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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2023

Exploring Synoptic Display Concepts for Hybrid-Electric Airliner Flightdecks

The advent of hybrid-electric aircraft concepts with distributed propulsion has resulted in relatively complicated powertrain designs. Determining the optimal approach to display information about the hybrid system in the flightdeck has taken on great importance. At NASA Glenn Research Center, the concept SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) hybrid airliner has been modeled inside a flight simulator where different flight deck displays can be evaluated. This work focused on ways to display information that reduce clutter and information overload without degrading the crew’s ability to operate the aircraft and respond properly to emergencies. The displays’ layout and symbologies were created to be intuitive to the pilots. This paper documents iterations of synoptic displays and discusses the rationale and tradeoffs behind each variation.

Pilot Displays↗
NASA NTRS1994

Simulation and flight test evaluation of head-up-display guidance for harrier approach transitions

Position and speed guidance displays for STOVL aircraft curved, decelerating approaches to hover and vertical landing have been evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing pilot workload and improving performance. The NASA V/STOL Systems Research Aircraft, a modified YAV-8B Harrier prototype, was used to evaluate the displays in flight, whereas the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator was used to extend the flight test results to instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and to examine performance in various conditions of wind and turbulence. The simulation data showed close correlation with the flight test data, and both demonstrated the feasibility of the displays. With the exception of the hover task in zero visibility, which was level-3, averaged Copper-Harper handling qualities ratings given during simulation were level-2 for both the approach task and the hover task in all conditions. During flight tests in calm and clear conditions, the displays also gave rise to level-2 handling qualities ratings. Pilot opinion showed that the guidance displays would be useful in visual flight, especially at night, as well as in IMC.

HARRIER APPROACH↗
NASA NTRS1971

Analytic evaluation of display requirements for approach to landing

A computerized analysis procedure, based on a control theoretic model of the human pilot, is used to evaluate display requirements for longitudinal control in the landing approach. The display employed a digitally generated, perspective runway image with a superimposed artificial horizon for pitch indication. System performance measures are obtained for the approach phase of a light aircraft and a DC-8; predictions are made as to the effects of several display modifications. It is found that augmenting the basic display with glide slope reference bars and a velocity aim point yields adequate performance in calm air. Under moderate turbulence, the augmented display appears to be adequate for a DC-8 approach but not for a light aircraft.

Kleinman, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effect of pictorial display configuration on the frequency of control reversals during aircraft landing approaches

A fixed-base simulator study to determine the effect of increased pictorial display realism on the frequency of control reversals made with an inside-out landing display was conducted. Display conditions included the effects of collimation and scale (head-up versus head-down presentation), horizon symbology (simple line versus white-black sky-ground surfaces), and ground plane realism (computer generated perspective versus a TV picture of a realistic model). The number of control reversals was moderately high on all displays. Control reversals to roll disturbances occurred nearly twice as frequently as reversals to either pitch or lateral rate disturbances. Though there were no significant differences among the numbers of small control reversals for the different displays, there was some evidence that this conclusion may not apply to large control reversals.

Lincoln, R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Pilot performance during a simulated standard instrument procedure turn with and without a predictor display

A simulator study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of predictor information incorporated into a CRT display of a computer simulated aircraft's horizontal and vertical situation. Professional pilots served as subjects for the task of executing a standard instrument procedure turn at constant altitude in constant crosswinds with and without their predicted ground track displayed. The results showed that the display with the predicted ground track was markedly and significantly superior to the display without this information and that the subjects were generally satisfied with this type of information. Mean rms lateral path error was independent of the crosswind velocity with the predictor information, and increased without it and with increasing wind velocity. Rms stick activity decreased with the predictor display which also uncoupled aileron and elevator activity.

Kreifeldt, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Multispectral combination and display of ERTS-1 data

A significant problem in the use of ERTS-1 data is the extraction of information pertinent to each application and the presentation of that information in a form most suitable to users. When the information is to be displayed for visual study by an observer, the problem can be reduced to two steps: (1) Dimensionality reduction, an objective procedure which attempts to preserve most of the ERTS-1 information in a smaller number of components. (2) Display of the reduced number of components for optimum visibility by an observer. A specific dimensionality reduction technique has been applied to ERTS-1 data for several geographical areas in California and distinct types of earth resources. In the display of the reduced number of components, consideration has to be given to properties of the human visual system and the statistics of the data to be displayed. Previous work on digital image enhancement was applied to this problem to generate color composites which contain and display most of the information provided by the ERTS-1 sensors. Results of this approach were interesting, both in terms of the small mean-square caused by the dimensionality reduction, as well as for the examples of enhanced images that have been obtained.

Algazi, V. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effects of visual flight display dynamics on altitude tracking performance in a flight simulator

The effects were studied of visual display dynamics on pilot tracking performance in a simulator. The tracking task consisted of maintaining the piloted aircraft at the same altitude as two aircraft positioned three-hundred feet ahead; as would be required in level formation flying. The two leading aircraft were represented symbolically along with the horizon on a CRT display. Vertical position of these aircraft with respect to the horizon indicated the altitude of the subject's aircraft, which was disturbed by atmospheric turbulence. Various bandwidths of second-order dynamics were interposed between the true aircraft altitude and the displayed altitude, whereas no dynamics were interposed in the attitude display. Experiments were run using two experienced pilots and two substantially different longitudinal dynamics for the piloted aircraft. Preliminary results indicate a significant decrease in altitude tracking performance for display dynamics with natural frequencies below ten radians per second.

Weener, E. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of tactual displays for flight control

Manual tracking experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of tactual displays for presenting flight-control information in multitask situations. Although tracking error scores are considerably greater than scores obtained with a continuous visual display, preliminary results indicate that inter-task interference effects are substantially less with the tactual display in situations that impose high visual scanning workloads. The single-task performance degradation found with the tactual display appears to be a result of the coding scheme rather than the use of the tactual sensory mode per se. Analysis with the state-variable pilot/vehicle model shows that reliable predictions of tracking errors can be obtained for wide-band tracking systems once the pilot-related model parameters have been adjusted to reflect the pilot-display interaction.

Levison, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Pilot Performance During A Simulated Standard Instrument Procedure Turn With and Without A Predictor Display

A simulator study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of predictor information incorporated into a CRT display of a computer simulated aircraft's horizontal and vertical situation. Professional pilots served as subjects for the task of executing a standard instrument procedure turn at constant altitude in constant crosswinds with and without their predicted ground track displayed. The results show that the display with the predicted ground track was markedly and significantly superior to the display without this information and that the subjects were generally satisfied with this type of information. Mean rms lateral path error was independent of the crosswind velocity with the predictor information, and increased without it with increasing wind velocity. Rms stick activity decreased with the predictor display which also uncoupled aileron and elevator activity.

John G Kreifeldt↗
NASA NTRS1975

Manual control displays for a four-dimensional landing approach

Six instrument rated pilots flew a STOL fixed base simulator to study the effectiveness of three displays for a four dimensional approach. The three examined displays were a digital readout of forward position error, a digital speed command, and an analog display showing forward position error and error prediction. A flight director was used in all conditions. All test runs were for a typical four dimensional approach in moderate turbulence that included a change in commanded ground speed, a change in flight path angle, and two standard rate sixty degree turns. Use of the digital forward position error display resulted in large overshoot in the forward position error. Some type of lead (rate or prediction information) was shown to be needed. The best overall performance was obtained using the speed command display. It was demonstrated that curved approaches can be flown with relative ease.

Silverthorn, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Results of a flight investigation of control-display interactions for VTOL decelerating descending instrument approaches using the X-22A aircraft

Control, display, and guidance requirements for VTOL instrument transitions were studied to provide meaningful data related to the interaction of aircraft control system and pilot display characteristics on pilot rating and performance during a steep decelerating descending transition from a representative forward velocity to the hover under simulated instrument conditions. Thirty seven evaluations were performed of combinations of five generic display presentations, ranging from position information only to four axis control directors, and five levels of control augmentation systems, ranging from rate augmentation only to decoupled velocity responses and automatic configuration changes. Primary results include the demonstration of an inverse relationship between control complexity and display sophistication and the definition of acceptable and satisfactory control display combinations.

Lebacqz, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

An improved human display model for occupant crash simulation programs

An improved three-dimensional display model of a human being which can be used to display the results of three-dimensional simulation programs that predict the positions of an occupant during impact of a vehicle was presented. The model allows the user to view the occupant from any orientation in any position during the crash. The display model assumes the usual break up of the body into rigid segments which is normal for occupant crash simulation programs, but the shape of the segments in the display model are not necessarily the same as those used in the crash simulation. The display model is proportioned so as to produce a realistic drawing of the human body in any position. Joints connecting the segments are also drawn to improve realism.

Willmert, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Investigation of the use of an electronic multifunction display and an electromechanical horizontal situation indicator for guidance and control of powered-lift short-haul aircraft

The use which pilots make of a moving map display from en route through the terminal area and including the approach and go-around flight phases was investigated. The content and function of each of three primary STOLAND displays are reviewed from an operational point of view. The primary displays are the electronic attitude director indicator (EADI), the horizontal situation indicator (HSI), and the multifunction display (MFD). Manually controlled flight with both flight director guidance and raw situation data is examined in detail in a simulated flight experiment with emphasis on tracking reference flight plans and maintaining geographic orientation after missed approaches. Eye-point-of-regard and workload measurements, coupled with task performance measurements, pilot opinion ratings, and pilot comments are presented. The experimental program was designed to offer a systematic objective and subjective comparison of pilots' use of the moving map MFD in conjunction with the other displays.

Clement, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A kinesthetic-tactual display concept for helicopter-pilot workload reduction

A kinesthetic-tactual (K-T) display concept is now under research and development (R & D) at the Ohio State University. It appears to offer considerable promise for useful application in helicopters by conveying control information via the sense of touch. This is a review of the overall R & D program including the original K-T display design, initial studies in automobile and fixed-wing vehicles, and feasibility experiments in a helicopter simulator. In addition to investigations of control and potential workload reduction, present efforts are directed toward establishing optimal design requirements for K-T helicopter displays. Potential applications, modes of usage, and the kinds of information that may be displayed in helicopter applications are discussed along with a brief forecast of future R & D. A brief description of the latest multi-axis laboratory prototype K-T display is also provided.

Gilson, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Digital Image Display Control System, DIDCS

DIDCS is an interactive image display and manipulation system that is used for a variety of astronomical image reduction and analysis operations. The hardware system consists of a PDP 11/40 main frame with 32K of 16-bit core memory; 96K of 16-bit MOS memory; two 9 track 800 BPI tape drives; eight 2.5 million byte RKO5 type disk packs, three user terminals, and a COMTAL 8000-S display system which has sufficient memory to store and display three 512 x 512 x 8 bit images along with an overlay plane and function table for each image, a pseudo color table and the capability for displaying true color. The software system is based around the language FORTH, which will permit an open ended dictionary of user level words for image analyses and display. A description of the hardware and software systems will be presented along with examples of the types of astronomical research that are being performed. Also a short discussion of the commonality and exchange of this type of image analysis system will be given.

Fischel, D.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Advanced crew station concepts, displays, and input/output technology for civil aircraft of the future

Current efforts on a new Cockpit Avionics Research program are described. The major thrusts of the program presented include: a comparative analysis of advanced display media and development of promising selected media, development of flight display generation techniques, and identification and development of promising I/O technology. In addition, the advanced integrated display concepts described include a 'tunnel in the sky' display and a traffic situation display with associated keyboard. Finally, the Cockpit Avionics Research program is summarized, future research plans are presented, and the need for an expanded program is discussed.

Hatfield, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Early flight test experience with Cockpit Displayed Traffic Information (CDTI)

Coded symbology, based on the results of early human factors studies, was displayed on the electronic horizontal situation indicator and flight tested on an advanced research aircraft in order to subject the coded traffic symbology to a realistic flight environment and to assess its value by means of a direct comparison with simple, uncoded traffic symbology. The tests consisted of 28 curved, decelerating approaches, flown by research-pilot flight crews. The traffic scenarios involved both conflict-free and blunder situations. Subjective pilot commentary was obtained through the use of a questionnaire and extensive pilot debriefing sessions. The results of these debriefing sessions group conveniently under either of two categories: display factors or task performance. A major item under the display factor category was the problem of display clutter. The primary contributors to clutter were the use of large map-scale factors, the use of traffic data blocks, and the presentation of more than a few aircraft. In terms of task performance, the cockpit displayed traffic information was found to provide excellent overall situation awareness.

Abbott, T. S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The effect of viewing time, time to encounter, and practice on perception of aircraft separation on a cockpit display of traffic information

The concept of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) includes the integration of air traffic, navigation, and other pertinent information in a single electronic display in the cockpit. Two studies were conducted to develop a clear and concise display format for use in later full-mission simulator evaluations of the CDTI concept. Subjects were required to monitor a CDTI for specified periods of time and to make perceptual judgments concerning the future position of a single intruder aircraft in relationship to their own aircraft. Experimental variables included: type of predictor information displayed on the two aircraft symbols; time to encounter point; length of time subjects viewed the display; amount of practice; and type of encounter (straight or turning). Results show that length of viewing time had little or no effect on performance; time to encounter influenced performance with the straight predictor but did not with the curved predictor; and that learning occurred under all conditions.

Oconnor, S.↗