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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Temperature dependence of the reaction O/3P/ + OH/2 Pi/ yields O2 + H

Measurements of the absolute rate and temperature dependence of the rate constant for the reaction of ground state atomic oxygen with hydroxyl radicals to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen atoms over the temperature range 211-499 K are presented. The reaction was monitored in a low-pressure discharge flow resonance fluorescence apparatus under pseudo-first-order conditions in which the oxygen concentration was greater than the hydroxyl concentration. An expression for the temperature dependence of the rate constant is derived from a least-squares fit to the observed bimolecular rate constants, which were found to range from 3.21 to 2.77 x 10 to the -11th cu cm/molecule per sec for temperatures from 211 to 499 K, indicative of a slight negative temperature dependence. Results are compared with those of previous workers, and the significance of the lower value of the rate constant obtained in the present study to models of HO(x) in the upper stratosphere is indicated.

Lewis, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1981

4-8 micron spectrophotometry of OH 0739-14

Spectrophotometry of the dust-embedded late-type star OH 0739-14 shows an absorption feature at 6.0 microns characteristic of H2O ice at temperatures significantly lower than 150 K, confirming the identification of H2O ice in the circumstellar shell in this source. The differences in the infrared spectra of HO 0739-14 and embedded molecular cloud sources are attributed to the different cloud lifetimes and temperature regimes in which the molecules are formed. A lower limit to the mass loss rate of 0.0001 solar mass per year is derived, based on the column density of ice and the size and the expansion velocity of the circumstellar cloud.

Soifer, B. T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Observations of ozone depletion associated with solar proton events

Ozone profiles from the solar proton events (SPE) of January and September 1971 and August 1972 were obtained after the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measured radiances were corrected for the direct effects of protons on the instrument. The SPE of August 1972 produced an ozone depletion of 15% at 42 km that persisted for one month in both northern and southern polar regions. This long recovery time indicates that NO(x) was produced in a quantity sufficient to alter the ozone chemistry. The two SPE in 1971 were of moderate size, but produced ozone depletions of 10-30% at 50 km with a 36 hour recovery time. This rapid recovery is consistent with the assumption that HO(x) is responsible for altering the ozone chemistry (Weeks et al., 1972). The magnitude of the observed depletion, however, exceeds that predicted by the chemical models.

Mcpeters, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Rate constant for the reaction between OH and CS2 at 298 and 520 K

In an attempt to resolve discrepancies between published values of the rate constant for the reaction between the hydroxyl radical and carbon disulfide, the reaction has been studied in a discharge flow system by using resonance fluorescence for kinetic measurements and mass spectrometry for product analysis. On the basis of the measured rate constant for disappearance of OH, and measurements of the amount of carbonyl sulfide formed, it was estimated that for the reaction HO + CS2 yields HS + OCS, rate constant values are not greater than 3 x 10 to the -15th/cu cm per sec at 520 K and not greater than 7 x 10 to the -15th/cu cm per sec at 298 K, upper limits are specified because of the inability to isolate exclusively this reaction channel, and because of possible involvement of wall reactions. These results confirm the low values found for this rate constant in two very recent studies.

Leu, M.-T.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Kinetics of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with nitric acid

An extensive study was made of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with nitric acid in a laser photolysis-resonance fluorescence system. A 266 nm laser was used to photolyze HNO3 in the temperature range 225-415 K at pressures of 20-300 torr. A temperature dependence was detected below room temperature, with a leveling off at 298 K and a wide spread in the rate constants. A pressure dependence was observed over the entire range and was more pronounced at lower temperatures. The results are noted to be in agreement with those of previous investigations. However, the wide range of rate constants are suggested to be a problem for stratospheric HO(x) modeling for anthropogenic effects. No explanation could be given of the varying results obtained by other investigators regarding the kinetics of the reactions.

Margitan, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

On the relationship between the greenhouse effect, atmospheric photochemistry, and species distribution

The coupling that exists between infrared opacity changes and tropospheric (and to a lesser extent stratospheric) chemistry is explored in considerable detail, and the effects arising from various perturbations are examined. The studies are carried out with a fully coupled one-dimensional radiative-convective-photochemical model (RCP) that extends from the surface to 53.5 km and has the capability of calculating surface temperature changes due to both chemical and radiative perturbations. The model encompasses contemporary atmospheric chemistry and photochemistry involving the O(x), HO(x), NO(x), and Cl(x) species.

Callis, L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Relativistic calculation of atomic M-shell ionization by protons

Relativistic plane-wave Born-approximation calculations of cross sections for M-shell ionization of Ho-67, Au-79, U-92 by protons with incident energies from 0.05 to 1 MeV are reported. Dirac-Hartree-Slater wave functions were employed and binding-energy change and Coulomb deflection were taken into account. Associated X-ray production cross sections were also computed. Results are compared with previous theoretical predictions and with experimental data. Definite improvement in the theory has been attained by the use of realistic wave functions and consistent inclusion of the effects of relativity.

Chen, M. H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The chemistry of rare earth elements in the solar nebula

The high concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in primitive CaS suggests that the REE along with the other normally lithophile elements form stable sulfides under the unusual conditions which existed during the formation of enstatite chrondites. In order to acquire a more quantitative framework in which to interpret these data, the behavior of the REE in systems with solar, or slightly fractionated solar, composition is being studied. These new data introduce modest changes in the behavior of some of the REE when compared to previous studies. For example, the largest differences are in the stabilities of the gaseous monoxides of Ce, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm, all of which now appear to be less stable than previously thought, and YbO(g) which is somewhat more stable. Much more significant are the changes in REE distribution in the gas phase in fractionated systems, especially those made more reducing by changing the C/O ratio from the solar value of 0.6 to about 1.0. In almost all cases, the exceptions being Eu, Tm and Yb whose elemental gaseous species dominate, the monosulfides become more abundant. Moreover, the solid oxides of Eu, Tm and Yb become less stable under more reducing conditions which, in effect, should reduce the condensation temperature of all REE in more reduced systems.

Larimer, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) for modal parameter identification and model reduction

A method, called the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA), is developed for modal parameter identification and model reduction of dynamic systems from test data. A new approach is introduced in conjunction with the singular value decomposition technique to derive the basic formulation of minimum order realization which is an extended version of the Ho-Kalman algorithm. The basic formulation is then transformed into modal space for modal parameter identification. Two accuracy indicators are developed to quantitatively identify the system modes and noise modes. For illustration of the algorithm, examples are shown using simulation data and experimental data for a rectangular grid structure.

Juang, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The response of ionization chambers to relativistic heavy nuclei

As part of a recent calibration at the LBL Bevalac for the Heavy Nuclei Experiment on HEAO-3, the response of a set of laboratory ionization chambers were compared to beams of 26Fe, 36 Kr, 54Xe, 67 Ho, and 79 Au nuclei at maximum energies ranging from 1666 MeV/amu for Fe to 1049 MeV/amu for Au. The response of these chambers shows a significant deviation from the expected energy dependence, but only a slight deviation from Z squared scaling.

Newport, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The response of ionization chambers to relativistic heavy nuclei

The LBL Bevalac for the Heavy Nuclei Experiment on HEAO-3, compared the response of a set of laboratory ionization chambers to beams of 26Fe, 36Kr, 54Xe, 67 Ho, and 79Au nuclei at maximum energies ranging from 1666 MeV/amu for Fe to 1049 MeV/amu for Au. The response of these chambers shows a significant deviation from the expected energy dependence, but only a slight deviation from Z sq scaling.

Newport, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Use of Landsat-derived profile features for spring small-grains classification

The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.

Badhwar, G. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Mechanism of the atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide - Catalysis by hydroxyl radicals

A flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence technique was used to investigate the decay of OH due to the reaction OH + SO2 (+M) to HOSO2 (+M). In the presence of small amounts of NO (10 to the 14th per cu cm), the decays deviated from the normal semilogarithmic linearity due to reformation of OH. On the basis of computer simulations of the decay curves, it is suggested that the reactions HOSO2 + O2 to HO2 + SO3 (k3), and HO2 + HO to OH + NO2 are the likely subsequent steps in SO2 oxidation. The upper limit for the binding energy of HOSO2 relative to OH + SO2 is estimated to be 32 kcal/mol. The atmospheric implications of a catalytic oxidation mechanism are briefly discussed.

Margitan, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction

A method called the eigensystem realization algorithm is developed for modal parameter identification and model reduction of dynamic systems from test data. A new approach is introduced in conjunction with the singular-value decomposition technique to derive the basic formulation of minimum order realization which is an extended version of the Ho-Kalman algorithm. The basic formulation is then transformed into modal space for modal parameter identification. Two accuracy indicators are developed to quantitatively identify the system and noise modes. For illustration of the algorithm, an example is shown using experimental data from the Galileo spacecraft.

Juang, J.-N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An ab initio investigation of possible intermediates in the reaction of the hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals

Ab initio quantum chemical techniques are used to investigate covalently-bonded and hydrogen-bonded species that may be important intermediates in the reaction of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. Stable structures of both types are identified. Basis sets of polarized double zeta quality and large scale configuration interaction wave functions are utilized. Based on electronic energies, the covalently bonded HOOOH species is 26.4 kcal/mol more stable than the OH and HO2 radicals. Similarly, the hydrogen bonded HO---HO2 species has an electronic energy 4.7 kcal/mol below that of the component radicals, after correction is made for the basis set superposition error. The hydrogen bonded form is planar, possesses one relatively normal hydrogen bond, and has the lowest energy 3A' and 1A' states that are essentially degenerate. The 1A" and 3A" excited states produced by rotation of the unpaired OH electron into the molecular plane are very slightly bound.

Jackels, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Far-infrared spectroscopy of the earth's stratosphere

This paper discusses the spectrum of the earth's stratosphere in the far-infrared, from 5 to 250/cm. Many of the trace gases that are important in stratospheric photochemistry have been measured, or are potentially measurable in the far-infrared. The spectral features of these gases are discussed with application to spacecraft measurements. In particular, the suitability of the spectrum for measurements of the HO(x) and ClO(x) families and of O3 are compared for different classes of instruments: Fourier transform spectrometers, filter radiometers, and scanning high-resolution Fabry-Perot instruments. It is found that these types of instruments have complementary capabilities that would best be used in combination in a comprehensive multispecies measurement scheme.

Chance, K. V.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A critical analysis of CLO and O3 in the mid-latitude stratosphere

The Caltech one-dimensional photochemical model is used to analyze important questions concerning the upper stratospheric O3 and the key HO(x), NO(x), and ClO(x) free radicals. The model is described and first order effects of the inclusion of diffuse radiation in a spherical rather than plane parallel atmosphere at solar zenith angles close to 90 deg are assessed. A comparison is made between photochemical theory and observations for upper stratospheric O3, where local photochemistry rather than dynamics should control the O3 abundance. The photochemical equilibrium relation for odd oxygen is studied, including the important radicals involves. It is concluded that a significant model ozone deficit exists in the upper stratosphere. Possible causes for such a discrepancy are investigated in light of current model and experimental uncertainties. In particular, the observational ratio of atomic oxygen to zone appears to disagree with the model results.

Froidevaux, L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Human operator control of a bilateral teleoperator in part-simulation of zero gravity

Remote manipulators (teleoperators) are defined as mechanical devices which extend human manipulative ability to operational environments which are either hostile to or remote from the human operator. Teleoperation involves the explicit and active inclusion of the human operator (HO) in the system control loop. An investigation of human/teleoperator control interactions in the orbital operational environment has been conducted, taking into account the employment of a model describing human neuromotor control as a linear damped harmonic oscillator. The application of this model for the specification of the end point position in teleoperator control is explored, and two experiments are conducted. The results indicate the potential utility of relatively simple models of neuromotor control processes in investigating the interaction of the human operator and controller in teleoperation.

Corker, K.↗