SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “electron scattering”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Erratum to: Dispersive corrections in elastic electron-nucleus scattering: an investigation in the intermediate energy regime and their impact on the nuclear matter
In the original PDF online version of this article, DOI: 10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00135-7, the references 22–26 were missing.
Elastic positron–proton scattering at low Q$^2$
Systematic differences in the the proton's charge radius, as determined by ordinary atoms and muonic atoms, have caused a resurgence of interest in elastic lepton scattering measurements. The proton's charge radius, defined as the slope of the charge form factor at Q$^2$=0, does not depend on the probe. Any difference in the apparent size of the proton, when determined from ordinary versus muonic hydrogen, could point to new physics or need for the higher order corrections. While recent measurements seem to now be in agreement, there is to date no high precision elastic scattering data with both electrons and positrons. A high precision proton radius measurement could be performed in Hall B at Jefferson Lab with a positron beam and the calorimeter based setup of the PRad experiment. This measurement could also be extended to deuterons where a similar discrepancy has been observed between the muonic and electronic determination of deuteron charge radius. A new, high precision measurement with positrons, when viewed alongside electron scattering measurements and the forthcoming MUSE muon scattering measurement, could help provide new insights into the origins of the proton radius puzzle, and also provide new experimental constraints on radiative correction calculations.
Characterizing complex impedance in TES Detectors for SuperCDMS
Dark Matter composes 70% of all matter in the universe and traces out the large-structure of the universe. The SuperCDMS detector attempts to directly detect thermal relic dark matter, probing down to 300MeV through nucleus scattering and 500keV through electron scattering. To accomplish this we make use of Transition Edge Sensors (TES). TES-based detectors sit in the transition regime between acting as a superconductor or a normal conductor. As particles hit the detector, they heat it changing the impedance. To characterize this process we measure the impedance at multiple DC bias points (Figure 3) and multiple temperatures (Figures 5, 6).
Status of the Measurement of Neutrino-Electron Elastic Scattering in the NOvA Near Detector
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Measurement of Neutrino-electron Elastic Scattering in the NOvA Near Detector
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
X-Ray Scattering and Electron Microscopy Characterization
This research added to the understanding of p-type activation in GaN vertical transistors for power applications by identifying key defects which inhibit p-type activation. We also developed an approach to eliminate such defects with the appropriate annealing treatments. Additionally we addressed the limitations of GaN substrates used in the production of these devices and exploited the non-uniform distribution of substrate defects to better understand the relationship between device performance and defect density. Through this work, we also established how irregularities – step bunching and haze formation – during epitaxial growth are related to defects in the underlying substrates. Our charter was to work with several other teams to determine connections between defects and performance of GaN-based vertical transistors and have several presentations and publications as well as manuscripts and follow-up collaborations. The research at UCLA supported two full graduate students, one of whom is graduating this summer as well as three undergraduate students.
Simulation and Development of the Radial Time Projection Chamber For the Bonus12 Experiment in CLAS12
Knowledge of the structure of nucleons (i.e. protons and neutrons) is a central topic of interest to nuclear/particle physicists. Much more is known about the structure of the proton than the neutron due to the lack of high-density free neutron targets. The Barely Off-shell Nucleon Structure experiment (BONuS12) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) is a second generation experiment upgraded/optimized to advance our knowledge of the neutron's structure using the deep-inelastic scattering of electrons off deuterium. Typically, since deuterium is a nuclear target, corrections for off-shell and nuclear binding effects must be taken into account in order to extract results on the neutron. These corrections are model-dependent and therefore have limited our success in extracting neutron information using deuterium targets. In the BONuS12 experiment, 10.6 GeV electrons are scattered off of a deuterium target. By detecting the low momentum spectator proton at backward angles, the uncertainty due to final state interactions is minimized. The goal of the experiment is to measure the ratio of the neutron to proton structure functions ($F^n_2/F^p_2$) as the Bjroken scaling variable x approaches 1. The newly designed Radial Time Projection Chamber (RTPC) for BONuS12 detects the spectator proton in coincidence with the scattered electron, which is detected in the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12). This work presents the simulation and development of the new BONuS12 RTPC. The design, construction, and testing of the Drift-gas Monitoring Sysytem (DMS) for the BONuS12 experiment is also described. The results of the DMS operation as well as the first preliminary data from the BONuS12 experimental run are given. Because the BONuS12 data analysis depends on CLAS12 working effectively, an effort to verify the CLAS12 operation with the extraction of the inclusive deep inelastic cross section from the first experiment in CLAS12 (Run Group A) will be presented.
Dihadron beam spin asymmetries on an unpolarized hydrogen target with CLAS12
The semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering process, where an electron scatters off a proton target at high enough energy that the process can be described by the scattering off a single constituent particle, offers targeted access to the internal structure of the nucleon. The process can be described in two phases by parton distribution functions (PDFs), which describe the likelihood of finding a quark or gluon in a particular state inside of the nucleon and then by fragmentation functions (FFs) which describe the likelihood of forming a particular final state particle.
QED nuclear medium effects in neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Precise Measurement of the Neutron Skin Thicknesses of 208Pb and 48Ca
Despite great leaps of development in nuclear physics over the past century, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of nuclear structure. This is mainly due to the lack of precise knowledge of the neutron distribution inside nucleus. Electromagnetic probes are ineffective in probing neutrons, unlike their charged partners, the protons. Therefore, it is of great importance to constrain the neutron distributions experimentally. Heavy nuclei have more neutrons than protons in order to balance the repulsion between protons. In such neutron-rich nuclei, the extra neutrons are pushed out to the surface by the nuclear symmetry energy, forming the so-called ?neutron skin?. The neutron skin can be probed with a well-established experimental technique ? parity-violating electron scattering (PVES). Using the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by an unpolarized target, PREX-II and CREX measure the small parity-violating asymmetry in cross sections. Employing electrons with opposite helicities the weak form factor, the neutron distribution and the neutron skin thickness of the target nucleus are extracted. With excellent beam qualities and dedicated instrumentation at Jefferson Lab, the asymmetry measurements are statistics-limited. We report the results of these two high-precision measurements and their implications on broad topics, from the nuclear structures to the neutron stars.
QED nuclear medium effects in neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
QED nuclear medium effects in neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
In-plane thermal conductivity and the applicability of the Wiedemann–Franz law in dilute AlCu thin films
The Wiedemann–Franz (WF) law correlates heat and charge transport in metals. However, the validity of this correlation remains an open-ended question, especially in the context of inelastic scattering at room temperature. To address this gap in knowledge, we perform independent measurements of the in-plane thermal and electrical conductivities across four AlCu (0.5% Cu) films [thickness (h) ≈ 174, 98, 53, and 24 nm] using optical pump–probe metrologies and four-point probe techniques, respectively. For in-plane thermal conductivity measurements, we utilize time-domain thermoreflectance, in both concentric and beam-offset configurations, and the time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect. Our results show that the WF law overpredicts the thermal conductivity by at least ∼10% in all films, thus demonstrating modest deviations in predicted thermal conductivity when applying the WF law to dilute AlCu films. Using infrared variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, we demonstrate increased electron scattering rates in the thinnest film (h ≈ 24 nm), indicating electron-boundary scattering drives the reduction in in-plane thermal conductivity. Furthermore, this is generally an elastic scattering process, which is supported by our thermal conductivity measurements and analysis.
A New Measurement of the Neutron Electric Form Factor with the Super Bigbite Spectrometer Apparatus
Protons and neutrons, collectively known as nucleons, make up the nuclei at the core of atoms which form our world. The nucleon has been under intensive study for over 100 years, and yet we still do not fully understand the internal dynamics which govern properties like its spin or its mass-which contributes to almost all of the visible mass in the universe. These dynamics are governed by quantum chromodynamics(QCD), the predictions of which are experimentally tested at high energy accelerator facilities such as Jefferson Lab. TheGEN-II experiment (E12-09-016) is one such experiment. GEN-II is part of the Super Bigbite Spectrometer (SBS) experimental form factor pro gramme taking place in Hall A at Jefferson Lab, which aims to make precision measurements of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors(EMFFs)at record high values of squared four momentum transfer ¿2. EMFFs describe the electric and magnetic moment distributions within the nucleon. They can be measured through elastic electron scattering off the nucleon, and describe the recoil response of the target nucleon at a given energy scale. GEN-II is a double polarized semi-exclusive beam target asymmetry (BTA) experiment, seeking to measure the electric form factor of the neutron,¿¿ ¿,at three new values of squared four-momentum transfer¿2 =2.92,6.74and9.82GeV². The latter two points being at record high ¿2. The form factor is determined through measuring the BTA of quasielliptical scattering of a neutron from a polarized nuclear target. The experiment utilized the CEBAF accelerator to produce longitudinally polarized electrons up to ~85% polarization, which were scattered off neutrons within a novel polarized helium-3 (³He) target. This new polarized ³He target was employed by building on the technology of its precursors which existed in similar preceding experiments. This target was designed to operate at the high luminosities typical of Hall A, and reached a record breaking combination of polarization and beam intensity known as figure of merit, three times larger than those predecessors. The SBS collaboration designed and constructed two brand new high acceptance spectrometers for these experiments, an electron arm named Bigbite (BB) and a hadron arm named Super Bigbite. Both spectrometers featured a large acceptance EM dipole magnet, and complementary detector systems. The electron arm contained gaseous electronmultipliers(GEMs) which were used for high precision tracking of the scattered electrons, a heavy gas cherenkov (GRINCH) which was used for PID between electrons and pions, a plastic i ii scintillator timing hodoscope to provide high resolution timing of the start of events, and a pair of EM calorimeters (BBCal) which provided energy measurements of detected particles, and provided the experimental trigger. The hadron arm also contained a system of GEMs which will be utilized for future SBS experiments, and a hadron calorimeter designed to provide position, timing and energy measurements of the recoiling nucleon. The calibration of all detector subsystems, beam and target data is discussed, with a focus on novel timing calibrations to the hodoscope and hadron calorimeter. An analysis of selecting quasielliptical events and suppressing background contributions from a number of sources which contaminate the final event sample is given. The largest irreducible backgrounds are found to be from misidentified protons, timing accidentals and inelastic events. The physical asymmetry is measured and used to extract a value for the form factor ratio ¿¿ ¿/¿¿ ¿. High precision ¿2 data for ¿¿ ¿ is used to then extract ¿¿ ¿. This work finds at ¿2 = 2.92 GeV2 that ¿¿ ¿ = 0.0129+0.0019 -0.0020. This result is in statistical agreement with existing fits to world data, and predictions from the constituent quark model and Dyson–Schwinger equations, in this region of ¿2.
Formation of wide-blocky calcite veins by extreme growth competition
Liassic limestones on the coast of Somerset in the UK contain dense arrays of calcite microveins with a common, but poorly understood microstructure, characterized by laterally wide crystals that form bridges across the vein. We investigated the mechanisms of formation and evolution of these ‘wide-blocky’ vein microstructures using a combination of high-resolution analytical methods, including virtual petrography, optical cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy techniques (e.g. energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, back-scattered electron imaging, cathodoluminescence and electron back-scattered diffraction), laboratory experiments and multiphase field modelling. Our results indicate that the studied veins formed in open, fluid-filled fractures, each in a single opening and sealing episode. As shown by the optical and electron back-scattered diffraction images, the vein crystals grew epitaxially on grains of the wall rock and we hypothesize that their growth rates differed depending on whether the crystals were on a wall rock grain substrate that fractured intergranularly (slow growth rates) or transgranularly (rapid growth rates). Our multiphase field models support this hypothesis, showing that wide, blocky crystals only form where there are significant differences in the growth rate and are dependent on the type of seed grain. These results provide strong evidence for extreme growth competition, a process that we propose controls vein-filling in many micritic carbonate reservoirs, as well as demonstrate that the characteristics of the fracture wall can affect the filling processes in syntaxial veins. Supplementary material: The description and images of the studied thin sections are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5172371 . High-resolution optical microscopy mosaics (under plane-polarized- and crossed polarized light) of the thin section collection in PetroScan file format are available on request from the authors.
Exploring new physics with O(keV) electron recoils in direct detection experiments
Motivated by the recent XENON 1T results, we explore various new physics models that can be discovered through searches for electron recoils in O(keV)-threshold direct-detection experiments. First, we consider the absorption of axion-like particles, dark photons, and scalars, either as dark matter relics or being produced directly in the Sun. In the latter case, we find that keV mass bosons produced in the Sun provide an adequate fit to the data but are excluded by stellar cooling constraints. We address this tension by introducing a novel Chameleon-like axion model, which can explain the excess while evading the stellar bounds. We find that absorption of bosonic dark matter provides a viable explanation for the excess only if the dark matter is a dark photon or an axion. In the latter case, photophobic axion couplings are necessary to avoid X-ray constraints. Second, we analyze models of dark matter-electron scattering to determine which models might explain the excess. Standard scattering of dark matter with electrons is generically in conflict with data from lower-threshold experiments. Momentum-dependent interactions with a heavy mediator can fit the data with dark matter mass heavier than a GeV but are generically in tension with collider constraints. Next, we consider dark matter consisting of two (or more) states that have a small mass splitting. The exothermic (down)scattering of the heavier state to the lighter state can fit the data for keV mass splittings. Finally, we consider a subcomponent of dark matter that is accelerated by scattering off cosmic rays, finding that dark matter interacting though an O(100 keV)-mass mediator can fit the data. The cross sections required in this scenario are, however, typically challenged by complementary probes of the light mediator. Throughout our study, we implement an unbinned Monte Carlo analysis and use an improved energy reconstruction of the XENON 1T events.
A predictive analytical model of electrical transport in multi-principal-element alloys
A predictive analytical model is presented for the electrical conductivity of multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs), including those containing aluminum, transition metals, and refractory metals. Given that the lattice parameter of the Wigner-Seitz cell of an MPEA is similarly variable to a bulk metallic glass, it is postulated that electron scattering can be approximated by a series of two-level systems. Here, the resulting reduced-order model enabled an accurate determination of electrical resistivity and electron thermal conductivity based on the scattering of electrons in a two-level system across a Bloch-potential-based virtual crystal approximation. Model results are compared to experimental four-point probe electrical resistivity measurements between 300 K and 700 K for Al 0.3 CoCrCuFeNi, CoCrFeMnNi, (CoCrFeMnNi) 0.98 W 0.02 , (CoCrFeMnNi) 0.95 W 0.05 , and Nb 4 Ta 4 V 3 Ti, for model validation.