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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Rainbow scars: From area to volume law

Quantum many-body scars (QMBS) constitute a new quantum dynamical regime in which rare “scarred” eigenstates mediate weak ergodicity breaking. One open question is to understand the most general setting in which these states arise. In this work, we develop a generic construction that embeds a new class of QMBS, rainbow scars, into the spectrum of an arbitrary Hamiltonian. Unlike other examples of QMBS, rainbow scars display extensive bipartite entanglement entropy while retaining a simple entanglement structure. Specifically, the entanglement scaling is volume-law for a random bipartition, while scaling for a fine-tuned bipartition is subextensive. When internal symmetries are present, the construction leads to multiple, and even towers, of rainbow scars revealed through distinctive non-thermal dynamics. Remarkably, certain symmetries can lead rainbow scars to arise in translation-invariant models. To this end, we provide an experimental road map for realizing rainbow scar states in a Rydberg-atom quantum simulator, leading to coherent oscillations distinct from the strictly sub-volume-law QMBS previously realized in the same system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Excluded-volume model for quarkyonic matter: Three-flavor baryon-quark mixture

The single-flavor excluded-volume model based on the effective size of baryons reproduces the hard-soft density evolution of the equation of state (EoS) required by the recent studies of GW170817. This phenomenological model basically realizes the concept of quarkyonic matter which is introduced from large-$N_c$ gauge theory for dense matter. Further, enhanced nucleon interactions and dynamically generated quark degrees of freedom can reproduce the hard-soft evolution of the EoS. In this paper, we extend the excluded-volume model to a three-flavor system by considering electromagnetic charge and possible weak equilibrium in order to obtain a proper description for the hard-soft behavior of the EoS inferred from the gravitational waves observations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Two-neutrino double-𝛽 decay in pionless effective field theory from a Euclidean finite-volume correlation function

Two-neutrino double-β decay of certain nuclear isotopes is one of the rarest Standard Model processes observed in nature. Its neutrinoless counterpart is an exotic lepton-number nonconserving process that is widely searched to determine if the neutrinos are Majorana fermions. In order to connect the rate of these processes to the Standard Model and beyond the Standard Model interactions, it is essential that the corresponding nuclear matrix elements are constrained reliably from theory. Lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) and low-energy effective field theories (EFTs) are expected to play an essential role in constraining the matrix element of the two-nucleon subprocess, which could in turn provide the input into ab initio nuclear-structure calculations in larger isotopes. Focusing on the two-neutrino process $nn\rightarrow pp(ee\bar{v}_{e}\bar{v}_e)$, the amplitude is constructed in this work in pionless EFT at next-to-leading order, demonstrating the emergence of a renormalization-scale independent amplitude and the absence of any new low-energy constant at this order beyond those present in the single-weak process. Most importantly, it is shown how a LQCD four-point correlation function in Euclidean and finite-volume spacetime can be used to constrain the Minkowski infinite-volume amplitude in the EFT. The same formalism is provided for the related single-weak process, which is an input to the double-β decay formalism. The LQCD-EFT matching procedure outlined for the double-weak amplitude paves the road toward constraining the two-nucleon matrix element entering the neutrinoless double-β decay amplitude with a light Majorana neutrino.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

β -Technetium: An allotrope with a nonstandard volume-pressure relationship

In this work, we report the synthesis and structure of the second allotrope of technetium, β-Tc. Transformative pathways are accessed at extreme conditions using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell and confirmed with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. βTc is fully recoverable to ambient conditions, although counter to our DFT calculations predicting a face-centered-cubic lattice, we observe a tetragonal structure (I4/mmm) that exhibits further tetragonal distortion with pressure. β-Tc has an expanded volume relative to the hcp ground state phase, that when doped with nitrogen has an unexpected volume lowering. Such anomalous behavior is possibly indicative of a rare electronic phase transition in a 4d element.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of large volume yeast interfering RNA lure-and-kill ovitraps for attraction and control of Aedes mosquitoes

Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), principle vectors of several arboviruses, typically lay eggs in man-made water-filled containers located near human dwellings. Given the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance, stable and biofriendly alternatives for mosquito larviciding are needed. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that inactivated yeast interfering RNA tablets targeting key larval developmental genes can be used to facilitate effective larvicidal activity while also promoting selective gravid female oviposition behaviour. In this work, we examined the efficacy of transferring this technology toward development of lure-and-kill ovitraps targeting Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) female mosquitoes. Insectary, simulated field and semi-field experiments demonstrated that two mosquito-specific yeast interfering RNA pesticides induce high levels of mortality among larvae of both species in treated large volume containers. Small-scale field trials conducted in Trinidad, West Indies demonstrated that large volume ovitrap containers baited with inactivated yeast tablets lure significantly more gravid females than traps containing only water and were highly attractive to both A. aegypti and A. albopictus females. Finally, these studies indicate that development of biorational yeast interfering RNA-baited ovitraps may represent a new tool for control of Aedes mosquitoes, including deployment in existing lure-and-kill ovitrap technologies or traditional container larviciding programs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Numerical Study of Liquid Piston Compression Using Large-Eddy Simulation and Volume-of-Fluid Approach

Efforts to increase the efficiency of residential and commercial air conditioners and heat pumps have demonstrated that the compressor accounts for most of the system’s electrical energy usage. Therefore, the efficiency of this component should be improved to reduce its energy usage. The US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed a near-isothermal liquid piston compressor (LPC) that uses propylene glycol (PG) to compress CO2. This report presents numerical studies of the LPC in which the compression chamber fills with injected PG from the bottom inlet. Numerical simulations were performed using the large-eddy simulation (LES) with the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) subgrid-scale model coupled with the multiphase volume-of-fluid (VOF) model to simulate the transient interface between gas and liquid and to capture the heat and mass transfer within the compression chamber. In this effort, effects of boundary conditions applied to the LES-VOF calculations (e.g., no wall, an adiabatic wall, and a wall with a heat flux subscribed) to the overall pressure and temperature of CO2 gas as well as the transient evolution of flow and heat transfer evolution within the compression chamber are investigated and discussed. It was found that the LES calculation with no wall have shown no dynamical flow patterns and the volume-averaged temperature of CO2 increased from 305 to 392.7 K, while LES calculations with a constant wall temperature or a wall heat flux had similar increases of CO2 temperatures. Results of LES simulation using a wall heat flux showed different stages in the compression process and revealed dynamical formation and interaction of CO2 gas layers and circulation flow patterns within the chamber that contribute to the overall heat transfer between the solid wall, gas, and liquid surface in the compressor.

Nguyen, Thien D.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrated Monitoring Volume: A Summary of Monitoring Studies Conducted in Niagaran Carbonate Pinnacle Reefs During Enhanced Oil Recovery with CO2

This introductory report to the Integrated Monitoring Volume provides an executive summary style overview of each of the monitoring methods deployed during the MRCSP Phase III Program. Each method is discussed in detail in a separate report that together with this Executive Summary comprise the Integrated Monitoring Volume.

BHG,DAS,Monitoring,PNC,VSP,borehole gravity,distri↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydration-driven stabilization and volume collapse of grain boundaries in Mg2SiO4 forsterite predicted by first-principles simulations

Grain boundaries in mantle minerals are of critical importance to geophysical and geochemical processes of the Earth’s interior. One of the fundamental issues is to understand how the water (H 2 O) component influences the properties of grain boundaries in silicate materials. Here, we report the results of the structure and stability of several tilt grain boundaries in Mg 2 SiO 4 forsterite over the pressure range 0 to 15 GPa using density functional theory-based first-principles simulations. Here, the results suggest greater energetic stability and hydration-driven volume collapse (negative excess volume) at zero pressure for the majority of hydrous grain boundaries relative to the anhydrous (dry) ones. All the hydrous grain boundaries become increasingly favorable at elevated pressures as the calculated hydration enthalpy systematically decreases with increasing pressure. The hydrous components at the interfacial regions are predominantly in the hydroxyl form and, to a lesser extent, in the molecular H 2 O form. Their calculated ratio ranges from 1.6 to 8.7 among the different grain boundary configurations. Our structural analysis also reveals that the hydroxyls are bound to either both Mg and Si or to Mg only. In comparison, the molecular species are bound only to Mg sites. Besides direct oxygen-hydrogen bonding, intermolecular hydrogen bonding becomes important with compression. On the basis of our results, we suggest that local atomic rearrangements caused by dissociative adsorption of water facilitate efficient compaction of the boundary interfaces, which, in turn, results in greater relative stability of hydrous grain boundaries. This means that water prefers to be incorporated within the grain boundaries over the bulk of silicate materials.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigation of finite-volume methods to capture shocks and turbulence spectra in compressible flows

The aim of the present paper is to provide a comparison between several finite-volume methods of different numerical accuracy: the second-order Godunov method with PPM interpolation and the high-order finite-volume WENO method. In this work, the results show that while on a smooth problem the high-order method performs better than the second-order one, when the solution contains a shock all the methods collapse to first-order accuracy. In the context of the decay of compressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence with shocklets, the actual overall order of accuracy of the methods reduces to second-order, despite the use of fifth-order reconstruction schemes at cell interfaces. Most important, results in terms of turbulent spectra are similar regardless of the numerical methods employed, except that the PPM method fails to provide an accurate representation in the high-frequency range of the spectra. It is found that this specific issue comes from the slope-limiting procedure and a novel hybrid PPM/WENO method is developed that has the ability to capture the turbulent spectra with the accuracy of a high-order method, but at the cost of the second-order Godunov method. Overall, it is shown that virtually the same physical solution can be obtained much faster by refining a simulation with the second-order method and carefully chosen numerical procedures, rather than running a coarse high-order simulation. Our results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the accuracy of a numerical method in terms of its actual spectral dissipation and dispersion properties on mixed smooth/shock cases, rather than by the theoretical formal order of convergence rate.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume II: DUNE Physics

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume II of this TDR, DUNE Physics, describes the array of identified scientific opportunities and key goals. Crucially, we also report our best current understanding of the capability of DUNE to realize these goals, along with the detailed arguments and investigations on which this understanding is based. This TDR volume documents the scientific basis underlying the conception and design of the LBNF/DUNE experimental configurations. As a result, the description of DUNE's experimental capabilities constitutes the bulk of the document. Key linkages between requirements for successful execution of the physics program and primary specifications of the experimental configurations are drawn and summarized. This document also serves a wider purpose as a statement on the scientific potential of DUNE as a central component within a global program of frontier theoretical and experimental particle physics research. Thus, the presentation also aims to serve as a resource for the particle physics community at large.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

The ENDF/B-VIII.0 Compendium Volume IV: Radioactive Decay Rank-Order Analyses

Version 8 of the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VIII.0) contains a wealth of nuclear data representing the most recent collection of evaluated neutron cross section measurements, isotopic radioactive decay, and much more. This Compendium has been prepared as a easily-navigable reference of the contents of the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library, while making no statement regarding the accuracy of those contents. The Compendium is split into four volumes. In Volume IV, radioactive decay properties are presented in tabular form, sorted by isotope, energy, element-then- energy, and probability of emission.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

The ENDF/B-VIII.0 Compendium Volume II: Neutron Cross Section Rank-Order Analyses

Version 8 of the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VIII.0) contains a wealth of nuclear data representing the most recent collection of evaluated neutron cross section measurements, isotopic radioactive decay, and much more. This Compendium has been prepared as a easily-navigable reference of the contents of the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library, while making no statement regarding the accuracy of those contents. The Compendium is split into four volumes. Volume II presents a series of tables of reaction cross section values for thermal (0.025 eV), fission (1 MeV), and fusion (14 MeV) energies, each sorted by cross section value, isotope, and element-then-isotope to facilitate quick searches.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

System Studies for Global Nuclear Assurance and Security (GNAS): 3S Risk Analysis for Portable Nuclear Reactors (Volume II) -- Conclusions and Implications

Growing interest in compact, easily transportable sources of baseload electricity has manifested in the proposal and early deployment of portable nuclear reactors (PNRs). PNRs are sought because they are scalable, efficient, and cost-effective for meeting energy demands in unique, remote, or contested areas. For example, Russia's KLT-40S Akademik Lomonosov is a floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) that successfully reached the Arctic coastal city of Pevek. It began providing power to the local grid in December 2019. While providing such key advantages as having a highly flexible power generation mechanism, FNPPs appear to directly challenge international norms and conventions for nuclear safety, safeguards, and security. FNPPs are neither a purely fixed nuclear fuel cycle activity nor a purely transportation-based nuclear fuel cycle activity. In response, Sandia's Mitigating International Nuclear Enogy Risks (MINER) research perspective frames this discussion in terms of risk complexity and the interdependencies between safety, safeguards, and security in FNPPs, and PNRs more generally. This systems study is a technically rigorous analysis of the safety, safeguards, and security risks of FNPP technologies. This research's aims are three-fold. The first aim is to provide analytical evidence to support safety, safeguards, and security claims related to PNRs and FNPPs (Study Report Volume I). Second, this study aims to introduce a systems- theoretic approach for exploring interdependencies between the technical evaluations (Study Report Volume II). The third aim is to show Sandia's ability for prompt, rigorous, and technical analysis to support emerging complex MINER mission objectives.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Industrial and Commercial Motor System Market Assessment Report. Volume 3: Energy Saving Opportunity

This report seeks to inform the potential for motor systems to support decarbonization by estimating their potential energy, electricity cost, and CO 2 emissions reduction potential from adoption of proven energy efficiency actions and advanced technologies. This is the third and final report in a series of reports disseminating the findings of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Motor System Market Assessment (MSMA). The MSMA and this report focus on polyphase motor systems greater than or equal to 1 horsepower (hp) in the industrial and commercial sectors. In the U.S. Industrial and Commercial Motor System Market Assessment Report Volume 1: Characteristics of the Installed Base (Volume 1 report), it was determined that these motor systems consume more than 1,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually. This equates to 29% of the U.S. electric grid load and results in 765 million metric tons (MMT) of CO 2 emissions and $166 billion in electricity costs. This report finds that substantial reductions to these energy, cost, and emissions impacts are possible, with three areas of significant opportunity being (1) improved load matching, (2) replacing older inefficient motors with more efficient motors, and (3) improving the condition of fluid (e.g., air, water, compressed air) distribution systems. A summary of the savings potential from these three opportunities placed within the context of the overall consumption for motor systems is illustrated in Figure ES 1 (industrial) and Figure ES 2 (commercial).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

DSO+T: Expanded Study Results DSO+T Study: Volume 5

The Distribution System Operator with Transactive (DSO+T) study investigates the engineering and economic performance of a transactive energy retail market coordinating a high penetration of customer-side flexible energy assets. The study seeks to answer whether such an implementation is cost effective for customers, recovers sufficient revenue for DSOs, and is equally applicable and beneficial to a range of flexible asset types, renewable generation scenarios, and market assumptions. This report volume provides a detailed set of results for the DSO+T study extending results presented in Volumes 1, 2, and 4. The engineering and economic performance of the transactive energy scheme is presented for two separate flexible asset deployments: flexible loads (HVAC units and residential water heaters) and behind-the-meter batteries. The results of each transactive case are compared to a business-as-usual case. These cases are subject to two different renewable generation scenarios, a moderate renewable generation scenario, representative of current levels of renewable generation deployment, and a future high renewables scenario, including the increased deployment of rooftop solar photovoltaic and electric vehicles. The transactive coordination scheme is shown to produce effective and stable control and decrease peak loads 9–15%. The resulting annual demand flexibility provides net economic savings of $3.3–5.0B per year for a region the size of Texas. Detailed analysis shows that net benefits were seen for a range of distribution system operator, customer, and flexible asset types. Both participating customer (with transactive flexible assets) and nonparticipating customers (with nonflexible assets) see reductions in annual utility bills and net annual energy expenses in the range of 10–16%.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

3013 Fire Test 2020: Post-Test Volumes

Sandia National Laboratory conducted fire tests on ten 3013 containers with varying amounts of water. The containers plastically deformed during the fire tests. The plastic deformation increased the free-gas volume within the containers. The amount of plastic deformation is measured and post-test free gas volumes at 25°C is reported.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Generation of Large-Volume High-Pressure Plasma by Spatio-Temporal Control of Space Charge

Due to the fundamental limitations of scaling, very little progress has been made towards achieving a large-volume dense non-equilibrium plasma near atmospheric pressures. Commercially available state-of-the art glow-like atmospheric plasma devices for industrial applications are either narrow tubes or wide slits with narrow openings. Often multiple sources are put together in various configurations to process larger surfaces. The traditional methods of exciting electrodes create spatially fixed electric fields. As a result, the space charge at atmospheric pressure tends to be spatially confined resulting in non-uniformity which eventually leads to instability as the discharge is scaled. Theoretical work done under this project showed that it is possible to generate a spatially rotating electric field by exciting a set of electrodes with phase staggered sinusoidal waveforms. The modeling and simulations were done using plasma fluid models. It was shown that such a field can produce a uniform plasma. At the conclusion of the project, experimental proof of concept with an eight-electrode system in various gases (Air, Helium and Argon) was demonstrated. Power measurements and spectral investigation show that the concept can be used to generate a uniform stable plasma. This plasma source has the potential of opening new applications of nonthermal plasma including combustion of carbon-free fuel. The current limitation of the proposed method in scaling to higher volume and pressure is the need for multiple high voltage amplifiers.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogen production from high-volume organic construction and demolition wastes

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has partnered with Simonpietri Enterprises, LLC (SEL) with the objective of developing an integrated waste preparation, gasification, and syngas cleanup process capable of using a high-volume, negative-value, highly contaminated feedstock consisting of construction and demolition (C&D) waste to economically produce 99+% pure hydrogen. The target is to achieve $\$$1/kg H2 at a modular scale ranging from 5- to 50-MWe-equivalent size by testing the gasification of organic C&D debris containing treated waste lumber and construction materials, permanently sequestering contaminants into the ash. C&D debris waste is one the largest-volume waste streams in the United States; is already aggregated and available across the country, lending itself to hub operations; and has fewer alternatives for energy conversion than are available for coal, biomass, and municipal solid waste because of contamination from treated lumber and other construction materials.

08 HYDROGEN↗