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At least 217 records · Page 12

Advantages of multigrid methods for certifying the accuracy of PDE modeling

Numerical techniques for assessing and certifying the accuracy of the modeling of partial differential equations (PDE) to the user's specifications are analyzed. Examples of the certification process with conventional techniques are summarized for the three dimensional steady state full potential and the two dimensional steady Navier-Stokes equations using fixed grid methods (FG). The advantages of the Full Approximation Storage (FAS) scheme of the multigrid technique of A. Brandt compared with the conventional certification process of modeling PDE are illustrated in one dimension with the transformed potential equation. Inferences are drawn for how MG will improve the certification process of the numerical modeling of two and three dimensional PDE systems. Elements of the error assessment process that are common to FG and MG are analyzed.

Forester, C. K.↗

Experimental and numerical results of sound scattering by a body

The interaction of aerodynamic noise with a fuselage shaped body is discussed. A numerical technique is presented which permits the computation of the scattering of an acoustic source by a body at rest for frequencies of aeroacoustic interest. A parallel experiment is described which confirms the results of the computations. A numerical study of varying the geometry of the scattering is presented. In addition, the effect of forward motion on the mean velocity and static pressure profiles in the wake of such a body with a jet exiting from it is simulated. Experimental results are presented and a similarity law is given.

Maestrello, L.↗

Direct numerical simulation of laminar breakdown in high-speed, axisymmetric boundary layers

Temporal direct numerical simulation of laminar breakdown via subharmonic secondary instability in high-speed axisymmetric boundary layers has been accomplished using a highly accurate, fully explicit algorithm which combines spectral collocation and high-order compact-difference techniques. Numerical test cases confirm that subharmonic secondary instability is confirmed to be a viable path to transition in high-speed boundary-layer flow. Secondary instability is shown to account for peaks in the Reynolds stresses at or near the critical layer which are not possible from the second-mode primary instability alone. Reynolds stresses spatially reconstructed from the temporal model via the Gaster transformation show a 'spreading angle' of about 12 deg, in qualitative agreement with experimental findings. The rate of broadening of the Reynolds stress peak is a strongly nonlinear phenomenon which cannot be reproduced by secondary instability theory.

Pruett, C. D.↗

An algorithm for the empirical optimization of antenna arrays

A numerical technique is presented to optimize the performance of arbitrary antenna arrays under realistic conditions. An experimental-computational algorithm is formulated in which n-dimensional minimization methods are applied to measured data obtained from the antenna array. A numerical update formula is used to induce partial derivative information without requiring special perturbations of the array parameters. The algorithm provides a new design for the antenna array, and the method proceeds in an iterative fashion. Test case results are presented showing the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Blank, S.↗

Difference-Equation/Flow-Graph Circuit Analysis

Numerical technique enables rapid, approximate analyses of electronic circuits containing linear and nonlinear elements. Practiced in variety of computer languages on large and small computers; for circuits simple enough, programmable hand calculators used. Although some combinations of circuit elements make numerical solutions diverge, enables quick identification of divergence and correction of circuit models to make solutions converge.

Mcvey, I. M.↗

The dynamic fission instability and the origin of the Moon

A theory for the formation of the Moon which involves the dynamic fission of a rapidly rotating protoplanet, which might then result in the formation of the Earth and the Moon is discussed. The fission hypothesis was originally based on analytic, linearized models of the growth of asymmetry in homogenous bodies. The fully nonlinear evolution of the dynamic instability in inviscid, compressible bodies was calculated by numerical techniques. It was found that the dynamic instability degenerates into the ejection of a ring of matter with a substantial fraction of the mass, leaving behind a central body with most of the mass. The linearized analytical approach and the numerical approach were used to show that dynamic fission probably does not occur in rocky protoplanets. The numerical calculations are performed with a fully three dimensional hydrodynamical code, which allows the nonlinear, time evolution of the instability to be followed. Sequences of uniformly rotating equilibria were constructed and are used as the initial models for the fission calculations. An initially imposed asymmetry consisting of a 10% binary perturbation in the density was found to disappear on the rotational period time scale. No dynamic instability occurred. This result are verified by including the velocity dissipation terms in the linearized analysis of the stability of a Maclaurin spheroid: the dynamic instability disappears when the simulated viscous dissipation terms are included. It is concluded that any rocky body, even with considerable partial melt or a molten core, should be stable to dynamic fission; any rotational instability that occurs can only result in equatorial mass loss.

Boss, A. P.↗

A wave-envelope of sound propagation in nonuniform circular ducts with compressible mean flows

An acoustic theory is developed to determine the sound transmission and attenuation through an infinite, hard-walled or lined circular duct carrying compressible, sheared, mean flows and having a variable cross section. The theory is applicable to large as well as small axial variations, as long as the mean flow does not separate. The technique is based on solving for the envelopes of the quasi-parallel acoustic modes that exist in the duct instead of solving for the actual wave, thereby reducing the computation time and the round-off error encountered in purely numerical techniques. The solution recovers the solution based on the method of multiple scales for slowly varying duct geometry. A computer program was developed based on the wave-envelope analysis for general mean flows. Results are presented for the reflection and transmission coefficients as well as the acoustic pressure distributions for a number of conditions: both straight and variable area ducts with and without liners and mean flows from very low to high subsonic speeds are considered.

Nayfeh, A. H.↗

Transmission of sound through nonuniform circular ducts with compressible mean flows

An acoustic theory is developed to determine the sound transmission and attenuation through an infinite hard-walled or lined circular duct carrying compressible, sheared mean flows and having a variable cross section. The theory is applicable to large as well as small axial variations, as long as the mean flow does not separate. The technique is based on solving for the envelopes of the quasi-parallel acoustic modes that exist in the duct instead of solving for the actual wave, thereby reducing the computation time and the round-off error encountered in purely numerical techniques. A number of test cases that demonstrate the flexibility of the program are included. Convergence of the transmission coefficients and the acoustic pressure profiles with an increasing number of modes is illustrated.

Nayfeh, A. H.↗

Propagation of wide bandwidth signals through strongly turbulent ionized media

Analytic and numerical techniques are presented which directly address the problem of propagation of wide bandwidth signals through random ionized media. This work is applicable to the problems of satellite communication and space based radar observation through a disturbed ionospheric propagation channel that would result from a high altitude chemical release or nuclear detonation. An analytic solution is presented for the two-position, two-frequency mutual coherence function for spherical wave propagation in the strong scattering limit. This solution is used to derive simple expressions for the power impulse response function and to determine its relationship to the important parameters of decorrelation distance and coherence bandwidth which describe the disturbed propagation channel. Results for mean time delay and time delay jitter are presented and compared to direct simulation results and to other theoretical calculations. A numerical/analytical solution to the parabolic wave equation is presented in the form of a multiple phase-screen (MPS) propagation simulation. In this very general solution technique, the random medium is divided into a finite number of layers. The field fluctuation through each layer is obtained by replacing the layer by a centrally located thin phase-screen, whose statistical properties are determined from the statistics of the electron-density irregularities. The waveform then propagates from phase-screen to phase-screen via an exact solution to the Fresnel-Kirchnoff equation. For wide bandwidth waveforms, numerical solutions are obtained at a number of discrete frequencies centered about the carrier and then time-domain solutions are obtained by Fourier transform techniques. Detailed results are presented for a number of interesting cases including propagation of a 20 MHz bandwidth signal through a finite barium cloud at a carrier frequency of 100 MHz. One of the major uses of the MPS propagation simulation has been to provide realizations of the received signal after propagation through a disturbed channel. The MPS simulation obtains a general solution of the parabolic wave equation under both weak and strong scattering conditions. A second technique to directly obtain realizations of wide bandwidth waveforms is presented here. This technique is limited to the case of strong scattering but requires only a fraction of the computer resources needed for MPS signal generation. Detailed comparisons of the two signal generation techniques are presented.

Random Media↗

High order hybrid numerical simulations of two dimensional detonation waves

In order to study multi-dimensional unstable detonation waves, a high order numerical scheme suitable for calculating the detailed transverse wave structures of multidimensional detonation waves was developed. The numerical algorithm uses a multi-domain approach so different numerical techniques can be applied for different components of detonation waves. The detonation waves are assumed to undergo an irreversible, unimolecular reaction A yields B. Several cases of unstable two dimensional detonation waves are simulated and detailed transverse wave interactions are documented. The numerical results show the importance of resolving the detonation front without excessive numerical viscosity in order to obtain the correct cellular patterns.

Cai, Wei↗

Evaluation of data driven low-rank matrix factorization for accelerated solutions of the Vlasov equation

Low-rank methods have shown success in accelerating simulations of a collisionless plasma described by the Vlasov equation, but still rely on computationally costly linear algebra every time step. We propose a data-driven factorization method using artificial neural networks, specifically with convolutional layer architecture, that trains on existing simulation data. At inference time, the model outputs a low-rank decomposition of the distribution field of the charged particles, and we demonstrate that this step is faster than the standard linear algebra technique. Numerical experiments show that the method achieves comparable reconstruction accuracy for interpolation tasks, generalizing to unseen test data in a manner beyond just memorizing training data; patterns in factorization also inherently followed the same numerical trend as those within algebraic methods (e.g., truncated singular-value decomposition). However, when training on the first 70% of a time-series data and testing on the remaining 30%, the method fails to meaningfully extrapolate. Despite this limiting result, the technique may have benefits for simulations in a statistical steady-state or otherwise showing temporal stability. These results suggest that while the model offers a computationally efficient alternative for datasets with temporal stability, its current formulation is best suited for interpolation rather than for predicting future states in time-evolving systems. This study thus lays the groundwork for further refinement of neural network-based approaches to low-rank matrix factorization in high-dimensional plasma simulations.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

On the energy dependence of the radial diffusion coefficient and spectra of inner radiation belt particles - Analytic solutions and comparison with numerical results

A theoretical method by which the energy dependence of the radial diffusion coefficient may be deduced from spectral observations of the particle population at the inner edge of the earth's radiation belts is presented. This region has previously been analyzed with numerical techniques; in this report an analytical treatment that illustrates characteristic limiting cases in the L shell range where the time scale of Coulomb losses is substantially shorter than that of radial diffusion (L approximately 1-2) is given. It is demonstrated both analytically and numerically that the particle spectra there are shaped by the energy dependence of the radial diffusion coefficient regardless of the spectral shapes of the particle populations diffusing inward from the outer radiation zone, so that from observed spectra the energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient can be determined. To insure realistic simulations, inner zone data obtained from experiments on the DIAL, AZUR, and ESRO 2 spacecraft have been used as boundary conditions. Excellent agreement between analytic and numerical results is reported.

Westphalen, H.↗

Time-dependent viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations - The finite difference Galerkin formulation and streamfunction algorithms

Numerical techniques are developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady incompressible flow. The extension of the finite-difference Galerkin (FDG) method of Stephens et al. (1984) to the continuous-time case in two or three space dimensions is explained, and the numerical implementation of the method is discussed with particular attention to the staggered-MAC-grid primitive-variable discretization, the application of discrete mass balance to avoid problems inherent in FDG schemes, the direct interpretation of the FDG expansion variables as a discrete streamfunction, and a mass-balance approach to two-dimensional problems with throughflow or obstacles. Numerical results are presented graphically for the evolution of asymptotic steady flow in a driven cavity at Reynolds number 400, 1000, or 3200; good agreement with published experimental data is demonstrated, with accurate predictions of secondary-vortex formation from wall bubble recirculations at Reynolds number 1000.

Goodrich, John W.↗

Statistical Mechanics and Dynamics of the Outer Solar System.I. The Jupiter/Saturn Zone

We report on numerical simulations designed to understand how the solar system evolved through a winnowing of planetesimals accreeted from the early solar nebula. This sorting process is driven by the energy and angular momentum and continues to the present day. We reconsider the existence and importance of stable niches in the Jupiter/Saturn Zone using greatly improved numerical techniques based on high-order optimized multi-step integration schemes coupled to roundoff error minimizing methods.

numerical simulations planetesimals planet formati↗

On reconstructing trajectories in the Venus lower atmosphere

A Monte Carlo technique was utilized in order to demonstrate the feasibility of processing in situ measurements of temperature, pressure, and molecular weight. The technique assumes that the lower atmosphere of Venus obeys the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equation. Time correlations are assumed to exist in the data. It is shown that the errors in trajectory reconstruction are due mostly to noise in the data rather than to inaccuracies in the numerical technique.

Argentiero, P.↗

Model-size reduction for the non-linear dynamic analysis of quasi-symmetric structures

A numerical technique is developed to reduce the size of models describing the nonlinear dynamic response of quasi-symmetric structures (i.e., structures with unsymmetric geometry). The response vectors of the structure are approximated by a linear combination of the symmetric and antisymmetric vectors at each time step. The mathematical formulation and numerical implementation of the method are described in detail, and results for a shallow laminated anisotropic panel of quadrilateral planform are presented in graphs and normalized contour plots.

Noor, Ahmed K.↗

Antenna pattern control using impedance surfaces

During the period of this research project, a comprehensive study of pyramidal horn antennas was conducted. Full-wave analytical and numerical techniques were developed to analyze horn antennas with or without impedance surfaces. Based on these full-wave analytic techniques, research was conducted on the use of impedance surfaces on the walls of the horn antennas to control the antenna radiation patterns without a substantial loss of antenna gain. It was found that the use of impedance surfaces could modify the antenna radiation patterns. In addition to the analytical and numerical models, experimental models were also constructed and they were used to validate the predictions. Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and the measured data was obtained for pyramidal horns with perfectly conducting surfaces. Very good comparisons between numerical and experimental models were also obtained for horns with impedance surfaces.

Balanis, Constantine A.↗

The Method of Finite Averages: A rigorous upscaling methodology for heterogeneous porous media

Rigorous upscaling techniques offer accurate and computationally-efficient strategies for modeling the average behaviors of multi-physical, multiscale phenomena in geological porous media. However, such techniques often rely on a variety of methodological assumptions that prohibit their rigorous application to practical systems (e.g., systems involving heterogeneous porous media, system-scale boundary conditions, and fine-scale dynamics that are not diffusion-dominant). In this work, we aim to formulate an upscaling methodology with few methodological assumptions to provide high levels of model generality and foster the utilization of rigorously-derived upscaled models in practice. In particular, we introduce the Method of Finite Averages (MoFA), a novel upscaling methodology for rigorously modeling heterogeneous porous media and system-scale boundary conditions. We then detail MoFA’s implementation for the advective–diffusive transport of a single species and compare the methodology with classic numerical techniques, as well as other rigorous upscaling techniques, to highlight MoFA’s unique combination of rigor and generality. We then validate the derived model while demonstrating its benefits in three numerical experiments. The results suggest that (1.) the applicability and a priori error guarantees of MoFA models do not directly depend on system geometry, (2.) a model’s applicability and error guarantees can be can arbitrarily expanded and reduced, respectively, with further computational expense, and (3.) downscaling with MoFA provides an efficient strategy for generating accurate pore-scale solutions from upscaled results. Ultimately, the results evidence that upscaled models can be rigorously derived for heterogeneous porous media systems and resolved in a fraction of the time it takes to perform the equivalent pore-scale simulations.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗