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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Development of algorithms for using satellite meteorological data sets to study global transport of stratospheric aerosols and ozone

The utilization of stratospheric aerosol and ozone measurements obtained from the NASA developed SAM II and SAGE satellite instruments were investigated for their global scale transports. The stratospheric aerosols showed that during the stratospheric warming of the winter 1978 to 1979, the distribution of the zonal mean aerosol extinction ratio in the northern high latitude exhibited distinct changes. Dynamic processes might have played an important role in maintenance role in maintenance of this zonal mean distribution. As to the stratospheric ozone, large poleward ozone transports are shown to occur in the altitude region from 24 km to 38 km near 55N during this warming. This altitude region is shown to be a transition region of the phase relationship between ozone and temperature waves from an in-phase one above 38 km. It is shown that the ozone solar heating in the upper stratosphere might lead to enhancement of the damping rate of the planetary waves due to infrared radiation alone in agreement with theoretical analyses and an earlier observational study.

Want, P. H.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Information sciences and human factors overview

An overview of program objectives of the Information Sciences and Human Factors Division of NASA's Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology is given in viewgraph form. Information is given on the organizational structure, goals, the research and technology base, telerobotics, systems autonomy in space operations, space sensors, humans in space, space communications, space data systems, transportation vehicle guidance and control, spacecraft control, and major program directions in space.

Holcomb, Lee B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Space Station - New venture/old problem

Four key operations-related costs are associated with the Space Station: (1) transportation, (2) data management, (3) sustaining enginenering, and (4) integrated logistics. Life cycle cost principles will be utilized by the Space Station Program to assess operating costs associated with any particular design 'improvement' opportunity.

Cox, John T.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Ground support system methodology and architecture

A synergistic approach to systems test and support is explored. A building block architecture provides transportability of data, procedures, and knowledge. The synergistic approach also lowers cost and risk for life cycle of a program. The determination of design errors at the earliest phase reduces cost of vehicle ownership. Distributed scaleable architecture is based on industry standards maximizing transparency and maintainability. Autonomous control structure provides for distributed and segmented systems. Control of interfaces maximizes compatibility and reuse, reducing long term program cost. Intelligent data management architecture also reduces analysis time and cost (automation).

Schoen, P. D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Development of the KIVA-2 CFD code for rocket propulsion applications

The KIVA-2 code, originally developed to solve computational fluid dynamics problems in internal combustion engines, has been developed to solve rocket propulsion type flows. The objective of the work was to develop a code such that both liquid and solid particle motion could be simulated for arbitrary geometry and high speed as well as low speed reacting flows. Modification to the original code include: incorporating independently specific supersonic and subsonic inflows and outflows; symmetric as well as periodic boundary conditions; and the capability to use generalized single or multi-specie thermodynamic data and transport coefficients allowing the user to specify arbitrary wall temperature/heat flux distributions. This code has been shown to successfully solve rocket propulsion flows as well as flows with entrained particles for several different rocket nozzles.

Shannon, Robert V., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Update - The Earth Observing System (EOS) forward and return link data processing and communications services

An overview is presented of the EOS ground support services in order to identify interfaces to and drivers of the data processing and communication systems. Generic system requirements are compared with those specifically needed for EOS, including processing requirements for forward link and return link data. Communications requirements for transporting the forward link data from the EOS Operations Center and for the transfer of level zero data to the EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Distributed Active Archive Centers are specified. The forward and return link processing requirements of the EOS instruments from the international partners are also addressed. The overall context of EOSDIS in the Mission to Planet Earth Program is addressed.

Ramapriyan, H. K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Test and analysis results for composite transport fuselage and wing structures

Automated tow placement (ATP) and stitching of dry textile composite preforms followed by resin transfer molding (RTM) are being studied as cost effective manufacturing processes for obtaining damage tolerant fuselage and wing structures for transport aircraft. Data are presented to assess the damage tolerance of ATP and RTM fuselage elements with stitched-on stiffeners from compression tests of impacted three J-stiffened panels and from stiffener pull-off tests. Data are also presented to assess the damage tolerance of RTM wing elements which had stitched skin and stiffeners from impacted single stiffener and three blade stiffened compression tests and stiffener pull-off tests.

Deaton, Jerry W.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Development, Analysis and Testing of the High Speed Research Flexible Semispan Model

This report presents the work performed by Lockheed Martin Engineering and Sciences (LMES) in support of the High Speed Research (HSR) Flexible Semispan Model (FSM) wind-tunnel test. The test was conducted in order to assess the aerodynamic and aeroelastic character of a flexible high speed civil transport wing. Data was acquired for the purpose of code validation and trend evaluation for this type of wing. The report describes a number of activities in preparing for and conducting the wind-tunnel test. These included coordination of the design and fabrication, development of analytical models, analysis/hardware correlation, performance of laboratory tests, monitoring of model safety issues, and wind-tunnel data acquisition and reduction. Descriptions and relevant evaluations associated with the pretest data are given in sections 1 through 6, followed by pre- and post-test flutter analysis in section 7, and the results of the aerodynamics/loads test in section 8. Finally, section 9 provides some recommendations based on lessons learned throughout the FSM program.

Schuster, David M.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry-Based Measurements of HO2 and RO2 During TRACE-P

The Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission extends NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) series of campaigns. TRACE-P was an aircraft-based campaign that was part of a larger ground-based and aircraft-based program (APARE) under the auspices of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) program. TRACE-P was designed to (1) determine the chemical composition of Asian outflow over the western Pacific, and to (2) determine the chemical evolution of the Asian outflow. These objectives were addressed through a variety of observations and numerical modeling exercises. In particular, the goals included sampling strategies that would improve understanding of the budgets of odd hydrogen species (OH and HO2), budgets of NOx (NO, NO2, and their reservoirs), and impacts of oxidants produced in the outflow on air quality in the United States. The NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft were deployed in the March and April, 2001 out of primary bases of operation in Hong Kong and Yokota Air Base in Japan. These two aircraft have complementary capabilities which allow high altitude and long range impacts, as well as low altitude, local impacts to be assessed. In order to quantify the composition and evolution of Asian outflow, it is important to quantify as many species as possible including photochemically active species (e.g. NO2, CH2O, O3, acetone, etc.), sources species (VOCs, CO, NOx, SO2, aerosols), reactive intermediates including free radicals (OH, HO2, RO2, and their reservoirs), and end products (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, secondary aerosols, etc.). The more complete the measurement suite, the more tightly constrained the numerical modeling can be (within the uncertainties of the measurements). The numerical models range in sophistication from simple steady state box models (as employed in this study) to multi-dimensional chemical transport models. Data were collected on approximately 20 flights of the DC-8 and 21 flights of the P-3B. Observations from both aircraft were used in the present analysis, but primarily focused on the P-3B flights since that was the platform on which the peroxy radical instrumentation was based.

Cantrell, Christopher A.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Fpack and Funpack Utilities for FITS Image Compression and Uncompression

Fpack is a utility program for optimally compressing images in the FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) data format (see http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov). The associated funpack program restores the compressed image file back to its original state (as long as a lossless compression algorithm is used). These programs may be run from the host operating system command line and are analogous to the gzip and gunzip utility programs except that they are optimized for FITS format images and offer a wider choice of compression algorithms. Fpack stores the compressed image using the FITS tiled image compression convention (see http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/fits_registry.html). Under this convention, the image is first divided into a user-configurable grid of rectangular tiles, and then each tile is individually compressed and stored in a variable-length array column in a FITS binary table. By default, fpack usually adopts a row-by-row tiling pattern. The FITS image header keywords remain uncompressed for fast access by FITS reading and writing software. The tiled image compression convention can in principle support any number of different compression algorithms. The fpack and funpack utilities call on routines in the CFITSIO library (http://hesarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/fitsio) to perform the actual compression and uncompression of the FITS images, which currently supports the GZIP, Rice, H-compress, and PLIO IRAF pixel list compression algorithms.

Pence, W.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Satellite Observations for Detecting and Tracking Changes in Atmospheric Composition

The satellite observations provide constraints on detailed atmospheric modeling, including emissions inventories, indications of transport, harmonized data over vast areas suitable for trends analysis, and a link between spatial scales ranging from local to global, and temporal scales from diurnal to interannual. 1 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) long-term commitments help provide these observations in cooperation with international meteorological organizations. NASA s long-term commitments will advance scientifically important observations as part of its Earth Science Program, and will assist the transition of the science measurements to applied analyses through the Applied Science Program. Both NASA and NOAA have begun to provide near realtime data and tools to visualize and analyze satellite data,2 while maintaining data quality, validation, and standards. Consequently, decision-makers can expect satellite data services to support air quality decision making now and in the future. The international scientific community's Integrated Global Atmosphere Chemistry Observation System Report3 outlined a plan for ground-based, airborne and satellite measurements and models to integrate the observations into a four-dimensional representation of the atmosphere (space and time) to support assessment and policy information needs. This plan is being carried out under the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Demonstrations of such an integrated capability4 provide new understanding of the changing atmosphere and link policy decisions to benefits for society. In this article, we highlight the use of satellite data to constrain biomass burning emissions, to assess oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) emission reductions, and to contribute to state implementation plans, as examples of the use of satellite observations for detecting and tracking changes in atmospheric composition.

Neil, Doreen O.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Collaborative Software Development Approach Used to Deliver the New Shuttle Telemetry Ground Station

United Space Alliance (USA) developed and used a new software development method to meet technical, schedule, and budget challenges faced during the development and delivery of the new Shuttle Telemetry Ground Station at Kennedy Space Center. This method, called Collaborative Software Development, enabled KSC to effectively leverage industrial software and build additional capabilities to meet shuttle system and operational requirements. Application of this method resulted in reduced time to market, reduced development cost, improved product quality, and improved programmer competence while developing technologies of benefit to a small company in California (AP Labs Inc.). Many modifications were made to the baseline software product (VMEwindow), which improved its quality and functionality. In addition, six new software capabilities were developed, which are the subject of this article and add useful functionality to the VMEwindow environment. These new software programs are written in C or VXWorks and are used in conjunction with other ground station software packages, such as VMEwindow, Matlab, Dataviews, and PVWave. The Space Shuttle Telemetry Ground Station receives frequency-modulation (FM) and pulse-code-modulated (PCM) signals from the shuttle and support equipment. The hardware architecture (see figure) includes Sun workstations connected to multiple PCM- and FM-processing VersaModule Eurocard (VME) chassis. A reflective memory network transports raw data from PCM Processors (PCMPs) to the programmable digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, strip chart recorders, and analysis and controller workstations.

Kirby, Randy L.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Big Data Challenges for Large Radio Arrays

Future large radio astronomy arrays, particularly the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), will be able to generate data at rates far higher than can be analyzed or stored affordably with current practices. This is, by definition, a "big data" problem, and requires an end-to-end solution if future radio arrays are to reach their full scientific potential. Similar data processing, transport, storage, and management challenges face next-generation facilities in many other fields.

Combining↗
NASA NTRS2020

Potential Applications of Active Antenna Technologies for Emerging NASA Space Communications Scenarios

Abstract—The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is presently embarking on the implementation of far-reaching changes within the framework of both space and aeronautics communications architectures. For example, near earth relays are looking to transition from the traditional few large geostationary satellites to satellite constellations consisting of thousands of small low earth orbiting satellites while lunar space communications will require the need to relay data from many assets distributed on the lunar surface back to earth. Furthermore, within the aeronautics realm, satellite communications for beyond line of sight (BLOS) links are being investigated in tandem with the proliferation of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) within the urban air mobility (UAM) environment. In all of these scenarios, future communications architectures will demand the need to connect and quickly transition between many nodes for large data volume transport. As such, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has been heavily investigating the development of low cost phased array technologies that can readily address these various scenario conditions. In particular, GRC is presently exploring 5G-based beamformer technologies to leverage commercial timescale and volume production cycles which have heretofore not existed within the frequency allocations utilized for NASA applications. In this paper, an overview of the potential future applications of phased arrays being envisioned by NASA are discussed, along with technology feasibility demonstrations being conducted by GRC implementing low cost, 5G based beamformer technologies.

Nessel, James A.↗
NASA NTRS2001

April 1998 Asian dust event: A southern California perspective

In late April 1998 an extreme Asian dust episode reached the U.S. western seaboard. This event was observed by several in situ and remote sensing atmospheric measurement stations. Dramatic reductions in boundary layer visibility were recorded and the resultant peak backscatter coefficients exceeded prevailing upper tropospheric background conditions by at least 2 orders of magnitude. An analysis of this event is given using lidar vertical backscatter profilometry, concurrent Sun photometer opacity data, and transport modeling.

aerosol↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Anhydrous Primary Minerals in Ryugu, Ivuna, and Bennu

Samples returned from asteroid Ryugu are chemically and mineralogically similar to CI chondrites [e.g., 1–3]. Both are predominantly composed of low-temperature aqueously formed secondary minerals, whereas high-temperature anhydrous primary minerals, such as olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, spinel, and hibonite, are rarely present. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS; Cameca ims-1280HR at Hokkaido University), we performed O [4] and Al–Mg [5] isotope measurements of anhydrous primary minerals in samples of Ryugu and the Ivuna CI chondrite to constrain their origin.Anhydrous primary minerals in our samples of Ryugu and Ivuna occur mostly as monomineralic isolated grains embedded in hydrated matrix. Their O-isotope compositions are distributed along the slope-1 line on the O three-isotope diagram and range from Δ17O ~ –23 to 0‰. Mg-Al spinel grains are 16O-rich (Δ17O ~ –23‰). Low-Ca pyroxene grains are 16O-poor (Δ17O ~ –5‰). Olivine grains show a bimodal distribution of O-isotope composition:10 of 34 grains measured are 16O-rich (Δ17O ~ –23‰) and 24 grains are 16O-poor (Δ17O ~ –7 to 0‰). We found refractory inclusions composed of Mg-Al spinel and hibonite, one from Ryugu and one from Ivuna. Also, in Ivuna, we found an amoeboid olivine aggregate ( AOA) composed of olivine, diopside, anorthite, and Mg-Al spinel and an inclusion composed of olivine and Mg-Al spinel. The minerals in all of these inclusions are 16O-rich (Δ17O ~ –24‰).The 16O-rich grains and inclusions are mineralogically and O-isotopically similar to calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) and AOAs reported in other carbonaceous chondrites [6, 7]. In addition, the initial 26Al/27Al ratios of the two spinel-hibonite inclusions are inferred as ~4.4 × 10–5, also similar to most CAIs in carbonaceous chondrites [6, 8]. The range of Δ17O values for the 16O-poor olivine and low-Ca pyroxene grains is consistent withthat of these minerals in chondrules in most carbonaceous chondrites [9]. Moreover, the most frequent Δ17O value (–6‰) for Mg-rich (Mg# > 97) olivine grains is identical to those for chondrules. Although CI chondrites and Ryugu samples are devoid of chondrules, the 16O-poor grains most likely represent fragments of chondrule-like objects. The presence of both 16O-poor chondrule-like and 16O-rich refractory inclusion–like minerals in Ryugu and Ivuna suggests that some of their building blocks are similar to those of other carbonaceous chondrite groups. They both probably formed in the inner solar protoplanetary disk and were subsequently transported outward.Preliminary data for petrography of asteroid Bennu samples and chemical and isotopic compositions of theiranhydrous primary minerals will also be presented in the meeting.

N Kawasaki↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Cryogenic Extension of NASA Species Polynomials Using Hydrogen and Oxygen at Stoichiometry

NASA has been conducting research in Rotating Detonation Rocket Engines (RDREs) for several years. A recent test at the Marshall Spaceflight Center has successfully shown operation of a RDRE that ran for 251 seconds which had combustion chamber cryogenic inlet conditions [1]. However, an overall pressure gain was not observed in the performance of the engine. Such an indication could mean an optimal chamber design is yet to be discovered. Such a design could significantly reduce parasitic pressure loses and improve overall engine efficiency beyond that of conventional rockets. To investigate different chamber configurations, new CFD capability is needed to accurately capture cryogenic thermophysical and transport property data. Such an effort is currently part of NASA’s Early Career Initiative (ECI) program. This paper focuses on the thermophysical property mixture model approach that makes use of NASA’s polynomial fits of species and another cryogenic model chosen from NIST’s Refprop program. Presented in this paper are results of a 1D denotation CFD simulation of stoichiometric Hydrogen and Oxygen mixture at a cryogenic upstream condition.

Combustion↗