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At least 217 records · Page 12

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1983

Acceleration of particles in the magnetotail

Using data from the Electrostatic Energy-vs-Charge Analyzer of the IMP-7 and -8 satellites for October 1973-October 1974, evidence is adduced for the neutral sheet association of bursts of ions and electrons in the 10 to 500 KeV energy range that have been frequently observed in the earth's magnetotail. It is also noted that the degree of asymmetry for the ion distribution is less for lower energy ions. On the basis of the correlation of the particle bursts with AE indices, two particle acceleration mechanisms are proposed.

Xu, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Characteristics of the tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner

The physical structure and characteristics of the Comet Giacobini-Zinner tail are described. Variations in the vector B-field configuration, the electron distribution function, the energetic ion population, and the electromagnetic and electrostatic plasma wave spectra are analyzed. The ICE detected a two-lobe magnetic field configuration and a narrow central plasma sheet. Additional analyses proposed for the Giacobini-Zinner tail data are discussed.

Scarf, F. L.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Constant-Pressure Specific Heat to Hemispherical Total Emissivity Ratio for Undercooled Liquid Nickel, Zirconium, and Silicon

Radiative cooling curves of nickel, zirconium, and silicon melts that were obtained using the high-temperature, high-vacuum electrostatic levitator (HTHVESL) have been analyzed to determine the ratio between the constant-pressure specific heat and the hemispherical total emissivity, c(sub p)(T)epsilon(sub T)(T). This ratio determined over a wide liquid temperature range for each material allows us to determine c(sub p)(T) if epsilon(sub T)(T) is known or vice versa. Following the recipe, the hemi-spherical total emissivities for each sample at its melting temperature, epsilon(sub T)(T(sub M)), have been determined using c(sub p)(T(sub m)) values available in the literature. They are 0.15, 0.29, and 0.17, for Ni, Zr, and Si, respectively.

Rulison, Aaron J.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Ion Energy and Ion Flux Distributions of CF4/Ar/O2 Inductively Coupled Plasmas in a GEC Cell

Knowledge of ion kinetics in plasma processing gas mixtures, such as CF4:Ar:O2, is important for understanding plasma assisted etching and deposition of materials. Ion energies and ion fluxes were measured in this mixture for 80:10:10, 60:20:20, and 40:30:30 mixture ratios in the pressure range of 10-50 mTorr, and at 200 and 300 W of RF power. Ions from plasma, sampled through a 10 micron orifice in the center of the lower plane electrode, were energy and mass analyzed by a combination of electrostatic energy and quadrupole mass filters. CFx(+) (x = 1 - 3), F2(+), F(+), C(+) from CF4, Ar(+) from Ar, and O2(+) and O(+) from O2, and by-product ions SiFx(+)(x = 1 - 3) from etching of quartz coupling window, COFx(+)(x = 1 - 3), CO(+), CO2(+), and OF(+) were detected. In all conditions ion flux decreases with increase of pressure but increase with increase of RF power. Ar(+) signal decreases with increase of pressure while CF3(+), which is the dominant ion at all conditions, increases with increase in pressure. The loss mechanism for Ar(+) and increase of CF3(+) is due to large cross section for Ar(+) + CF4 yields Ar + CF3(+) + F. Ion energies, which range from 15-25 eV depending on plasma operating conditions, are nearly Gaussian. By-product ion signals are higher at lower pressures indicating stronger plasma interaction with quartz window.

Rao, M. V. V. S.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Finite Element Analysis of MEMS Devices

A side-slide actuator and a corrugated diaphragm actuator will be analyzed and optimized this summer. Coupled electrostatic and fluid analyses will also be initiated. Both the side-slide actuator and the corrugated diaphragm actuator will be used to regulate the flow of fuel in a jet engine. Many of the side-slide actuators will be placed on top of a fuel injector that is still in the developmental stage as well. The corrugated diaphragm actuator will also be used to regulate the flow of fuel in fuel injectors. A comparative analysis of the performance matrix of both actuators will be conducted. The side-slide actuator uses the concept of mechanical advantage to regulate the flow of fuel using electrostatic forces. It is made from Nickel, Silicon Carbide, and thin layers of Oxide. The slider will have a hole in the middle that will allow fuel to pass through the hole underneath it. The goal is to regulate the flow of fuel through the inlet. This means that the actuator needs to be designed so that when a voltage is applied to the push rod, the slider will deflect in the x-direction and be able to completely block the inlet and no fuel can pass through. Different voltage levels will be tested. The parameters that are being optimized are the thickness of the diaphragm, what kind of corrugation the diaphragm should have, the length, width, and thickness of the push rod, and what design should be used to return the slider. The current possibilities for a return rod are a built in spring on the slider, a return rod that acts like a spring, or a return rod that is identical to the push rod. The final actuator design should have a push rod that has rotational motion and no translation motion, a push rod thickness that prevents warping due to the slider, and a large ratio of the displacement on the bottom of the push rod to displacement on the top of the push rod. The corrugated diaphragm actuator was optimized last winter and this summer will be spent completing the optimization of the coupled electrostatic and fluid flow parameters. It was found that Nickel is the best material to use for the diaphragm because it has a higher yield strength and allows for a larger stress, deflection and applied pressure. The parameters that were optimized were the wavelength and thickness of the diaphragm.

Corrigan, Jennifer↗

DOE OSTI2021

Computational study of the electrostatic potential and charges of multivalent ionic liquid molecules

The electrostatic interactions in ionic liquids (ILs) can be difficult to quantify, but this information is very valuable for improving intermolecular potentials for performing molecular-level simulations. Although polarizable forcefields can provide improved accuracy, the computational efficiency of fixed charge molecular models is often preferred for larger systems. Here, we propose a multi-scale screening approach for analyzing the charge scaling behavior and other electrostatic properties of ILs, which is more attainable than previous analysis methods that rely on the IL crystalline structures. Based on isolated molecules and small clusters, we study the electrostatic potential properties and charges of multivalent IL molecules using density-functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The charges of the IL molecules are calculated and compared using several different charge estimation techniques. Although there are some differences among the estimated partial charges on the atoms, the total anion and cation charges are very similar. In conclusion, the charge scaling factors are substantial, and they are only slightly affected by the IL cluster size model.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS2016

The 2 Pi Charged Particles Analyzer: All-Sky Camera Concept and Development for Space Missions

Increasing the temporal resolution and instant coverage of velocity space of space plasma measurements is one of the key issues for experimentalists. Today, the top-hat plasma analyzer appears to be the favorite solution due to its relative simplicity and the possibility to extend its application by adding a mass-analysis section and an electrostatic angular scanner. Similarly, great success has been achieved in MMS mission using such multiple top-hat analyzers to achieve unprecedented temporal resolution. An instantaneous angular coverage of charged particles measurements is an alternative approach to pursuing the goal of high time resolution. This was done with 4-D Fast Omnidirectional Nonscanning Energy Mass Analyzer and, to a lesser extent, by DYMIO instruments for Mars-96 and with the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer instrument for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging mission. In this paper we describe, along with precursors, a plasma analyzer with a 2 electrostatic mirror that was developed originally for the Phobos-Soil mission with a follow-up in the frame of the BepiColombo mission and is under development for future Russian missions. Different versions of instrument are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.

Vaisberg, O.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Chorus-related electrostatic bursts at Jupiter and Saturn

Analyses of the wideband plasma wave data obtained by Voyagers 1 and 2 at Jupiter and Saturn have revealed electrostatic bursts similar to those recently discovered at earth in association with whistler-mode chorus. In all three magnetospheres the bursts are characterized by sporadic emissions near or slightly below the electron plasma frequency with bandwidths ranging from 10 percent to more than 50 percent of the center frequency. The events found at Jupiter occur in the middle magnetosphere during both the dayside as well as the early morning passes. At Saturn, the bursts occurred in the outer regions of the magnetosphere during the dayside pass. In each of the events analyzed, evidence exists for modulation of the electrostatic bursts by a low frequency wave, presumably chorus. One of the observations gained at Jupiter includes the detection of a low-frequency band at the proper frequency for chorus. Detailed waveform analysis confirms that this band does, indeed, modulate the electrostatic bursts. Based on the present understanding of the terrestrial observations it is believed that the electrostatic bursts are generated by an electron beam trapped in Landau resonance with the chorus. Previously announced in STAR as N83-37042

Reinleitner, L. A.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Ion time-of-flight determinations of doubly to singly ionized mercury ion ratios from a mercury electron bombardment discharge

Doubly to singly charged mercury ion ratios in electron bombardment ion thruster exhaust beams have been determined as functions of bombardment discharge potential, thrust beam current, thrust beam radial position, acceleration-deceleration voltage ratio, and propellant utilization fraction. A mathematical model for two-step ionization processes has been derived, and calculated ion ratios are compared to observed ratios. Production of Hg(++) appears to result primarily from sequential ionization of Hg(+) in the discharge. Experimental and analytical results are presented, and design, construction, and operation features of an electrostatic deflection ion time-of-flight analyzer for the determination of the above-mentioned ratios are reviewed.

Sellen, J. M., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Nuclear quadrupole resonance studies project

The participation of undergraduates in nuclear quadrupole resonance research at Grambling University was made possible by NASA grants. Expanded laboratory capabilities include (1) facilities for high and low temperature generation and measurement; (2) facilities for radio frequency generation and measurement with the modern spectrum analyzers, precision frequency counters and standard signal generators; (3) vacuum and glass blowing facilities; and (4) miscellaneous electronic and machine shop facilities. Experiments carried out over a five year period are described and their results analyzed. Theoretical studies on solid state crystalline electrostatic fields, field gradients, and antishielding factors are included.

Murty, A. N.↗

NASA NTRS1978

The decrease in effective photocurrents due to saddle points in electrostatic potentials near differentially charged spacecraft

The reported investigation had the objective to illustrate the presence of important multidimensional effects in spacecraft charging. Two-dimensional codes have been under development by Parker (1976). A description is presented of a calculation which was performed using the three-dimensional NASA Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP). NASCAP was run to calculate the electrostatic potentials on the surface of, and in the space surrounding, a sunlit Teflon-coated sphere. Currents to the sunlit surfaces were determined on the basis of an approximate photosheath model for strong differential charging.

Mandell, M. J.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Electronic Structure Calculations of the Fundamental Interactions in Solvent Extraction Desalination

Solvent extraction desalination (SED) is a promising membrane-free desalination technology, but new solvents are still needed that can improve the molecular-level water selectivity, while minimizing solvent contamination in the aqueous phase. Improvements in solvent design for SED require a fundamental understanding of the molecular interactions governing solvation behavior. Herein, quantum chemical calculations are used to delineate different fundamental interactions in water-solvent systems involving 38 different solvents, with a particular focus on the role of the electrostatic potential characteristics. Furthermore, these interactions are rigorously analyzed using the independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH), Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT), as well as the energy decomposition analysis based on force field (EDA-FF) to compare against a standard force field model. The solvation free energies and partition coefficients are also calculated to estimate water extraction performance in a bulk solvent system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Exploring Local Vibrational Structure in Protein-Bound Chlorophyll a: Isotope-Enrichment Experiments and Electrostatic Analysis

Local chlorophyll (Chl) vibrations play an essential role in biological photosynthesis by facilitating rapid energy transfer between pigments. In research studies, they also provide a useful spectroscopic probe of the local protein environment that surrounds each pigment. However, measuring the complete vibrational absorption spectrum of a protein-bound Chl molecule is much more difficult than, for example, Chl in neat solvent due to overlap with protein vibrations that typically drown out Chl vibrational features. Resonance Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies provide a way around this problem for Franck–Condon active vibrations, but these often rely on cryogenic measurement conditions and fail to capture vibrational signatures from, e.g., ester-group vibrations that lack coupling to a convenient electronic transition. In the present contribution, we use 13 C-enrichment of the protein backbone to shift protein background signals to lower frequency, providing a largely clean spectral window in which to study local Chl a C═O stretch modes. A room-temperature absorption spectrum for Chl a in the water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) of Lepidium virginicum is thus extracted as a difference between protein-plus-pigment and protein-only vibrational spectra. Excellent agreement in the molecular fingerprint region with the vibrational spectrum of Chl a in organic solvents confirms that the resulting spectrum represents the response of the protein-bound Chl a molecule. Furthermore, the ester group resonance is observed to shift in response to the S53P mutation that eliminates a 17 3 ester group hydrogen bond from the protein environment. Finally, we analyze these experimental results using MD-based electrostatic analysis, finding that electric-field mapping at the C atom of the ester group provides a satisfactory explanation for the observed frequency shifts between organic solvent and protein environment. MD analysis further suggests that a red-shifted ester peak observed experimentally for the S53P mutant results from solvation of the 17 3 Chl ester group due increase water penetration into the Chl-binding pocket relative to wild-type WSCP. Here, we anticipate that these results will prove useful both for benchmarking future simulation work and as a reference for interpreting Chl vibrational spectra as a probe of pigment–protein interactions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1965

Some comments on electrostatic analysers.

Electrostatic spectrometers discussing deflection type, retarding-potential type and magnetic analyzers, advantages, uses, flux measurement techniques via energy selectors, etc

ROCKET SOUNDING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Insights into negative differential resistance in MoS 2 Esaki diodes: A first-principles perspective

MoS 2 is a two-dimensional material with a band gap depending on the number of layers and tunable by an external electric field. The experimentally observed intralayer band-to-band tunneling and interlayer band-to-band tunneling in this material present an opportunity for new electronic applications in tunnel field-effect transistors. However, such a widely accepted concept has yet to be been supported by theoretical investigations based on first principles. In this paper, using density functional theory, in conjunction with nonequilibrium Green's function techniques and our electric field gating method, enabled by a large-scale computational approach, we study the relation between band alignment and transmission in planar and side-stack MoS 2 p–i–n junction configurations. Here, we demonstrate the presence of negative differential resistance for both in-plane and interlayer current, a staple characteristic of tunnel diode junctions, and analyze the physical origin of such an effect. Electrostatic potentials, the van der Waals barrier, and a complex band analysis are also examined for a thorough understanding of Esaki diodes.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1981

Temporal development of composition, spectra, and anisotropies during upstream particle events

An analysis is conducted of the temporal development of particle intensity, composition, and anisotropies during diffuse particle events. The observations were made with an ultra-low energy charge analyzer (ULECA) sensor. ULECA basically consists of an electrostatic deflection system and an array of solid state detectors. The simultaneous measurement of energy per charge and total energy makes it possible to determine the charge state of a particle. Spectra are derived by an iterative technique involving the numerical integration of particle spectra with the energy response functions of the individual detectors. The presented data are explained in terms of temporal and spatial structures in the upstream region. The temporal structures during the event onset are consistent with a time-dependent first-order Fermi acceleration model, as discussed by Scholer et al. (1980).

Ipavich, F. M.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Cumulative atomic multipole moments complement any atomic charge model to obtain more accurate electrostatic properties

The quality of several atomic charge models based on different definitions has been analyzed using cumulative atomic multipole moments (CAMM). This formalism can generate higher atomic moments starting from any atomic charges, while preserving the corresponding molecular moments. The atomic charge contribution to the higher molecular moments, as well as to the electrostatic potentials, has been examined for CO and HCN molecules at several different levels of theory. The results clearly show that the electrostatic potential obtained from CAMM expansion is convergent up to R-5 term for all atomic charge models used. This illustrates that higher atomic moments can be used to supplement any atomic charge model to obtain more accurate description of electrostatic properties.

NASA Discipline Number 52-20↗

NASA NTRS1979

Magnetosheath electrostatic turbulence

The spectrum of electrostatic wave turbulence in the terrestrial magnetosheath is investigated. Measurements of electric and magnetic field fluctuations in the range 20 Hz to 200 kHz were made by two 16-channel spectrum analyzers on board the IMP 6 satellite. It is found that the electrostatic wave spectra generally consist of three components, which may occur in any combination: a low frequency component which shows a decrease in spectral density with increasing frequency and which is associated with the bow shock wave, a high frequency component identified with electron plasma oscillations and an intermediate frequency component. The minimum wavelength of electrostatic waves is found to be about 0.1 km, with intensity of from 0.01 to 1.0 mV/m. Electric field polarization has been found to be parallel to the local magnetic field direction, implying the presence of longitudinal electrostatic wave modes, electron plasma oscillations and ion sound waves.

Rodriguez, P.↗