an analysis of exclusive charmless semileptonic B-meson decays based on 377 million B{bar B} pairs recorded with the BABAR detector at the {Upsilon} (4S) resonance. We select four event samples corresponding to the decay modes B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup -}{ell}{sup +}{nu}, B{sup +} {yields} {pi}{sup 0}{ell}{sup +}{nu}, B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup -}{ell}{sup +}{nu}, and B{sup +} {yields} {rho}{sup 0}{ell}{sup +}{nu}, and find the measured branching fractions to be consistent with isospin symmetry. Assuming isospin symmetry, we combine the two B {yields} {pi}{ell}{nu} samples, and similarly the two B {yields} {rho}{ell}{nu} samples, and measure the branching fractions {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup -}{ell}{sup +}{nu}) = (1.41 {+-} 0.05 {+-} 0.07) x 10{sup -4} and {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} {rho}{sup 0}{ell}{sup +}{nu}) = (1.75 {+-} 0.15 {+-} 0.27) x 10{sup -4}, where the errors are statistical and systematic. We compare the measured distribution in q{sup 2}, the momentum transfer squared, with predictions for the form factors from QCD calculations and determine the CKM matrix element |V{sub ub}|. Based on the measured partial branching fraction for B {yields} {pi}{ell}{nu} in the range q{sup 2} < 12 GeV{sup 2} and the most recent LCSR calculations we obtain |V{sub ub}| = (3.78 {+-} 0.13{sub -0.40}{sup +0.55}) x 10{sup -3}, where the errors refer to the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. From a simultaneous fit to the data over the full q{sup 2} range and the FNAL/MILC lattice QCD results, we obtain |V{sub ub}| = (2.95 {+-} 0.31) x 10{sup -3} from B {yields} {pi}{ell}{nu}, where the error is the combined experimental and theoretical uncertainty.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Effect of momentum dependent interactions and nucleonic cross-section on directed flow (v{sub 1})
The descriptive analysis for the effect of momentum dependent interactions and nucleonic cross-section (isospin dependent and isospin-independent) on the neutron–proton directed flow (v{sub 1}), within the framework of the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model is presented. Our study shows that, the directed flow of both neutrons and protons is affected by the momentum dependence of nuclear equation of state and the isospin dependence of nucleon–nucleon cross-section. A soft momentum dependent (SM) equation of state is found to be more compatible with the experimental data. -- Highlights: •Role of rapidity cut on transverse flow has been explored. •p{sub t} differential flow for protons and neutrons has been studied. •Role of MDI on directed flow has been studied.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
High-resolution study of {sup 56}Fe{yields}{sup 56}Mn Gamow-Teller transition by the combined analysis of {sup 56}Fe({sup 3}He, t){sup 56}Co and 56Fe(P, p'){sup 56}Fe reactions
The Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions in the {beta}{sup +}(electron capture) direction from the ground state of {sup 56}Fe to the excited states of {sup 56}Mn play an important role in the core collapse of presupernova. Assuming that isospin analogous transitions in isobars have corresponding strengths, we deduced these GT strengths by combining the results of the {sup 56}Fe(p, p'){sup 56}Fe experiment performed at 200 MeV and 0 deg. and the {sup 56}Fe({sup 3}He, t){sup 56}Co experiment in the {beta}{beta} direction at 140 MeV/u and 0 deg. The ground state of {sup 56}Fe has the isospin value of T = 2, while the GT states in {sup 56}Mn have T = 3. In order to identify the analogous T = 2{yields}3, GT transitions in the {sup 56}Fe(p, p'){sup 56}Fe and the {sup 56}Fe({sup 3}He, t){sup 56}Co measurements, we used the fact that the isospin Clebsch-Gordan (CG) coefficients for these T = 2{yields}3 transitions are different in these measurements. Then the GT transition strengths B(GT) in the {beta}{sup +} direction can be deduced from the B(GT) values of the corresponding transitions well determined in the {sup 56}Fe({sup 3}He, t){sup 56}Co measurement assuming the isospin symmetry and correcting the difference of CG coefficients.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Halo-independent analysis of direct detection data for light WIMPs
We present a halo-independent analysis of direct detection data on ''light WIMPs'', i.e. weakly interacting massive particles with mass close to or below 10 GeV/c{sup 2}. We include new results from silicon CDMS detectors (bounds and excess events), the latest CoGeNT acceptances, and recent measurements of low sodium quenching factors in NaI crystals. We focus on light WIMPs with spin-independent isospin-conserving and isospin-violating interactions with nucleons. For these dark matter candidates we find that a low quenching factor would make the DAMA modulation incompatible with a reasonable escape velocity for the dark matter halo, and that the tension among experimental data tightens in both the isospin-conserving and isospin-violating scenarios. We also find that a new although milder tension appears between the CoGeNT and DAMA annual modulations on one side and the silicon excess events on the other, in that it seems difficult to interpret them as the modulated and unmodulated aspects of the same WIMP dark matter signal.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗