SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “strain hardening”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1972

Metallic transfer between metals in sliding contact examined by auger emission spectroscopy

Metallic transfer between polycrystalline metals in sliding contact was examined. Hemispherical riders of iron, nickel, and cobalt were slid on tungsten, tantalum, niobium, and molybdenum disks in ultrahigh vacuum. Auger emission spectroscopy was used to monitor the elemental composition of the disk surfaces. Iron, nickel, and cobalt transferred to tungsten, whereas only cobalt transferred to tantalum, niobium, and molybdenum. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of the cohesive energy and strain hardening characteristics of the specimen materials.

Pepper, S. V.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Mathematical characterization of mechanical behavior of porous frictional granular media

A new definition of loading and unloading along the yield surface of Roscoe and Burland is introduced. This is achieved by noting that the strain-hardening parameter in the plastic potential function is deduced from the yield locus equation of Roscoe and Burland. The analytical results are compared with the experimental results for plate-bearing and cone-penetrometer problems and close agreements are demonstrated. The wheel-soil interaction is studied under dynamic loading. The rate-dependent plasticity or viscoelastoplastic behavior is considered. This is accomplished by the internal (hidden) variables associated with time-dependent viscous properties directly superimposed with inelastic behavior governed by the yield criteria of Roscoe and Burland. Effects of inertia and energy dissipation are properly accounted for. Example problems are presented.

Chung, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Plasticity - Theory and finite element applications.

A unified presentation is given of the development and distinctions associated with various incremental solution procedures used to solve the equations governing the nonlinear behavior of structures, and this is discussed within the framework of the finite-element method. Although the primary emphasis here is on material nonlinearities, consideration is also given to geometric nonlinearities acting separately or in combination with nonlinear material behavior. The methods discussed here are applicable to a broad spectrum of structures, ranging from simple beams to general three-dimensional bodies. The finite-element analysis methods for material nonlinearity are general in the sense that any of the available plasticity theories can be incorporated to treat strain hardening or ideally plastic behavior.

Armen, H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Stiffness and damping characteristics of aluminum in creep

Tensile creep tests conducted at 200 C were performed on annealed commercially pure aluminum specimens in order to measure the dominant elevated temperature dislocation processes. Testing consisted of applying small lateral loads to measure flexural stiffness, and vibrating the specimens laterally in order to measure dynamic modulus and internal damping. It was concluded that (1) the strain hardening increased static stiffness and decreased internal damping during early creep, and (2) the dynamic modulus remained essentially constant at the elastic value during creep. These results imply that primary creep may constitute a mechanism of recovery of dislocatory disorder induced by yielding the material during loading, and that the inelastic modulus utilized as a mathematical concept in several creep buckling theories is not a directly measurable material property.

Berkovits, A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Creep of oxide dispersion strengthened materials (with special reference to TD nichrome)

It was shown that the creep behavior of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys is controlled principally by the creep properties of the matrix of the alloy devoid of particles. Thus, diffusion controlled slip process determine the rate controlling step in such materials. The role of the particles is to stabilize a fine substructure which is invariant with the creep stress over a wide range of stress. This characteristic leads to negligible strain hardening during creep and suggests that creep relations developed for pure metals and many solid solution alloys at constant structure should be used to describe the creep of ODS alloys. A second characteristics of the ODS alloys is that a stress may exist below which creep will not occur (threshold stress).

Lin, J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Finite-element analysis of crack growth under monotonic and cyclic loading

An elastic-plastic (incremental) finite-element analysis, in conjunction with a crack-growth criterion, was used to study crack-growth behavior under monotonic and cyclic loading. The crack-growth criterion was based on crack-tip strain. Whenever the crack-tip strain equals or exceeds a critical strain value, the crack grows. The effects of element-mesh size, critical strain, strain hardening, and specimen type (tension or bending) on crack growth under monotonic loading were investigated. Crack growth under cyclic loading (constant amplitude and simple variable amplitude) were also studied. A combined hardening theory, which incorporates features of both isotropic and kinematic hardening under cyclic loading, was also developed for smooth yield surfaces and was used in the analysis.

Newman, J. C., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1985

A study of spectrum fatigue crack propagation in two aluminum alloys. 2: Influence of microstructures

The important metallurgical factors that influence both constant amplitude and spectrum crack growth behavior in aluminum alloys were investigated. The effect of microstructural features such as grain size, inclusions, and dispersoids was evaluated. It was shown that a lower stress intensities, the I/M 7050 alloy showed better fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance than P/M 7091 alloy for both constant amplitude and spectrum testing. It was suggested that the most important microstructural variable accounting for superior FCP resistance of 7050 alloy is its large grain size. It was further postulated that the inhomogenous planar slip and large grain size of 7050 limit dislocation interactions and thus increase slip reversibility which improves FCP performance. The hypothesis was supported by establishing that the cyclic strain hardening exponent for the 7091 alloy is higher than that of 7050.

Telesman, J.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On numerical integration and computer implementation of viscoplastic models

Due to the stringent design requirement for aerospace or nuclear structural components, considerable research interests have been generated on the development of constitutive models for representing the inelastic behavior of metals at elevated temperatures. In particular, a class of unified theories (or viscoplastic constitutive models) have been proposed to simulate material responses such as cyclic plasticity, rate sensitivity, creep deformations, strain hardening or softening, etc. This approach differs from the conventional creep and plasticity theory in that both the creep and plastic deformations are treated as unified time-dependent quantities. Although most of viscoplastic models give better material behavior representation, the associated constitutive differential equations have stiff regimes which present numerical difficulties in time-dependent analysis. In this connection, appropriate solution algorithm must be developed for viscoplastic analysis via finite element method.

Chang, T. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Nondestructive determination of mechanical properties

The sensitivity of the velocity of ultrasonic waves to the elasticity of the materials (acousto-elastic constant - AEC) as controlled by the microstructure of the materials was examined experimentally. Rolled-plate specimens of five different Al alloys were subjected to tensile tests while being monitored for the velocity change of a 10 MHz longitudinal wave as a function of the applied tensile stress. The acoustic propagation velocity was measured perpendicularly to the stress. Determinations were made of the yield strength and the hardnesses of the specimens. Samples of the plate materials examined microscopically to characterize the solid phases. The AECs varied linearly with the percentage of solid solution phase of the alloys. The trend for strain-hardened samples was, however, opposite from that in the precipitation-hardened alloys. The results underscore the necessity of considering the microstructural dependencies of the AECs when using ultrasonic NDE methods, and also opened the potential of determining some mechanical properties with NDE techniques.

Schneider, E.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Modeling the viscoplastic behavior of Inconel 718 at 1200 F

A large number of tests, including tensile, creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue were performed to characterize the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 (a nickel based superalloy) at 1200 F, the operating temperature for turbine blades. In addition, a few attempts were made to model the behavior of Inconel 718 at 1200 F using viscoplastic theories. The Chaboche theory of viscoplasticity can model a wide variety of mechanical behavior, including monotonic, sustained, and cyclic responses of homogeneous, initially-isotropic, strain hardening (or softening) materials. It is shown how the Chaboche theory can be used to model the viscoplastic behavior of Inconel 718 at 1200 F. First, an algorithm was developed to systematically determine the material parameters of the Chaboche theory from uniaxial tensile, creep, and cyclic data. The algorithm is general and can be used in conjunction with similar high temperature materials. A sensitivity study was then performed and an optimal set of Chaboche's parameters were obtained. This study has also indicated the role of each parameter in modeling the response to different loading conditions.

Abdel-Kader, M. S.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Thermoviscoplastic model with application to copper

A viscoplastic model is developed which is applicable to anisothermal, cyclic, and multiaxial loading conditions. Three internal state variables are used in the model; one to account for kinematic effects, and the other two to account for isotropic effects. One of the isotropic variables is a measure of yield strength, while the other is a measure of limit strength. Each internal state variable evolves through a process of competition between strain hardening and recovery. There is no explicit coupling between dynamic and thermal recovery in any evolutionary equation, which is a useful simplification in the development of the model. The thermodynamic condition of intrinsic dissipation constrains the thermal recovery function of the model. Application of the model is made to copper, and cyclic experiments under isothermal, thermomechanical, and nonproportional loading conditions are considered. Correlations and predictions of the model are representative of observed material behavior.

Freed, Alan D.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Parallel processors and nonlinear structural dynamics algorithms and software

A nonlinear structural dynamics finite element program was developed to run on a shared memory multiprocessor with pipeline processors. The program, WHAMS, was used as a framework for this work. The program employs explicit time integration and has the capability to handle both the nonlinear material behavior and large displacement response of 3-D structures. The elasto-plastic material model uses an isotropic strain hardening law which is input as a piecewise linear function. Geometric nonlinearities are handled by a corotational formulation in which a coordinate system is embedded at the integration point of each element. Currently, the program has an element library consisting of a beam element based on Euler-Bernoulli theory and trianglar and quadrilateral plate element based on Mindlin theory.

Belytschko, Ted↗

NASA NTRS1989

Integrated optimization of nonlinear R/C frames with reliability constraints

A structural optimization algorithm was researched including global displacements as decision variables. The algorithm was applied to planar reinforced concrete frames with nonlinear material behavior submitted to static loading. The flexural performance of the elements was evaluated as a function of the actual stress-strain diagrams of the materials. Formation of rotational hinges with strain hardening were allowed and the equilibrium constraints were updated accordingly. The adequacy of the frames was guaranteed by imposing as constraints required reliability indices for the members, maximum global displacements for the structure and a maximum system probability of failure.

Soeiro, Alfredo↗

NASA NTRS1989

A numerical model for the thermo-elasto-plastic behaviour of a material

This paper presents a numerical model for the thermo-elasto-plastic behavior of an isotropic material. The model is based on the assumption that the yielding of the material obeys von Mises distortion energy theory and the material exhibits isotropic strain hardening. This unique model can be used both for isothermal and non-isothermal cases. The original formulation for the non-isothermal three-dimensional case has been specialized for plane stress conditions and the equations for the computation of warping and thickness change are provided. The finite element implementation of this model is also outlined.

Ray, Sujit K.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Intergranular fracture of lithium fluoride-22 percent calcium fluoride hypereutectic salt at 800 K

Substantial strain-hardening was noted during the initial stages of deformation in constant-velocity compression tests conducted on as-cast samples of the LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 hypereutectic salt at 800 K. The deformed specimens exhibited extensive grain-boundary cracking and cavitation, suggesting that such cracking, in conjunction with interfacial sliding, is important for cavity nucleation at grain boundaries and at the LiF-CaF2 interfaces. Cavity growth and interlinkage occur through the preferential failure of the weaker LiF phase.

Raj, Subramanium V.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Deformation of as-cast LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 hypereutectic salt between 500 and 1015 K

Results are presented on compression tests conducted on as-cast LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 hypereutectic specimens at nominal strain rates between 1.8 x 10 to the -6th/sec and 0.25/sec over the temperature range 500-1015 K. In all instances, the stress-strain curves showed broad maxima, with negative strain-hardening rates after the peak stress sigma(max). It was found that, at low temperatures and high stresses, the CaF2 lamellae are rigid while the LiF matrix exhibits extensive transgranular cavitation, while at high temperatures and low stresses the CaF2 lamellae break down and spheroidize while the LiF matrix does not cavitate. It was concluded that the mechanical properties of the as-cast hypereutectic LiF-22 mol pct CaF2 are governed by the rate of deformation of the CaF2 phase. It is suggested that, for thermal energy storage applications, a spheroidal microstructure is more desirable than a lamellar structure.

Raj, S. V.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Effects of fiber and interfacial layer architectures on the thermoplastic response of metal matrix composites

Examined here is the effect of fiber and interfacial layer morphologies on thermal fields in metal matrix composites (MMCs). A micromechanics model based on an arbitrarily layered concentric cylinder configuration is used to calculate thermal stress fields in MMCs subjected to spatially uniform temperature changes. The fiber is modelled as a layered material with isotropic or orthotropic elastic layers, whereas the surrounding matrix, including interfacial layers, is treated as a strain-hardening, elastoplastic, von Mises solid with temperature-dependent parameters. The solution to the boundary-value problem of an arbitrarily layered concentric cylinder under the prescribed thermal loading is obtained using the local/global stiffness matrix formulation originally developed for stress analysis of multilayered elastic media. Examples are provided that illustrate how the morphology of the SCS6 silicon carbide fiber and the use of multiple compliant layers at the fiber/matrix interface affect the evolution of residual stresses in SiC/Ti composites during fabrication cool-down.

Pindera, Marek-Jerzy↗

NASA NTRS1991

A viscoplastic theory with thermodynamic considerations

A thermodynamic foundation using the concept of internal state variables is given for a general theory of viscoplasticity for initially isotropic materials. Three fundamental, internal, state variables are admitted; they are: a tensorial back stress for kinematic effects, and scalar drag and yield strengths for isotropic effects. All three are considered to evolve phenomenologically according to competitive processes between strain hardening, deformation-induced dynamic recovery, and thermally induced static recovery. Within this phenomenological framework, a thermodynamically admissible set of evolution equations is proposed. The theory allows each of the three internal variables to be composed as a sum of independently evolving constituents. The evolution of internal state can also include terms that vary linearly with the external variable rates, whose presence affects the energy dissipation properties of a material.

Freed, A. D.↗