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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2024

ComStock™ 2024 Release 1 [SWR-19-33 and SWR-20-32]

ComStock™ is an NREL model of the U.S. commercial building stock. The model takes some building characteristics from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Commercial Prototype Building Models and Commercial Reference Building. However, unlike many other building stock models, ComStock also combines these with a variety of additional public- and private-sector data sets. Collectively, this information provides high-fidelity building stock representation with a realistic diversity of building characteristics. This repository contains the source code used to build and execute ComStock models, including upgrade scenarios. In addition, the sampling of buildings characteristics used for the initial ComStock (V1.0) release is provided. The ComStock model is under active calibration and development, which is publicly visible on this repository. Execution of the ComStock workflow is managed through the buildstockbatch repository, a shared asset of ResStock™ and ComStock™ , specifically developed to scale to execution of tens of millions of simulations through multiple infrastructure providers. The dataset output from the initial ComStock (V1.0) release can be found at the accompanying ComStock data viewer website and additional information about ComStock found on the NREL Buildings Website. For more details about ongoing model development please consult the End Use Load Profiles website. ComStock is a direct result of the NREL residential stock modeling tool ResStock™ (recipient of a R&D100 award) and was inspired by the high-fidelity solar & storage adoption model dGen™. Additionally, this tool would not be possible without the decades of work undertaken by the OpenStudio® and EnergyPlus® visionaries and contributors, significant funding, feedback and support from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, and the Department of Energy's Building Technology Office ongoing support of and investment in building energy modeling software. is an analytic methodology for modeling the energy usage of the commercial building stock within the United States of America. The commercial building stock is represented through a sampling of complex probabilistic distributions of various features of interest for modeling energy usage within commercial buildings. Each sample from these distributions is converted into a building energy model based on the features of that specific sample. Each building energy model can be simulated as is, but additional changes can be made to the model through addition of energy conservation measures, component faults, or other desired alterations. The results of the simulations are then processed to provide insights for various stakeholders, including but not limited to policy makers, engineers, and marketers.

Horsey, Henry↗

DOE OSTI2022

North Carolina Water Utility Builds Resilience with Distributed Energy Resources

As the frequency and duration of grid outages increase, backup power systems are becoming more important for ensuring that critical infrastructure continues to provide essential services. Most facilities rely on diesel generators, which may be ineffective during long outages owing to limited fuel supplies and high generator failure rates. Distributed energy resources such as solar, storage, and combined-heat-and-power systems, coupled with on-site biofuel production, offer an alternative source of on-site generation that can provide both cost savings and resilience (i.e., the ability to respond to catastrophic events with longer-term consequences). A mixed-integer linear program minimizes costs and maximizes resilience at a wastewater treatment plant in Wilmington, North Carolina. We find that the plant can reduce life-cycle energy costs by 3.1% through the installation of a hybrid combined-heat-and-power, photovoltaic, and storage system. When paired with existing diesel generators, this system can sustain full load for seven days while saving $664,000 over 25 years and reducing diesel fuel use by 48% compared with the diesel-only solution. This analysis informed a decision by the Cape Fear Public Utility Authority to allocate funds for the implementation of a combined-heat-and-power system at the wastewater treatment plant in fiscal year 2023. Finally, the benefits of deploying hybrid combined-heat-and-power technologies and the utilization of on-site biofuel production extend, on a national scale, to thousands of wastewater treatment facilities and other types of critical infrastructure.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Integrating Clean Energy in Mining Operations: Opportunities, Challenges, and Enabling Approaches

The mining industry is a major source of raw materials for several industries such as manufacturing, transportation, construction, energy, and mining industry itself. It is anticipated that demand for raw materials is going to increase as the population growth and many low-income economies shift to middle-income countries. The increase in mineral demand accompanies by falling mineral ore grade is expected to increase energy demand raising concern of greenhouse gas emission (GHG). Renewable energy can provide mine operators with solutions to several of the challenges they face today, including energy costs, fossil fuel volatility, social license to operate, and meeting environmental, societal, and governance goals. However, the integration of wind, solar, storage, and other renewable technologies face several barriers that are generally not well understood. Many of these barriers will require further research, development, demonstration, and deployment before we see higher levels of renewables adoption in the mining industry. Thus, this report highlights renewable opportunities, barriers, and enabling approaches.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Decarbonizing the U.S. Economy by 2050: A National Blueprint for the Buildings Sector

Residential and commercial buildings are among the largest sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States, responsible for more than one-third of total U.S. GHG emissions. There are nearly 130 million existing buildings in the United States, with 40 million new homes and 60 billion square feet of commercial floorspace expected to be constructed between now and 2050. Today, most buildings consume large amounts of energy and cause significant climate pollution to meet our basic needs. Buildings account for 74% of U.S. electricity use and building heating and cooling drives peak electricity demand. Moreover, buildings are where electric vehicles (EVs), solar, storage, heat pumps, water heaters, and other distributed energy resources integrate with the electricity system. Consequently, the buildings sector will play a key role in achieving economywide net-zero emissions by 2050.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

Interconnection Timelines and Costs for Distributed Energy Projects in the United States (2000-2025)

These slides summarize and explain empirical data on interconnection timelines and costs for distributed energy projects connected to U.S. utility distribution systems. The study explores how interconnection metrics vary across states, project sizes, technology types, and over time to indicate progress toward simple, fast, and affordable interconnection. Data encompasses 188 utilities in 24 states. Project types include biomass/biofuels, coal, hydropower, natural gas/oil, solar, storage, wind, hybrid, and

Chelminski, Kathryn↗

DOE OSTI2025

Transformation of TiN to TiNO Films via In-Situ Temperature-Dependent Oxygen Diffusion Process and Their Electrochemical Behavior

Titanium oxynitride (TiNO) thin films represent a multifaceted material system applicable in diverse fields, including energy storage, solar cells, sensors, protective coatings, and electrocatalysis. This study reports the synthesis of TiNO thin films grown at different substrate temperatures using pulsed laser deposition. A comprehensive structural investigation was conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Non-Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (N-RBS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which facilitated a detailed analysis that determined the phase, composition, and crystallinity of the films. Structural control was achieved via temperature-dependent oxygen in-diffusion, nitrogen out-diffusion, and the nucleation growth process related to adatom mobility. The XPS analysis indicates that the TiNO films consist of heterogeneous mixtures of TiN, TiNO, and TiO2 phases with temperature-dependent relative abundances. The correlation between the structure and electrochemical behavior of the thin films was examined. The TiNO films with relatively higher N/O ratio, meaning less oxidized, were more electrochemically active than the films with lower N/O ratio, i.e., more oxidized films. Films with higher oxidation levels demonstrated enhanced crystallinity and greater stability under electrochemical polarization. These findings demonstrate the importance of substrate temperature control in tailoring the properties of TiNO film, which is a fundamental part of designing and optimizing an efficient electrode material.

Cherono, Sheilah↗

NASA NTRS1975

Selected technology for the gas industry

A number of papers were presented at a conference concerned with the application of technical topics from aerospace activities for the gas industry. The following subjects were covered: general future of fossil fuels in America, exploration for fossil and nuclear fuels from orbital altitudes, technology for liquefied gas, safety considerations relative to fires, explosions, and detonations, gas turbomachinery technology, fluid properties, fluid flow, and heat transfer, NASA information and documentation systems, instrumentation and measurement, materials and life prediction, reliability and quality assurance, and advanced energy systems (including synthetic fuels, energy storage, solar energy, and wind energy).

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1977

Thermal energy storage heat exchanger: Molten salt heat exchanger design for utility power plants

Sizing procedures are presented for latent heat thermal energy storage systems that can be used for electric utility off-peak energy storage, solar power plants and other preliminary design applications.

Ferarra, A.↗

NASA NTRS1978

SIMS prototype system 1 test results: Engineering analysis

The space and domestic water solar heating system designated SIMS Prototype Systems 1 was evaluated. The test system used 720 ft (gross) of Solar Energy Products Air Collectors, a Solar Control Corporation SAM 20 Air Handler with Model 75-175 control unit, a Jackson Solar Storage tank with Rho Sigma Mod 106 controller, and 20 tons of rack storage. The test data analysis performed evaluates the system performance and documents the suitability of SIMS Prototype System 1 hardware for field installation.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1981

Solar water-heating performance evaluation-San Diego, California

Report describes energy saved by replacing domestic, conventional natural gas heater with solar-energy subsystem in single-family residence near San Diego, California. Energy savings for 6 month test period averaged 1.089 million Btu. Collector array covered 65 square feet and supplied hot water to both 66-gallon solar storage tank and 40-gallon tank for domestic use. Natural gas supplied house's auxiliary energy.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1980

Solar energy system performance evaluation-seasonal report for Elcam San Diego, San Diego, California

The solar energy system, Elcam San Diego, was designed to supply domestic hot water heating for a single family residence located in Encinitas, California. System description, performance assessment, operating energy, energy savings, maintenance, and conclusions are presented. The system is a 'Sunspot' two tank cascade type, where solar energy is supplied to either a 66 gallon preheat tank (solar storage) or a 40 gallon domestic hot water tank. Water is pumped directly from one of the two tanks, through the 65 square feet collector array and back into the same tank. Freeze protection is provided by automatically circulating hot water from the hot water tank through the collectors and exposed plumbing when freezing conditions exist. Auxiliary energy is supplied by natural gas. Analysis is based on instrumented system data monitored and collected for one full season of operation.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2015

Large Scale Reduction of Graphite Oxide Project

This project seeks to develop an optical method to reduce graphite oxide into graphene efficiently and in larger formats than currently available. Current reduction methods are expensive, time-consuming or restricted to small, limited formats. Graphene has potential uses in ultracapacitors, energy storage, solar cells, flexible and light-weight circuits, touch screens, and chemical sensors. In addition, graphite oxide is a sustainable material that can be produced from any form of carbon, making this method environmentally friendly and adaptable for in-situ reduction.

Technology Portfolio System↗

DOE OSTI2020

Integrating Renewable Energy into Mining Operations

clean energy↗

DOE OSTI2020

Integrating Renewable Energy in the Iron and Steel Industry: Challenges, Opportunities, and Enabling Approaches

Renewable energy can help mine operators with several challenges they face today, including energy costs, fossil fuel volatility, social license to operate, and meeting environmental, societal, and governance goals. However, the integration of wind, solar, storage, and other renewable technologies face several barriers that are generally not well understood. Many of these barriers will require further research, development, demonstration, and deployment before we see higher levels of renewables adoption in the mining industry. Thus, this poster highlights renewable opportunities, barriers, and enabling approaches.

energy demands↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Renewable Opportunity in Mining

Renewable energy can provide mine operators with solutions to several of the challenges they face today, including energy costs, fossil fuel volatility, social license to operate, and meeting environmental, societal, and governance goals. However, the integration of wind, solar, storage, and other renewable technologies presents several technical barriers that are generally not well understood by the mining industry. Many of these barriers will require further research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) before we see higher levels of renewables adoption in the mining industry.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Summary: Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Photovoltaics and Battery Energy Storage at a Vietnam Industrial Park

The Clean Energy Investment Accelerator conducted a case study analysis of battery energy storage system (BESS) feasibility for an industrial park in Vietnam using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) REopt platform (a distributed energy modeling and optimization tool) to evaluate how BESS may reduce electricity costs, increase utilization of onsite renewable energy generation, and improve resilience to utility grid outages. This presentation summarizes the analysis and key takeaways.

batteries↗

DOE OSTI2022

Variable Resource Resilience: How Systems Experience Increased Resilience from Variable and Hybrid Resources

Variable resources like wind and solar are often seen as detriments to system resilience rather than benefits because they may not be available with the capacities or services required during a high-impact low-frequency (HILF) event, whether that is a physical threat, natural disaster, or cyber attack. However, resilience goals and metrics are inadequate for electric energy delivery systems with inverter-based resources. Examination of this topic reveals that renewable resources are well suited to combat many resilience hazards due to local resource availability. Metrics that demonstrate the resilience value of variable resources are presented and categorized for resource (wind, solar, storage, hybrid) and installation type (bulk utility scale, behind-the-meter, front-of-the-meter, isolated). Distributed and hybrid systems can further enhance resilience benefits my maximizing resource potential for a locality. A case study demonstrating quantitative resilience benefits from wind alone is provided for St. Mary's, AK, which concludes that hundreds of thousands of dollars are saved by the addition of a wind turbine in the face of realistic fuel shortage and extreme winter weather scenarios.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Convolution Neural Network for Voltage Event Classification at a Photovoltaic Inverter

This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) developed to identify voltage events in photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The CNN is trained on synthetic data generated using the IEEE 13-bus distribution feeder model and evaluated on field measured data collected from Energy Northwest’s Horn Rapids Solar, Storage, and Training (HRSST) facility. The study focuses on two common voltage events: faults and voltage sags. The CNN is configured to analyze voltage and current waveforms from three-phase PV systems, demonstrating excellent accuracy during training. Field data from the HRSST facility is employed to assess its real-world performance, where the CNN achieves perfect identification of faults and voltage sags in a sample of nine events. This work highlights the potential of the proposed method to enhance PV protection schemes, providing a robust foundation for improved voltage event detection and grid reliability.

Cornachione, Matthew A.↗