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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

DIP Architecture and Data Integration Services

This workshop will cover DIP architecture and data integration services. Participants will get a look at how the DIP architecture is set-up as well as how data integration services are planned to be hosted on the platform. The DIP architecture review is intended to cover how DIP was envisioned and how DIP is being developed to address data needs across the industry. Participants will have a chance to provide feedback on the DIP architecture and gain insight into how one might interface with the DIP to send or receive data. The data integration services portion is intended to cover DIP’s technical approach to data integration. As an example implementation, there will be a first look at possible data fusion on the platform, including utilizing NASA’s Fuser, and tailoring for industry data consumers. Descriptions, at a high-level, of input to and output of the Fuser will also be discussed.

ATM-X↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Recap of DIP Workshop Series: #1 DIP Architecture and Data Integrations Services

This workshop will cover DIP architecture and data integration services to obtain feedback from America for Airlines (A4A) Air Traffic Management Council (ATMC). Participants will get a look at how the DIP architecture is set-up as well as how data integration services are planned to be hosted on the platform. The DIP architecture review is intended to cover how DIP was envisioned and how DIP is being developed to address data needs across the industry. Participants will have a chance to provide feedback on the DIP architecture and gain insight into how one might interface with the DIP to send or receive data. The data integration services portion is intended to cover DIP’s technical approach to data integration. As an example implementation, there will be a first look at possible data fusion on the platform, including utilizing NASA’s Fuser, and tailoring for industry data consumers. Descriptions, at a high-level, of input to and output of the Fuser will also be discussed.

ATM-X↗

NASA NTRS2009

MAGIC: Model and Graphic Information Converter

MAGIC is a software tool capable of converting highly detailed 3D models from an open, standard format, VRML 2.0/97, into the proprietary DTS file format used by the Torque Game Engine from GarageGames. MAGIC is used to convert 3D simulations from authoritative sources into the data needed to run the simulations in NASA's Distributed Observer Network. The Distributed Observer Network (DON) is a simulation presentation tool built by NASA to facilitate the simulation sharing requirements of the Data Presentation and Visualization effort within the Constellation Program. DON is built on top of the Torque Game Engine (TGE) and has chosen TGE's Dynamix Three Space (DTS) file format to represent 3D objects within simulations.

Herbert, W. C.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Transonic propulsion system integration analysis at McDonnell Aircraft Company

The technology of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is becoming an important tool in the development of aircraft propulsion systems. Two of the most valuable features of CFD are: (1) quick acquisition of flow field data; and (2) complete description of flow fields, allowing detailed investigation of interactions. Current analysis methods complement wind tunnel testing in several ways. Herein, the discussion is focused on CFD methods. However, aircraft design studies need data from both CFD and wind tunnel testing. Each approach complements the other.

Cosner, Raymond R.↗

NASA NTRS2006

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Mission Overview

OCO will acquire the space-based data needed to identify CO2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle. Approach: a) Collect spatially resolved, high resolution spectroscopic observations of CO2 and O2 absorption in reflected sunlight; b) Use these data to resolve spatial and temporal variations in the column averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, X cub CO2) over the sunlit hemisphere; and c) Employ independent calibration and validation approaches to produce X(sub CO2) estimates with random errors and biases no larger than 1-2 ppm (0.3-0.5%) on regional scales at monthly intervals.

CO2↗

NASA NTRS2019

2018 NISAR Applications Workshop: Agriculture and Soil Moisture

Agricultural lands cover the globe and play an essential role in not only sustaining a growing global population, but can have significant implications on the Earth system through land use change (e.g., deforestation, grazing, etc.). As such, countries around the world have dedicated programs for managing these lands. Accurate and timely information concerning the status of agricultural crops (soil moisture, crop health, crop type, etc.) is essential to those nations’ anthropogenic and ecological health as well as economy. The joint NASA/US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) workshop focused on advancing agriculture and soil moisture applications by using remote sensing data from the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission (expected launch 2022). Participants included representatives from the international agriculture community that are key players in facilitating integration of Earth Observations into decision support workflows including US Federal Agencies, nonprofits, and private sector. They included scientists, technicians, and program managers with a responsibility for data acquisition and exploitation such as product development, delivery, and use, as well as capacity building. Discussions were held over two and a half days to convey the broader agriculture and soil moisture community information needs, the mission and procedures for various representative participants and programs involved in the delivery of geospatial products, and the capabilities and status of the NISAR mission. Case studies were presented to demonstrate the current state of practice in the use of SAR remote sensing for applications of direct importance for the agriculture and soil moisture communities. Eleven organizations presented their information requirements in response to a set of questions provided by the NASA team, then the NASA team responded by describing the degree to which NISAR could meet these requirements. Discussion ensued about needed data product specifications to increase utility (e.g., projection, latency, etc.), tools and capacity building.

Stavros, Natasha↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Economic Impact Assessments (EIA) of application of GEOGLOWS in Ecuador: Data Gaps, Limitations and Recommendations

In 2022, the United Nations launched the Early Warnings for All (EW4ALL) Program to establish global early warning systems by 2027. To assess the impact of the substantial $3.1 billion annual investment over five years, EW4ALL will consider factors that will require national coordination for the data needed for these assessments. In 2023, Ecuador was identified as one of the world's most climate-vulnerable countries, emphasizing the need to enhance its early warning systems. In 2020, the SERVIR Amazonia hub implemented the GEOGLOWS streamflow forecast service in collaboration with Ecuador's national meteorological agency (INAMHI). GEOGloWS provides 15-day ensemble forecasts and 80 years of historical streamflow data for every river worldwide through a free web service. The World Meteorological Organization has recognized this initiative as essential in contributing to the UN's call to ensure an 'Early Warning for All' by 2027. In 2023, as part of NASA's continuous efforts to fund research for Policy-Relevant Implementations, an economic impact assessment (EIA) was performed to understand the potential socioeconomic benefits of Early streamflow predictions in Ecuador using the GEOGLOWS service. Preliminary findings highlighted that gaps remain in effectively integrating socioeconomic and Earth observation (EO) data to capture the total value of these predictions. Implementing GEOGLOWS has led to valuable hydrological forecasts; however, the total economic benefits have yet to be documented. This study addresses the gaps and makes recommendations for future work that should focus on capturing the socio-economic benefits and costs associated with these forecasts, including their impact on decision-making at national and local levels. Despite the daily use of GEOGLOWS by key figures, including the President of Ecuador, the need for comprehensive recommendations and assessments is urgent.

Reetwika Basu↗

NASA NTRS1978

Computational requirements for three-dimensional flows

The computational requirements needed for predicting steady viscous flow over complex configurations are considered. The desired predictions must be made at reasonable expense, require a reasonable amount of storage space, and result in solutions that are sufficiently accurate. The data needed to estimate the cost of Navier-Stokes solutions is not available; therefore, experience with the solution of the three-dimensional boundary layers equations are used to illustrate the needed information and what can be expected for the Navier-Stokes solutions.

Blottner, F. G.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Creating an Interface to view Multi-Spacecraft Swarm Telemetry

Distributed Spacecraft Systems are a type of multi-spacecraft mission architecture that can not only provide improved resolution, coverage, and availability of existing missions, but also enable missions that would be previously infeasible using traditional approaches. Distributed Spacecraft Autonomy (DSA) is a project developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration that enables distributed spacecraft systems. In previous science swarm missions, the spacecraft involved have not been able to communicate with each other without utilizing a ground station. Now that the spacecraft can perform inter-satellite communication, the spacecraft can be treated as a collective. Swarm autonomy is critical for a growing number of satellites which means novel ways of displaying swarm data needs to be implemented. Such systems introduce unique challenges to traditional approaches for command and control of these spacecraft, due to the large number of spacecraft and the complexity of the interactions between them. The ground data system for DSA addresses these challenges through the creation of a custom user interface that allows a single operator to orchestrate a multi-spacecraft swarm in a scalable way. This plenary describes the details of the autonomy demonstration being performed, the requirements of those using the interface to analyze the spacecraft telemetry to assess demonstration success, and the approach taken by the ground systems team to create an interface that satisfies these requirements. This approach involves the creation of several distinct components that correspond to the level of detail presented to the user. These components are based on conventional user roles in human-robot interaction, including supervisor, operator, and mechanic, extended to accommodate the additional overhead of coordinating actions between agents. One main feature of the interface is the listenability matrix component which will represent inter-satellite communications in a heat mapped matrix. The above work described will enable users to command and interact with the spacecraft as a collective.

human-swarm interaction↗

NASA NTRS1991

The Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment (SWADE)

The Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment is designed to provide the basic data needed to understand the wind-wave interactions in the open ocean. During the period of October 1990 through March 1991 two discus, four meteorological buoys, and several other specialized buoys will collect continuous in-situ data. During three intensive periods of study, several aircraft and an airship will collect synoptic data from the study area in the Atlantic east of the Wallops Flight Facility. Data from the buoys will be collected by aircraft and ARGOS data links. Instrumentation descriptions as well as preliminary data from the first intensive study period are presented.

Mollo-Christensen, Erik↗

NASA NTRS1988

Near-infrared observations of Venus

Ground-based near-infrared observations of the Venus night side reveal anomalous bright features at wavelengths near 1.7 and 2.3 micrometer (Allen and Crawford, 1984; Allen, 1987). These features are thought to be formed as thermal radiation from the hot lower atmosphere leaks through holes in the middle and/or lower sulfuric acid cloud decks. Because these holes allow radiation to escape from deep in the troposphere, they provide an opportunity to significantly improve our understanding of the composition, thermal structure, and dynamics of this region of the Venus atmosphere. New near-infrared observations of the Venus night side are needed to address these questions. During the first year of this program, researchers requested and received observing time at six sites and organized a highly-skilled team. The wide array of sites should allow researchers to collect the data needed to meet all of the proposed objectives. High resolution spectra of the Venus night side was obtained. Researchers are currently collecting the first images of Venus from Kitt Peak and Table Mountain. The state-of-the-art infrared array detectors that are being used at these sites are allowing researchers to collect hundreds of high-quality images during each observing day. These images show the expected bright features, but they have not yet begun to track these features.

Crisp, D.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Capturing, Analyzing, Maintaining, and Disseminating Shape Memory Material Data Between Information Management Systems

With an increased demand on reducing the time, cost, and effort to develop new materials, Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) has received widespread attention in various engineering disciplines as a catalyst for significantly reducing experimental testing during the material design process. An ICME approach to design can enable ‘fit-for-purpose’ materials to be realized in engineering applications by incorporating well-understood process-property-performance relationships between the various length and time scales in a material’s structure, enabling material optimization. However, such an approach requires validated multiscale models at the various length scales for a material, which in turn requires a large amount of data, a robust means of storing the data, and the ability to link data to developed material models. The NASA Vision 2040 [1] has identified nine key elements to enabling ICME approaches in system level design, with one being “Data, Information, and Visualization”, thus outlining the importance of a robust information management system for ICME. As the relationship between microstructure, properties, and material performance become better understood and incorporated into multiscale models that can be leveraged in application design, the emergence of new materials with application-driven properties can be realized. One such new material class that has seen growing attention are shape memory materials (SMM), in which a material can transition between a deformed and undeformed state via a reversible phase transformation when subject to a thermal, mechanical, or magnetic load [2]. SMMs have been used widely in aerospace and biomedical industries, including applications such as actuators, low-shock mechanisms, medical staples, braces, and stents [3, 4]. These materials exhibit unique behavior due to their ability to transition between phases, and thus the mechanisms that enable this transition must be captured in a data information management system and incorporated into SMM material models. At NASA Glenn Research Center, the Shape Memory Materials Database (SMMD) Tool has been developed to capture the necessary information that governs SMM material behavior and provide users the ability to select and visualize various SMMs for a specific application [5]. The database contains point-wise data for published SMM materials, along with the pedigree metadata for traceability necessary for a robust information management system. The database is also capable of storing in-house test data performed at NASA GRC by interacting with the developed Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Analytics tool to extract the necessary point-wise values and populate the database. Although the SMMD Tool offers its users a single, authoritative source for SMM material data that is critical for model development and material design, the full material pedigree of the in-house test data for SMMs is not currently captured and is out of the scope for the SMMD tool. In this work, the schema for capturing SMM test data within the larger NASA GRC ICME Schema [6, 7, 8, 9] will be developed and implemented for thermomechanical tests conducted at NASA GRC. The developed schema will not only store the relevant data needed for the SMMD tool, but also the material pedigree (i.e., production of the bulk material, bulk material analysis, sample cut-out diagrams, sample fabrication procedure, etc.), test pedigree (i.e., test equipment used, measurement systems used, raw test data), and analysis pedigree (i.e., how the data in the SMMD tool is calculated). Furthermore, a Python-based framework will be developed to seamlessly interact between the SMA Analytics and SMMD tools, which will write the full dataset and associated metadata to the GRC Information Management System before passing the required point-wise data to the SMMD tool. Data informatics is a key element of the NASA Vision 2040, which requires not only that data is stored and maintained throughout the material lifecycle, but that the data is also accessible and reusable such that material development efforts can be minimized. Therefore, for an ICME design approach to be realized, a centralized information management system that drives the ICME process must be able to communicate with other databases. The work that will be presented in this presentation will therefore not only demonstrate the ability of NASA GRC’s information management system to capture SMM data, but also its ability to interact with pre-existing tools specialized for such materials.

Data management↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Show Me the Money! Evaluating A Graduated Incentive Structure to Keep Respondents Engaged Through 101 Surveys in 28 Days

We report the results of a survey test conducted in advance of a series of community response tests (CRTs) to evaluate response to noise from NASA’s X-59 aircraft. The CRTs will require a substantial number of observations to generate a dose response curve for noise exposure and related annoyance levels and the timeframe is limited due to resource and scheduling constraints with an experimental aircraft. Within each CRT area, we will recruit a sample of residents in advance and ask them to fill out a brief survey each time the aircraft passes over. Respondents will be asked to fill out the survey either on the web or as part of an application they are able to download onto their mobile phones. Respondents will be notified each time the plane flies over, asking for their reactions. On many days, respondents will be asked to fill out the survey for multiple flights. Typical incentives are used during the recruitment phase (pre-incentive for a household screener and post-paid for a background survey completed by the selected respondent) and post-paid for an end of study survey. To improve response rates over such a demanding survey schedule (101 surveys in 28 days) we will implement a weekly incentive based upon participation rates, with higher incentives for greater participation and increasing rates each week. The survey test will follow the proposed methodology of the CRTs. We will report on the participation rates by incentive amount and the effectiveness of the incentive structure in obtaining and maintaining response rates over the 4 weeks. We will examine how quickly participation fades over the 4-week period and consider whether the incentive schedule could be improved by altering the distribution of payments. Finally, we will compare how these rates varied across web and app respondents. We will use the results of this work to confirm or improve the design of the CRTs, ensuring the collection of data needed by NASA to evaluate the impact of this innovative technology.

incentives↗

NASA NTRS2010

The Monotonic Lagrangian Grid for Fast Air-Traffic Evaluation

This paper describes the continued development of a dynamic air-traffic model, ATMLG, intended for rapid evaluation of rules and methods to control and optimize transport systems. The underlying data structure is based on the Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (MLG), which is used for sorting and ordering positions and other data needed to describe N moving bodies, and their interactions. In ATMLG, the MLG is combined with algorithms for collision avoidance and updating aircraft trajectories. Aircraft that are close to each other in physical space are always near neighbors in the MLG data arrays, resulting in a fast nearest-neighbor interaction algorithm that scales as N. In this paper, we use ATMLG to examine how the ability to maintain a required separation between aircraft decreases as the number of aircraft in the volume increases. This requires keeping track of the primary and subsequent collision avoidance maneuvers necessary to maintain a five mile separation distance between all aircraft. Simulation results show that the number of collision avoidance moves increases exponentially with the number of aircraft in the volume.

Alexandrov, Natalia↗

NASA NTRS2004

Design and Evaluation of Modifications to the NASA Langley Flow Impedance Tube

The need to minimize fan noise radiation from commercial aircraft engine nacelles continues to provide an impetus for developing new acoustic liner concepts. If the full value of such concepts is to be attained, an understanding of grazing flow effects is crucial. Because of this need for improved understanding of grazing flow effects, the NASA Langley Research Center Liner Physics Group has invested a large effort over the past decade into the development of a 2-D finite element method that characterizes wave propagation through a lined duct. The original test section in the Langley Grazing IncidenceTube was used to acquire data needed for implementation of this finite element method. This test section employed a stepper motor-driven axial-traversing bar, embedded in the wall opposite the test liner, to position a flush-mounted microphone at pre-selected locations. Complex acoustic pressure data acquired with this traversing microphone were used to educe the acoustic impedance of test liners using this 2-D finite element method and a local optimization technique. Results acquired in this facility have been extensively reported, and were compared with corresponding results from various U.S. aeroacoustics laboratories in the late 1990 s. Impedance data comparisons acquired from this multi-laboratory study suggested that it would be valuable to incorporate more realistic 3-D aeroacoustic effects into the impedance eduction methodology. This paper provides a description of modifications that have been implemented to facilitate studies of 3-D effects. The two key features of the modified test section are (1) the replacement of the traversing bar and its flush-mounted microphone with an array of 95 fixed-location microphones that are flush-mounted in all four walls of the duct, and (2) the inclusion of a suction device to modify the boundary layer upstream of the lined portion of the duct. The initial results achieved with the modified test section are provided in this report, and a comparison of these results with those achieved using the original test section is used to demonstrate that the data acquisition and analysis with the new test section can be confidently used for impedance eduction.

Jones, Michael G.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Langley's views on NEMS

The views of the Langley Research Center regarding the NASA Equipment Management System (EMS) are discussed. One of Langley's greatest concerns is with the reconciliation between NEMS and the General Ledger. Langley's accounting system tracks cost data to the penny level. NEMS deals in whole dollar amounts. Therefore, Langley has no way of reconciling the two. The only approach that is acceptable to Langley, unless requirements for reconciliation are changed, is for the NEMS files and the reports involved in the process be at the penny level. All other NEMS reports can remain whole dollars. Also to reconcile, Langley needs data to show the difference between the previous cost and the new cost for the month. On an input record, the adjustment amount is added to the cost and recorded as total amount. The adjusted cost is not captured. In order to establish a control between the prior months and the current month, a new field needs to be added to capture the adjusted cost (debits And credits). Langley has not reconciled the Equipment account with the General Ledger since February 1984. Problems with NEMS regular production runs cause concern. Production at Langley is run on the second and/or third shift. If a run(s) terminates and/or abends in a particular module, Langley must wait until the next day to resolve NEMS problems after consultation with Headquarters personnel. For a successful installation, Langley must have a good data base to convert to NEMS and users and the data processing staff must work together.

George, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1975

An analytical transformation for remote sensing of clear-column atmospheric temperature profiles

An exact analytical transformation is presented for the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles in the presence of clouds. The transformation permits direct retrieval of clear-column temperature profiles without the need to predetermine the corresponding clear-column radiances. A numerical illustration is given for simulated observations in the 15 micron CO2 band in the terrestrial atmosphere. The resulting method is numerically very fast and is especially suitable for handling the massive amount of data needed for numerical weather prediction.

Chahine, M. T.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Retrieval with Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer and Validation during JAIVEx

A state-of-the-art IR-only retrieval algorithm has been developed with an all-season-global EOF Physical Regression and followed by 1-D Var. Physical Iterative Retrieval for IASI, AIRS, and NAST-I. The benefits of this retrieval are to produce atmospheric structure with a single FOV horizontal resolution (approx. 15 km for IASI and AIRS), accurate profiles above the cloud (at least) or down to the surface, surface parameters, and/or cloud microphysical parameters. Initial case study and validation indicates that surface, cloud, and atmospheric structure (include TBL) are well captured by IASI and AIRS measurements. Coincident dropsondes during the IASI and AIRS overpasses are used to validate atmospheric conditions, and accurate retrievals are obtained with an expected vertical resolution. JAIVEx has provided the data needed to validate the retrieval algorithm and its products which allows us to assess the instrument ability and/or performance. Retrievals with global coverage are under investigation for detailed retrieval assessment. It is greatly desired that these products be used for testing the impact on Atmospheric Data Assimilation and/or Numerical Weather Prediction.

Zhou, Daniel K.↗