Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “prototype specifications”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Superconductivity in Y 4 RuGe 8 with a Vacancy-Ordered CeNiSi 2 -Type Superstructure

In this work, we report a new compound, Y 4 RuGe 8 , with a transition metal vacancy-ordered CeNiSi 2 -type superstructure, which has a superconducting transition at 1.3 K. Y 4 RuGe 8 crystals were grown by indium flux at relatively low temperatures (below 1273 K), which makes it possible to stabilize such a vacancy-ordered phase. The crystal structure of Y 4 RuGe 8 was solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The as-grown Y 4 RuGe 8 crystals are always twinned, crystallizing in the space group $P\bar{1}$(no. 2) with the lattice parameters a = 5.7680(1) Å, b = 8.2042(2) Å, c = 11.5093(3) Å, α = 79.696(1)degrees, β = 88.491(1)degrees, and γ = 79.637(2)degrees; this structure is a superstructure deriving from the higher symmetry CeNiSi 2 -type structure (Cmcm, no. 63) due to the ordering of Ru vacancies. The ordering of Ru sites breaks slightly distorted Ge planes in the CeNiSi 2 prototype into infinite cis-trans Ge chains in Y 4 RuGe 8 . The presence of bulk superconductivity in Y 4 RuGe 8 is well supported by zero resistance and a jump in specific heat at the critical transition temperature. The Sommerfeld coefficient (19 mJ K -2 mol -1 ) of the specific heat is greater than that (11 mJ K -2 mol -1 ) estimated using the bare density of states (4.7 states/eV/f.u.) from first-principles calculations. The ab initio calculations indicate that 4d electrons of both Y and Ru and 4p electrons of Ge are the main contributors to the total density of states at the Fermi level in Y 4 RuGe 8 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

hypredrive: high-level interface for solving linear systems with hypre

This software introduces a high-level interface designed to simplify solving linear systems using hypre, a renowned library for such computational challenges. It is crafted to be accessible and user-friendly, making the powerful capabilities of hypre available to a broader audience without requiring in-depth technical knowledge. The interface is characterized by its use of YAML for input, a format celebrated for its structured yet straightforward readability. This choice ensures that users can easily configure the software to meet their specific needs. Additionally, the software boasts an intuitive API that encapsulates hypre's functionalities, making it easier for users to interact with the process of solving linear systems. It is particularly beneficial for prototyping, offering a quick and efficient means to test various solver and preconditioner configurations. Furthermore, the software allows for the creation of an offline testing framework in which predefined linear systems are read from files and benchmarked with user-defined solution strategies. This makes it an invaluable tool for developers and researchers exploring and validating their computational models. Overall, the software serves as a bridge, bringing the advanced computational capabilities of hypre closer to users who may need more specialized technical expertise, thereby facilitating innovation and exploration in the field of numerical linear algebra.

Paludetto Magri, Victor↗
DOE OSTI2024

System Level Analysis Software Validation with Argonne's THETA Experimental Facility (Final CRADA Report)

Under this CRADA, the Contractor will be generating and collecting sodium-based experimental data with modern instrumentation. The Contractor will work symbiotically with the Participant to generate SAS4A/SASSYS-1 and SAM computational models of the THETA experimental facility for validation of the system-level analysis codes utilized by Oklo, Inc. This effort will be specifically focused on the design basis event space scoped by Chapter 15 of the NRC’s Standard Review Plan (NUREG-0800) with an emphasis on natural circulation and thermal stratification phenomena in a prototypic sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR).

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ultra-high efficiency hydrogen production using a large-scale solid oxide electrolysis cell system

Efficient and cost-effective production of clean hydrogen is key to decarbonizing the production of hard-to-abate industries, such as chemicals, fuels, steel, cement and many other commodities that form the basis of modern societies. High-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) has recently become commercially available and offers opportunities for producing hydrogen at higher efficiency and lower cost than competing low temperature technologies. In this work, we report world record setting hydrogen production efficiency from large-scale prototype HTSE systems based on solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology. Independent tests performed at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) employed a Bloom Energy 100 kW SOEC system to achieve a hydrogen production direct current specific electric energy consumption as low as 36.7 kWh per kilogram of hydrogen. Remarkably, similar high efficiencies in the range of 36–39 kW/kg-H2 were obtained over a wide range of hydrogen production rates and even during dynamic ramping as the hydrogen production and electric power consumption of the system were varied between 20 % and 100 % of nominal conditions. Furthermore, these test results validate previous projections that commercial SOEC systems can produce clean hydrogen at efficiencies approaching 100 % for less than 2 U S. dollars per kilogram when located near sources of inexpensive, low-grade heat and clean electricity.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Understanding Adsorption and Reactions at Aqueous Oxide Interfaces with Neural Network Potential Molecular Dynamics

Chemical processes at metal oxide−water interfaces are of central importance in geochemistry, biology, and energy technologies. A better understanding of these processes would allow us to make a significant step toward optimizing and controlling them, which could in turn lead to broader impacts. Computational modeling is indispensable to accomplishing this task because complexity and disorder often make it difficult to extract atomistic information from experiments. Balancing computational cost and accuracy, simulation schemes based on efficient machine learning representations of the potential energy surface (PES) predicted by ab initio calculations have become increasingly popular over the past decade. In particular, several studies have demonstrated the ability of machine learning models to accurately reproduce the complex ab initio PESs of aqueous oxide interfaces, allowing simulations of systems and processes that are not accessible with ab initio methods. In this Account, we review our recent efforts to understand adsorption processes and reactions at aqueous oxide interfaces using deep potential molecular dynamics (DPMD), a simulation scheme employing deep neural networks (DNNs), which has proven to be quite successful in accurately describing many different systems in the condensed phase. After summarizing the DPMD methodology, we first review our work on the acid−base chemistry of oxide surfaces in contact with water, a fundamental characteristic that controls proton transfer and surface charge at the interface. We focus on the aqueous interface of rutile IrO 2 , an oxide material thus far considered the best catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We show that this interface is characterized by a large fraction of dissociated water and a strong Brønsted acidity of the surface sites, in good agreement with the experimentally measured value of the point of zero proton charge. In our second example, we investigate how the adsorption of organic species from ambient air or water affects the structure and wettability of the aqueous interfaces of TiO 2 , a prototypical photocatalytic material. This is a question that is relevant to understanding the UV-induced hydrophilicity of TiO 2 surfaces, a property at the basis of self-cleaning windows and related applications. Specifically focusing on formic and acetic acids, the two most common atmospheric organic acids, our simulations reveal that these acids control the wettability of TiO 2 largely through acid−base chemistry at the interface rather than chemisorption on the oxide surface, a finding that could help improve the design of self-cleaning surfaces and photocatalytic devices. Finally, we review our recent study of methanol at TiO 2 −water interfaces, a system whose interest is largely motivated by the role of methanol in enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on TiO 2 . Our simulations provide mechanistic insights into the coupled roles of the organic adsorbate and water at the TiO 2 interface, with implications for how methanol enhances the activity of H 2 evolution.

adsorption↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cyclobutanedicarboxylate Metal–Organic Frameworks as a Platform for Dramatic Amplification of Pore Partition Effect

Ultrafine tuning of MOF structures at sub-angstrom or picometer levels can help improve separation selectivity for gases with subtle differences. However, for MOFs with large-enough pore size, the effect from ultrafine tuning on sorption can be muted. Here we show an integrative strategy that couples together extreme pore compression with ultrafine pore tuning. Furthermore, this strategy is made possible by unique combination of two features of the pacs platform (pacs = partitioned acs): multi-modular framework and exceptional tolerance towards isoreticular replacement. Specifically, we use one module (Ligand 1, L1) to shrink pore size to an extreme minimum on pacs. A compression ratio of about 30% was achieved (based on unit-cell c/a ratio) from prototypical 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate-pacs to trans-1,3-cyclobutanedicarboxylate-pacs. This is followed by using another module (Ligand 2, L2) for ultrafine pore tuning (< 3% compression). This L1-L2 strategy increases C 2 H 2 /CO 2 selectivity from 2.6 to 20.8 and gives rise to excellent experi-mental breakthrough performance. Being the shortest cyclic dicarboxylate that mimics para-benzene-based moieties us-ing bioisosteric (BIS) strategy on pacs, trans-1,3-cyclobutanedicarboxylate-based MOF chemistry offers new opportuni-ties in MOF chemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of ultralow-background cryogenic calorimeters for the measurement of surface α contamination

Next-generation experiments searching for rare events must satisfy increasingly stringent requirements on the bulk and surface radioactive contamination of their active and structural materials. The measurement of surface contamination is particularly challenging, as no existing technology is capable of separately measuring parts of the 232 Th and 238 U decay chains that are commonly found to be out of secular equilibrium. We will present the results obtained with a detector prototype consisting of 8 silicon wafers of 150mm diameter instrumented as bolometers and operated in a low-background dilution refrigerator at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory of INFN, Italy. Furthermore, the prototype was characterized by a baseline energy resolution of few keV and a background <100nBq/cm 2 in the full range of α energies, obtained with simple procedures for cleaning of all employed materials and no specific measures to prevent recontamination. Such performance, together with the modularity of the detector design, demonstrate the possibility to realize an alpha detector capable of separately measuring all alpha emitters of the 232 Th and 238 U chains, possibly reaching a sensitivity of few nBq/cm 2 .

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Microfluidic cells for the 1–10 2 MPa pressure range

Thin membrane-delimited fluid cells supporting up to 1 at (0.1 MPa) of pressure are well known and commercially available for use in vacuum chambers of electron, photon, or various particle beam microscopies or spectroscopies. Hereby, we report on the development of fluid cells capable of working at 1–10 MPa, extending the analysis domain for investigating chemical, biochemical, or physical processes at pressures of interest in chemical synthesis, underwater biochemistry studies or underground geology. We explored ways to optimize cell membranes to better resist pressure beyond simply increasing the thickness or decreasing the size of the membranes, using finite element analysis and experimental validation via membrane bulging experiments and failure statistics. Fluid cell prototypes were fabricated using ∼75 nm-thick SiN x membranes, engineered to withstand 4.7 MPa (average value), compared to regular (un-engineered) membranes withstanding only 3.4 MPa (average value). The fluid cell prototypes include eight microchannels for feeding/evacuating the fluids and applying pressure into micro-reaction chambers, two electrodes for electrochemical or conduction measurements in the sample, and a possible pressure or temperature sensor, customizable for specific experiments.

hi-pressure↗
DOE OSTI2024

Greybox Thermal Parameter Identification of Electric Machine Stators

The parameters of electric machine thermal equivalent circuit networks are difficult to predict due to material and manufacturing uncertainties. In this paper, a Greybox system identification approach is used to identify parameters of electric machine stator lumped parameter thermal networks (LPTNs). LPTNs provide a low order, computationally efficient, dynamic model of temperatures at specific locations. Second and third order LPTN model structures are defined as state space equations with stator thermal parameters to be identified. To test the Greybox electric machine stator thermal system identification, five stator motorette prototypes were constructed with controlled variations in slot fill and slot liner thickness. The variation in the motorette thermal parameters and thermal time constants are detected using the Greybox identification. Special attention is given to the impact of sampling rate and Greybox data record length on parameter estimation accuracy.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Non-Nuclear Test Facility Development to Support Verification and Validation Needs

This study focuses on developing a non-nuclear test facility to help meet the verification and validation (V&V) requirements of a water-cooled small modular reactor (SMR) system. The scaling analysis necessary for reactor system experimentation and assessment model V&V considers various reactor system accident scenarios such as main steam line break (MSLB), steam generator tube rupture (SGTR), and containment condensation and heat transfer. The goal is to identify key physics based phenomena of interest (POI), specific figures of merit (FOMs), and the state of knowledge (SOK) by employing phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) studies. Important physics phenomena such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics, structural integrity, and material selection must be addressed when scaling a thermal-hydraulics system. Alongside these considerations, modifications to the facility may be needed to align the scaled system with the available footprint (height and space) of the facility. These modifications may include infrastructure upgrades, changes to the piping layout, implementation of safety measures, and installation of new instrumentation and control systems. The test facility aims to provide a scaled-down version of prototypic facilities for comprehensive V&V activities by overcoming these challenges and making the necessary modifications. This approach minimizes scaling distortion, simulates prototypic plant conditions, and accurately models accident event progressions. Thus, the facility will be capable of adequately modeling a scaled SMR system to support the design, development and licensing needs.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Natural Language Processing for Text Based Event Extraction: Identifying Events of Interest Related to Worldwide State-Sponsored Civil Nuclear Power

Beginning in FY20, SRNL was funded by the National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Defense Nuclear Non-Proliferation Research and Development to develop a prototype natural language processing/natural language understating machine learning-based modeling and analysis pipeline to extract and forecast events of interest from massive open data sources. The working hypothesis within the approach is that contextual shifts in key words and phrases act as indicators of events of interest over time. Therefore, by identifying points in time where contextual shifts occur, events of interest can be extracted along with explicit and implicit connections of entities and activities. The development of the preliminary prototype pipeline proved successful, meriting further testing of the pipeline on more broad topical domains and in a worldwide data environment. Therefore, SRNL, in collaboration with the Sanghani Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics at Virginia Tech, have continued development with a test case of identifying events of interest related to worldwide state-sponsored civil nuclear power in open data sources. In the first year of this follow-on effort, the team has curated domain-specific data corpuses using an automated scheme and applied the modeling and analysis pipeline. This robust, focused, and efficient approach consists of an ensemble of analyses applied to time dependent word embedding models that are trained on the data corpuses. In this report, the team has demonstrated the capability of the existing pipeline (as development has continued in parallel) by exploring several specific case-studies centered around Rosatom’s international activities regarding the planning, construction, operation, and/or shutdown of nuclear reactors. A basic timeline events has been generated by manually cataloging known “milestone” events that have occurred at reactors in Turkey, Finland, Hungary, and Egypt and compared with the output of the modeling pipeline. In this approach, the team has characterized the lead time using the prototype pipeline, as well as the ability to capture relevant information, which proved 100% successful. A deep dive example of the Akkuyu reactor (Turkey) is presented that shows the breadth of information that can be captured using the approach. In this case study, events were extracted pertaining to the planning/construction of Akkuyu including protests from the population, information campaigns in response to the protests, forged regulatory documents and lawsuits, budgetary/shareholder information, geopolitical tensions, and the various construction milestones. This has demonstrated the pipeline’s utility as a research aid or real-time event extraction tool, where summary-level information and detailed text extractions from millions of articles or Tweets across long time periods can be generated with significantly less effort than current techniques.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of Hybrid Perovskite Prototypes After 10-Month Space Flight on the International Space Station

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a prominent new photovoltaic material combining a very competitive power conversion efficiency that rivals crystalline silicon with the added benefits of tunable properties for multijunction devices fabricated from solution which can yield high specific power. Perovskites have also demonstrated some of the lowest temperature coefficients and highest defect tolerance, which make them excellent candidates for aerospace applications. However, MHPs must demonstrate durability in space which presents different challenges than terrestrial operating environments. To decisively test the viability of perovskites being used in space, a perovskite thin film is positioned in low earth orbit for 10 months on the International Space Station, which was the first long-duration study of an MHP in space. Postflight high-resolution ultrafast spectroscopic characterization and comparison with control samples reveal that the flight sample exhibits superior photo-stability, no irreversible radiation damage, and a suppressed structural phase transition temperature by nearly 65 K, broadening the photovoltaic operational range. Further, significant photo-annealing of surface defects is shown following prolonged light-soaking postflight. Here these results emphasize that methylammonium lead iodide can be packaged adequately for space missions, affirming that space stressors can be managed as theorized.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

A transmission hologram for slitless spectrophotometry on a convergent telescope beam. 1. Focus and resolution

We report in this paper the test of a plane holographic optical element to be used as an aberration-corrected grating for a slitless spectrograph, inserted in a convergent telescope beam. Our long-term objective is the optimization of a specific hologram to switch the auxiliary telescope imager of the Vera Rubin Observatory into an accurate slitless spectrograph, dedicated to the atmospheric transmission measurement. We present and discuss here the promising results of tests performed with prototype holograms at the CTIO $0.9\,$m telescope during a run of 17 nights in 2017 May–June. After their on-sky geometrical characterization, the performances of the holograms as aberration-balanced dispersive optical elements have been established by analysing spectra obtained from spectrophotometric standard stars and narrow-band emitter planetary nebulae. Thanks to their additional optical function, our holographic disperser prototypes allow us to produce significantly better focused spectra within the full visible wavelength domain $[370,1050]\,$nm than a regular grating, which suffers from strong defocusing and aberrations when used in similar conditions. We show that the resolution of our slitless on-axis spectrograph equipped with the hologram approaches its theoretical performance. While estimating the benefits of a hologram for the spectrum resolution, the roadmap to produce a competitive holographic element for the Vera Rubin Observatory auxiliary telescope has been established.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

WHISPER: Wireless Home Identification and Sensing Platform for Energy Reduction

Many regions of the world benefit from heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to provide productive, comfortable, and healthy indoor environments, which are enabled by automatic building controls. Due to climate change, population growth, and industrialization, HVAC use is globally on the rise. Unfortunately, these systems often operate in a continuous fashion without regard to actual human presence, leading to unnecessary energy consumption. As a result, the heating, ventilation, and cooling of unoccupied building spaces makes a substantial contribution to the harmful environmental impacts associated with carbon-based electric power generation, which is important to remedy. For our modern electric power system, transitioning to low-carbon renewable energy is facilitated by integration with distributed energy resources. Automatic engagement between the grid and consumers will be necessary to enable a clean yet stable electric grid, when integrating these variable and uncertain renewable energy sources. We present the WHISPER (Wireless Home Identification and Sensing Platform for Energy Reduction) system to address the energy and power demand triggered by human presence in homes. The presented system includes a maintenance-free and privacy-preserving human occupancy detection system wherein a local wireless network of battery-free environmental, acoustic energy, and image sensors are deployed to monitor homes, record empirical data for a range of monitored modalities, and transmit it to a base station. Several machine learning algorithms are implemented at the base station to infer human presence based on the received data, harnessing a hierarchical sensor fusion algorithm. Results from the prototype system demonstrate an accuracy in human presence detection in excess of 95%; ongoing commercialization efforts suggest approximately 99% accuracy. Using machine learning, WHISPER enables various applications based on its binary occupancy prediction, allowing situation-specific controls targeted at both personalized smart home and electric grid modernization opportunities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Resonant X-ray Diffraction Reveals the Location of Counterions in Doped Organic Mixed Ionic Conductors

Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) have the potential to enable diverse new technologies, ranging from novel in situ biosensors to flexible energy storage devices and neuromorphic computing platforms. However, their complex behavior in functional films involving electrolyte-induced swelling, ion ingress, and electrochemical doping inhibits rational material design. Of critical importance is an understanding of the specific location of the ions in the volumetrically doped material, yet this information is not readily available. Here, in this report, we present the use of grazing- incidence resonant X-ray diffraction (RXRD, also known as anomalous diffraction) at S and Cl K-edges to determine the structure of a doped, prototypical, semicrystalline polymer OMIEC based on oligo(ethylene glycol) substitution of regioregular polythiophene. The RXRD measurement provides two key insights. Quantitative analysis of the RXRD allows the determination of the position of the ion relative to the polymer backbone in the crystalline regions. We find that the anion is relatively distant from the backbone, nearer to the lamella mid-plane naively in conflict with expected Coulombic attraction between the ion and the doped polymer polaron. Comparison of RXRD to Cl – fluorescence (total Cl – ) allows determination of the relative order of doping between the crystalline and amorphous regions. We find preferential doping of the crystalline regions. Both insights, the preferential doping of crystals at low potential and the specific location of the counterion with respect to the polymer backbone, are critical to developing a microscopic understanding of transport in OMIECs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Anharmonic Cation–Anion Coupling Dynamics Assisted Lithium‐Ion Diffusion in Sulfide Solid Electrolytes

Abstract Sulfide‐based lithium superionic conductors often show higher Li‐ion conductivity than other types of electrolyte materials. This work unveils a unique Li‐ion conductive behavior in these materials through the perspective of anharmonic coupling assisted Li‐ion diffusion. Li hopping events can happen simultaneously with various types of lattice dynamics, while only a statistically important synchronization of motions may indicate coupling. This method enables a direct evaluation of the coupling strength between these motions, which more fundamentally decides if a specific type of lattice motion is really anharmonically coupled to the Li hopping event and whether the coupling can facilitate the Li diffusion. By a new ab initio computational approach, this work unveils a unique phenomenon in prototype sulfide electrolytes in comparison with typical halide ones, that Li‐ion conduction can be boosted by the anharmonic coupling of low‐frequency Li phonon modes with high‐frequency anion stretching or flexing phonon modes, rather than the low‐frequency rotational modes. The coupling pushes Li ions toward the diffusion channels for reduced diffusion barriers. The result from the lower temperature range (≈0–300 K) of simulation can also be more relevant to the application of solid‐state batteries.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phonons and phase symmetries in bulk CrCl 3 from scattering measurements and theory

Phonon-derived behaviors are important indicators of novel phenomena in transition metal trihalides, including spin liquid behavior, two-dimensional magnetism, and spin-lattice coupling. However, phonons and their dependence on spin structure and excitations have not been adequately explored. In this work, we probe and critically examine the vibrational properties of the prototype ferromagnetic honeycomb lattice material CrCl 3 using inelastic neutron scattering and density functional theory. We demonstrate that magnetic and van der Waals interactions are essential to describing the structure and phonons in CrCl 3 ; however, the specific spin configuration is unimportant. Further, this provides context for understanding thermal transport measurements as governed by dynamical spin-lattice couplings. More importantly, we introduce an efficient dynamic method that exploits translational symmetries in large conventional unit cells that generates insights into phonon dispersions, interactions, and measured spectra in terms of quantum phase interference conditions. This work opens new avenues for understanding phonons in layered magnets and more generally in conventional cell geometries of a variety of materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Oxidative control over the morphology of Cu 3 (HHTP) 2 , a 2D conductive metal–organic framework

The morphology of electrically conductive metal–organic frameworks strongly impacts their performance in applications such as energy storage and electrochemical sensing. However, identifying the appropriate conditions needed to achieve a specific nanocrystal size and shape can be a time-consuming, empirical process. Here we show how partial ligand oxidation dictates the morphology of Cu 3 (HHTP) 2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), a prototypical 2D conductive metal–organic framework. Using organic quinones as the chemical oxidant, we demonstrate that partial oxidation of the ligand prior to metal binding alters the nanocrystal aspect ratio by over 60-fold. Systematically varying the extent of initial ligand oxidation leads to distinct rod, block, and flake-like morphologies. These results represent an important advance in the rational control of Cu 3 (HHTP) 2 morphology and motivate future studies into how ligand oxidation impacts the nucleation and growth of 2D conductive metal–organic frameworks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗