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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Carbonyl sulfide fluxes and concentrations from midwestern US (Bondville, FermiLab and Chicago)

This data package includes measurements of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) fluxes and concentrations from flux towers in the midwestern US. The measurements were made at AmeriFlux towers and thus the data package also includes a subset of the standard eddy covariance and meteorological data (e.g. VPD and NEE) that are also available from the AmeriFlux portal. The measurements presented here were made to provide an independent constraint on whole ecosystem stomatal conductance from these ecosystems with the goal of testing how the relationship between gross primary production and stomatal conductance varies through the growing season. Furthermore, we derived whole canopy nighttime stomatal conductance estimates to test how stomatal conductance varies between native prairie and maize ecosystems. All data presented here were discussed in the publication "Seasonal evolution of canopy stomatal conductance for a prairie and maize field in the midwestern US from continuous carbonyl sulfide fluxes" in Geophysical Research Letters (doi: 10.1029/2019GL085652).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lost and Found: Rediscovering Microbiome-Associated Phenotypes that Reshape Agricultural Sustainability

Modern agriculture faces an urgent need to improve nutrient use efficiency while reducing environmental impacts. Here, we show that ancestral traits controlling rhizosphere microbiome functions can be reintroduced into elite maize through targeted teosinte introgressions. Using near-isogenic lines, we mapped microbiome-associated phenotypes (MAPs) derived from teosinte that suppress nitrification and denitrification—key microbial processes contributing to nitrogen loss. These introgressions altered root exudate chemistry, resulting in distinct microbial assemblies and enhanced nitrogen retention. We identified candidate loci and metabolites responsible for suppressive activity and demonstrated their functional effects in vitro. Our findings reveal a genetic and biochemical basis for rewilding microbiome-mediated ecosystem services in crops, offering a scalable path toward sustainable nutrient management in global agriculture. ---- These maize root exduate metabolomics data are a subset of this larger project and make up a phenotyping for candidate lines.

Favela, Alonso [School of Plant Sciences, Universi↗
DOE OSTI2021

Soil net nitrogen mineralization and leaching under Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays

Research objectives were to compare whether miscanthus ( Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu.) would leach less nitrogen (N) than continue maize ( Zea mays, L.) and how soil net N mineralization (Nmin) may explain observed leaching. The experiment included three factors: 1) cropping system (maize, juvenile miscanthus = 1-2 y old, mature miscanthus = 3-4 y old); 2) N fertilization (0 and 224 kg N ha-1); and 3) environment (four site-years at two locations in Iowa, USA that differed in climate and soil fertility). During the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons a variety of soil measurements, including inorganic soil N (ammonium + nitrate), in situ Nmin, and N leaching were taken to better understand the differences in N cycling dynamics associated with each system.

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comparative feedstock analysis in Setaria viridis L. as a model for C 4 bioenergy grasses and panicoid crop species

Second generation feedstocks for bioethanol will likely include a sizable proportion of perennial C4 grasses, principally in the Panicoideae clade. The Panicoideae contain agronomically important annual grasses including Zea mays L. (maize), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum), and Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane) as well as promising second generation perennial feedstocks including Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass). The underlying complexity of these polyploid grass genomes is a major limitation for their direct manipulation and thus driving a need for rapidly cycling comparative model. Setaria viridis (green millet) is a rapid cycling C4 panicoid grass with a relatively small and sequenced diploid genome and abundant seed production. Stable, transient, and protoplast transformation technologies have also been developed for Setaria viridis making it a potentially excellent model for other C4 bioenergy grasses. Here, the lignocellulosic feedstock composition, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor response and saccharification dynamics of Setaria viridis are compared with the annual sorghum and maize and the perennial switchgrass bioenergy crops as a baseline study into the applicability for translational research. A genome-wide systematic investigation of the cellulose synthase-A genes was performed identifying eight candidate sequences. Two developmental stages; (a) metabolically active young tissue and (b) metabolically plateaued (mature) material are examined to compare biomass performance metrics.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Estimating Leaf Area Index in Row Crops Using Wheel-Based and Airborne Discrete Return Light Detection and Ranging Data

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important variable for characterizing plant canopy in crop models. It is traditionally defined as the total one-sided leaf area per unit ground area and is estimated by both direct and indirect methods. This paper explores the effectiveness of using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate LAI for sorghum and maize with different treatments at multiple times during the growing season from both a wheeled vehicle and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Linear and nonlinear regression models are investigated for prediction utilizing statistical and plant structure-based features extracted from the LiDAR point cloud data with ground reference obtained from an in-field plant canopy analyzer (indirect method). Results based on the value of the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) and root mean squared error for predictive models ranged from ∼0.4 in the early season to ∼0.6 for sorghum and ∼0.5 to 0.80 for maize from 40 Days after Sowing to harvest.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

3D reconstruction identifies loci linked to variation in angle of individual sorghum leaves

Selection for yield at high planting density has reshaped the leaf canopy of maize, improving photosynthetic productivity in high density settings. Further optimization of canopy architecture may be possible. However, measuring leaf angles, the widely studied component trait of leaf canopy architecture, by hand is a labor and time intensive process. Here, we use multiple, calibrated, 2D images to reconstruct the 3D geometry of individual sorghum plants using a voxel carving based algorithm. Automatic skeletonization and segmentation of these 3D geometries enable quantification of the angle of each leaf for each plant. The resulting measurements are both heritable and correlated with manually collected leaf angles. This automated and scaleable reconstruction approach was employed to measure leaf-by-leaf angles for a population of 366 sorghum plants at multiple time points, resulting in 971 successful reconstructions and 3,376 leaf angle measurements from individual leaves. A genome wide association study conducted using aggregated leaf angle data identified a known large effect leaf angle gene, several previously identified leaf angle QTL from a sorghum NAM population, and novel signals. Genome wide association studies conducted separately for three individual sorghum leaves identified a number of the same signals, a previously unreported signal shared across multiple leaves, and signals near the sorghum orthologs of two maize genes known to influence leaf angle. Automated measurement of individual leaves and mapping variants associated with leaf angle reduce the barriers to engineering ideal canopy architectures in sorghum and other grain crops.

3D reconstruction↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Magnification Faraday Rotation Imaging and Analysis of X-pinch Implosion Dynamics

An X-pinch load driven by an intense current pulse (>100 kA in ~100 ns) can result in the formation of a small radius, runaway compressional micro-pinch. A micro-pinch is characterized by a hot (>1 keV), current-driven (>100 kA), high-density plasma column (near solid density) with a small neck diameter (1–10 μm), a short axial extent (<1 mm), and a short duration (.1 ns). With material pressures often well into the multi-Mbar regime, a micro-pinch plasma often radiates an intense, sub-ns burst of sub-keV to multi-keV x-rays. A low-density coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense plasma neck could potentially shunt current away from the neck and thus reduce the magnetic drive pressure applied to the neck. To study the current distribution in the coronal plasma throughout the implosion process, a Faraday rotation imaging diagnostic (1064 nm) capable of producing simultaneous high-magnification polarimetric and interferometric images has been developed for the 1-MA, 100-ns MAIZE facility at the University of Michigan. Designed with a variable magnification (1–10&times;), this diagnostic achieves a spatial resolution of approximately 35 μm, which is useful for resolving the ~100-μm-scale coronal plasma region immediately surrounding the dense core. Combined with the corresponding interferogram, which provides the radial density distribution in the low-density coronal plasma, the measured rotation can be used to diagnose the delivery of the driver current, and thus the magnetic drive pressure, to the micro-pinch plasma as it approaches minimal radius. Using this technique on MAIZE, we have measured

Dowhan, G. V.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Plant-microbial interplay for organic nitrogen mediated by functional specificity of root compartments

The organic form of nitrogen (N) is a critical intermediate in mutualistic and competitive root-microbial interactions, mediated by extracellular enzymes. Visualization of the hotspots of organic N and proteolytic activity might be valuable for revealing root functional specificity in N acquisition and transformation at the level of individual roots and compartments. For the first time, we used time-lapse amino-mapping and zymography to co-localize and map the spatial distribution of amino-N and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in the soil and different root parts of maize (Zea mays L.). Amino-N distribution was mainly associated with seminal roots and root tips, where it overlapped with LAP activity hotspots. In the lateral roots and bulk soil, however, LAP activity was decoupled from amino-N. Distinct functional traits revealed themselves as the highest amino-N content and LAP activity in seminal root tips and as the largest relative extent of the rhizosphere in lateral root tips. Co-localized amino-N and LAP activities highlighted different nutrient acquisition strategies mediated by root-microbe interactions, depending on the root compartment. Seminal roots and their tips appeared to adopt mutualistic strategies, potentially attracting root-associated microorganisms through releasing oligo- and polypeptides. In contrast, lateral roots, with amino-N detected only at their tips, demonstrated stronger N competition, relying on the enzyme activity of the rhizosphere microbial community for N acquisition. These insights emphasized the role of root functional specialization in shaping plant-microbe interactions, offering pathways to enhance nutrient use efficiency.

Maize (Zea mays L.)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Observational evidence for groundwater influence on crop yields in the United States

As climate change shifts crop exposure to dry and wet extremes, a better understanding of factors governing crop response is needed. Recent studies identified shallow groundwater—groundwater within or near the crop rooting zone—as influential, yet existing evidence is largely based on theoretical crop model simulations, indirect or static groundwater data, or small-scale field studies. Here, we use observational satellite yield data and dynamic water table simulations from 1999 to 2018 to provide field-scale evidence for shallow groundwater effects on maize yields across the United States Corn Belt. We identify three lines of evidence supporting groundwater influence: 1) crop model simulations better match observed yields after improvements in groundwater representation; 2) machine learning analysis of observed yields and modeled groundwater levels reveals a subsidy zone between 1.1 and 2.5 m depths, with yield penalties at shallower depths and no effect at deeper depths; and 3) locations with groundwater typically in the subsidy zone display higher yield stability across time. We estimate an average 3.4% yield increase when groundwater levels are at optimum depth, and this effect roughly doubles in dry conditions. Groundwater yield subsidies occur ~35% of years on average across locations, with 75% of the region benefitting in at least 10% of years. Overall, we estimate that groundwater-yield interactions had a net monetary contribution of approximately $10 billion from 1999 to 2018. This study provides empirical evidence for region-wide groundwater yield impacts and further underlines the need for better quantification of groundwater levels and their dynamic responses to short- and long-term weather conditions.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Arabinoxylan Extracted from Corn Grain Is Inhibitory to Cellulase Activity

The maize seed expression system is a powerful platform for recombinant protein production. It has been utilized for high-yield production of industrial cellulases such as endo-1,4-b-Dglucanase (E1) and 1,4-b-D-glucan cellobiohydrolases (CBHI & CBHII). However, inhibitory compounds that could significantly reduce the cellulolytic efficiency were detected even in purified E1 and CBHII samples. After several steps of purification and analysis, the inhibitory compound found in the purified E1 sample had characteristics consistent with a thermostable polysaccharide with a molecular size over 10 kDa. Further polysaccharide analysis confirmed the molecular size of the detected polysaccharide and suggested that it is an arabinoxylan with a high arabinose/xylose ratio. Even though the strict column purification process should have removed water soluble non-protein molecules during protein purification, the inhibitor remained. Here, a possible explanation is that recombinant cellulase can bind to the inhibitor, carry it through all purification steps and finally release it when denatured by heat.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Unique contributions of chlorophyll and nitrogen to predict crop photosynthetic capacity from leaf spectroscopy

The photosynthetic capacity or the CO 2 -saturated photosynthetic rate (Vmax), chlorophyll, and nitrogen are closely linked leaf traits that determine C 4 crop photosynthesis and yield. Accurate, timely, rapid, and non-destructive approaches to predict leaf photosynthetic traits from hyperspectral reflectance are urgently needed for high-throughput crop monitoring to ensure food and bioenergy security. Therefore, this study thoroughly evaluated the state-of-the-art physically based radiative transfer models (RTMs), data-driven partial least squares regression (PLSR), and generalized PLSR (gPLSR) models to estimate leaf traits from leaf-clip hyperspectral reflectance, which was collected from maize (Zea mays L.) bioenergy plots with diverse genotypes, growth stages, treatments with nitrogen fertilizers, and ozone stresses in three growing seasons. The results show that leaf RTMs considering bidirectional effects can give accurate estimates of chlorophyll content (Pearson correlation r=0.95), while gPLSR enabled retrieval of leaf nitrogen concentration (r=0.85). Using PLSR with field measurements for training, the cross-validation indicates that V max can be well predicted from spectra (r=0.81). Here, the integration of chlorophyll content (strongly related to visible spectra) and nitrogen concentration (linked to shortwave infrared signals) can provide better predictions of V max (r=0.71) than only using either chlorophyll or nitrogen individually. This study highlights that leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen concentration have key and unique contributions to V max prediction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

A leaf-level spectral library to support high-throughput plant phenotyping: predictive accuracy and model transfer

Abstract Leaf-level hyperspectral reflectance has become an effective tool for high-throughput phenotyping of plant leaf traits due to its rapid, low-cost, multi-sensing, and non-destructive nature. However, collecting samples for model calibration can still be expensive, and models show poor transferability among different datasets. This study had three specific objectives: first, to assemble a large library of leaf hyperspectral data (n=2460) from maize and sorghum; second, to evaluate two machine-learning approaches to estimate nine leaf properties (chlorophyll, thickness, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur); and third, to investigate the usefulness of this spectral library for predicting external datasets (n=445) including soybean and camelina using extra-weighted spiking. Internal cross-validation showed satisfactory performance of the spectral library to estimate all nine traits (mean R2=0.688), with partial least-squares regression outperforming deep neural network models. Models calibrated solely using the spectral library showed degraded performance on external datasets (mean R2=0.159 for camelina, 0.337 for soybean). Models improved significantly when a small portion of external samples (n=20) was added to the library via extra-weighted spiking (mean R2=0.574 for camelina, 0.536 for soybean). The leaf-level spectral library greatly benefits plant physiological and biochemical phenotyping, whilst extra-weight spiking improves model transferability and extends its utility.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Increased bundle‐sheath leakiness of CO 2 during photosynthetic induction shows a lack of coordination between the C 4 and C 3 cycles

Summary Use of a complete dynamic model of NADP‐malic enzyme C 4 photosynthesis indicated that, during transitions from dark or shade to high light, induction of the C 4 pathway was more rapid than that of C 3 , resulting in a predicted transient increase in bundle‐sheath CO 2 leakiness ( ϕ ). Previously, ϕ has been measured at steady state; here we developed a new method, coupling a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscope with a gas‐exchange system to track ϕ in sorghum and maize through the nonsteady‐state condition of photosynthetic induction. In both species, ϕ showed a transient increase to > 0.35 before declining to a steady state of 0.2 by 1500 s after illumination. Average ϕ was 60% higher than at steady state over the first 600 s of induction and 30% higher over the first 1500 s. The transient increase in ϕ , which was consistent with model prediction, indicated that capacity to assimilate CO 2 into the C 3 cycle in the bundle sheath failed to keep pace with the rate of dicarboxylate delivery by the C 4 cycle. Because nonsteady‐state light conditions are the norm in field canopies, the results suggest that ϕ in these major crops in the field is significantly higher and energy conversion efficiency lower than previous measured values under steady‐state conditions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Leaf cell wall properties and stomatal density influence oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf water

Measurements of oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf water above source water (Δ 18 O LW ) can improve our understanding of the interaction between leaf anatomy and physiology on leaf water transport. Models have been developed to predict Δ 18 O LW such as the string-of-lakes model, which describes the mixing of leaf water pools, and the Péclet effect model, which incorporates transpiration rate and the mixing length between unenriched xylem and enriched mesophyll water in the mesophyll (L m ) or veins (L v ). Here, in this work, we compare measurements and models of Δ 18 O LW on two cell wall composition mutants grown under two light intensities and relative humidities to evaluate cell wall properties on leaf water transport. In maize (Zea mays), the compromised ultrastructure of the suberin lamellae in the bundle sheath of the ALIPHATIC SUBERIN FERULOYL TRANSFERASE mutant (Zmasft) reduced barriers to apoplastic water movement, resulting in higher E and, potentially, L v and, consequently, lower Δ 18 O LW . The difference in Δ 18 O LW in cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) mutants and wild-type of rice (Oryza sativa) grown under two light intensities co-varied with stomatal density. These results show that cell wall composition and stomatal density influence Δ 18 O LW and that stable isotopes can facilitate the development of a physiologically and anatomically explicit water transport model.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantitative phenotyping of crop roots with spectral electrical impedance tomography: a rhizotron study with optimized measurement design

Background: Root systems are key contributors to plant health, resilience, and, ultimately, yield of agricultural crops. To optimize plant performance, phenotyping trials are conducted to breed plants with diverse root traits. However, traditional analysis methods are often labour-intensive and invasive to the root system, therefore limiting high-throughput phenotyping. Spectral electrical impedance tomography (sEIT) could help as a non-invasive and cost-efficient alternative to optical root analysis, potentially providing 2D or 3D spatio-temporal information on root development and activity. Although impedance measurements have been shown to be sensitive to root biomass, nutrient status, and diurnal activity, only few attempts have been made to employ tomographic algorithms to recover spatially resolved information on root systems. In this study, we aim to establish relationships between tomographic electrical polarization signatures and root traits of different fine root systems (maize, pinto bean, black bean, and soy bean) under hydroponic conditions. Results: Our results show that, with the use of an optimized data acquisition scheme, sEIT is capable of providing spatially resolved information on root biomass and root surface area for all investigated root systems. We found strong correlations between the total polarization strength and the root biomass (R 2 = 0.82) and root surface area (R 2 = 0.8). Our findings suggest that the captured polarization signature is dominated by cell-scale polarization processes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the resolution characteristics of the measurement scheme can have a significant impact on the tomographic reconstruction of root traits. Conclusion: Our findings showcase that sEIT is a promising tool for the tomographic reconstruction of root traits in high-throughput root phenotyping trials and should be evaluated as a substitute for traditional, often time-consuming, root characterization methods.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Site and Bioenergy Cropping System Similarly Affect Distinct Live and Total Soil Microbial Communities

Bioenergy crops are a promising energy alternative to fossil fuels. During bioenergy feedstock production, crop inputs shape the composition of soil microbial communities, which in turn influences nutrient cycling and plant productivity. In addition to cropping inputs, site characteristics (e.g., soil texture, climate) influence bacterial and fungal communities. We explored the response of soil microorganisms to bioenergy cropping system (switchgrass vs. maize) and site (sandy loam vs. silty loam) within two long-term experimental research stations. The live and total microbial community membership was investigated using 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing of soil RNA and DNA. For both nucleic acid types, we expected fungi and prokaryotes to be differentially impacted by crop and site due their dissimilar life strategies. We also expected live communities to be more strongly affected by site and crop than the total communities due to a sensitivity to recent stimuli. Instead, we found that prokaryotic and fungal community composition was primarily driven by site with a secondary crop effect, highlighting the importance of soil texture and fertility in shaping both communities. Specific highly abundant prokaryotic and fungal taxa within live communities were indicative of site and cropping systems, providing insight into treatment-specific, agriculturally relevant microbial taxa that were obscured within total community profiles. Within live prokaryote communities, predatory Myxobacteria spp. were largely indicative of silty and switchgrass communities. Within live fungal communities, Glomeromycota spp. were solely indicative of switchgrass soils, while a few very abundant Mortierellomycota spp. were indicative of silty soils. Site and cropping system had distinct effects on the live and total communities reflecting selection forces of plant inputs and environmental conditions over time. Comparisons between RNA and DNA communities uncovered live members obscured within the total community as well as members of the relic DNA pool. The associations between live communities and relic DNA are a product of the intimate relationship between the ephemeral responses of the live community and the accumulation of DNA within necromass that contributes to soil organic matter, and in turn shapes soil microbial dynamics.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Utility of anthesis–silking interval information to predict grain yield under water and nitrogen limited conditions

Delayed silking relative to pollen shed, measured as the anthesis–silking interval (ASI, the period between pollen shed and silking), is a good indicator of response to abiotic stresses in maize ( Zea mays L.). This research was conducted to investigate how ASI is affected by nitrogen (N) and water availability and to assess the utility of ASI to indirectly predict grain yield (GY) under contrasting water and N treatments. Two experiments were conducted in Hancock, WI, in 2018 and 2019. One experiment (Diverse hybrids) included 302 hybrids resulting from the cross of diverse inbred lines by a single tester evaluated at four different treatment levels resulting from combining nonlimited and low N with nonlimited and low water treatments. The second experiment (NSS FAC) included a set of 408 hybrids derived from the cross of biparental doubled-haploid lines from 13 factorial populations and evaluated under nonlimited and low N treatments. Anthesis and silk time in growing degree days, and GY (Mg ha -1 ) were measured. Genomic prediction was assessed using a genomic best linear unbiased prediction model, and predictive ability was calculated as the correlation between genomic predictions and adjusted means in the different treatments. Predictive ability ranged from .15 to .49 for NSS FAC and from .06 to .51 for Diverse hybrids across traits and treatments. The ASI was a good indicator of stress and showed higher heritability than GY in the limited treatments for both experiments; however, it did not improve yield predictability.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Phosphorus budgets of intensively managed row crops at a long–term agroecosystem research site in the upper US Midwest

Phosphorus (P) budgets for cropping systems provide insights for keeping soil P at optimal levels for crops while avoiding excess inputs. We quantified 12 years of P inputs (fertilizer and atmospheric deposition) and outputs (harvest and leaching losses) for replicated maize (Zea mays L.)—soybean (Glycine max L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop rotations under conventional, no-till, reduced input, and biologically based (organic without compost or manure) management systems at the Kellogg Biological Station LTAR site in southwest Michigan. Conventional, no-till, and reduced input systems were fertilized between 13 and 50 kg P ha –1 depending on year. Soil test phosphorus (STP) was measured at 0- to 25-cm depth every autumn. Leached P was measured as dissolved P in the soil solution sampled beneath the rooting depth and combined with modeled percolation. Fertilization and harvest were the predominant P fluxes in the fertilized systems, whereas only harvest dominated P flux in the unfertilized organic system. Leaching losses were minor terms in the budgets, but leachate concentrations were nevertheless close to the range of concern for downstream eutrophication. Over the 12-year study period, the organic system exhibited a negative P balance (–82.0 kg P ha –1 ), coinciding with suboptimal STP levels, suggesting a need for P supplementation. In contrast, the fertilized systems showed positive P balances (mean: 70.1 kg P ha –1 ) with STP levels well above agronomic optima. Results underscore the importance of tailored P management strategies to sustain crop productivity while mitigating environmental impacts.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗