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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Microbial inputs at the litter layer translate climate into altered organic matter properties

Plant litter chemistry is altered during decomposition but it remains unknown if these alterations, and thus the composition of residual litter, will change in response to climate. Selective microbial mineralization of litter components and the accumulation of microbial necromass can drive litter compositional change, but the extent to which these mechanisms respond to climate remains poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying needle litter decomposition along a boreal forest climate transect. Specifically, we investigated how the composition and/or metabolism of the decomposer community varies with climate, and if that variation is associated with distinct modifications of litter chemistry during decomposition. We analyzed the composition of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the litter layer and measured natural abundance δ 13 CPLFA values as an integrated measure of microbial metabolisms. Changes in litter chemistry and δ 13 C values were measured in litterbag experiments conducted at each transect site. A warmer climate was associated with higher litter nitrogen concentrations as well as altered microbial community structure (lower fungi:bacteria ratios) and microbial metabolism (higher δ 13 CPLFA). Litter in warmer transect regions accumulated less aliphatic-C (lipids, waxes) and retained more O-alkyl-C (carbohydrates), consistent with enhanced 13 C-enrichment in residual litter, than in colder regions. These results suggest that chemical changes during litter decomposition will change with climate, driven primarily by indirect climate effects (e.g. greater nitrogen availability and decreased fungi:bacteria ratios) rather than direct temperature effects. A positive correlation between microbial biomass δ 13 C values and 13 C-enrichment during decomposition suggests that change in litter chemistry is driven more by distinct microbial necromass inputs than differences in the selective removal of litter components. Our study highlights the role that microbial inputs during early litter decomposition can play in shaping surface litter contribution to soil organic matter as it responds to climate warming effects such as greater nitrogen availability.

13C↗
DOE OSTI2022

SNF1-related protein kinase 1 represses Arabidopsis growth through post-translational modification of E2Fa in response to energy stress

Cellular sugar starvation and/or energy deprivation serves as an important signaling cue for the live cells to trigger the necessary stress adaptation response. When exposed to cellular energy stress (ES) conditions, the plants reconfigure metabolic pathways and rebalance energy status while restricting vegetative organ growth. Despite the vital importance of this ES-induced growth restriction, the regulatory mechanism underlying the response remains largely elusive in plants.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post‐translational modification of cellulose synthase

Summary Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls and an economically important source of food, paper, textiles, and biofuel. Despite its economic and biological significance, the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis is poorly understood. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellulose synthases (CESAs) were shown to impact the direction and velocity of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). However, the protein kinases that phosphorylate CESAs are largely unknown. We conducted research in Arabidopsis thaliana to reveal protein kinases that phosphorylate CESAs. In this study, we used yeast two‐hybrid, protein biochemistry, genetics, and live‐cell imaging to reveal the role of calcium‐dependent protein kinase32 (CPK32) in the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in A. thaliana . We identified CPK32 using CESA3 as a bait in a yeast two‐hybrid assay. We showed that CPK32 phosphorylates CESA3 while it interacts with both CESA1 and CESA3. Overexpressing functionally defective CPK32 variant and phospho‐dead mutation of CESA3 led to decreased motility of CSCs and reduced crystalline cellulose content in etiolated seedlings. Deregulation of CPKs impacted the stability of CSCs. We uncovered a new function of CPKs that regulates cellulose biosynthesis and a novel mechanism by which phosphorylation regulates the stability of CSCs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Soybean ( Glycine max ) Haplotype Map (GmHapMap): a universal resource for soybean translational and functional genomics

Here, we describe a worldwide haplotype map for soybean (GmHapMap) constructed using whole-genome sequence data for 1007 Glycine max accessions and yielding 14.9 million variants as well as 4.3 M tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). When sampling random subsets of these accessions, the number of variants and tag SNPs plateaued beyond approximately 800 and 600 accessions, respectively. This suggests extensive coverage of diversity within the cultivated soybean. GmHapMap variants were imputed onto 21 618 previously genotyped accessions with up to 96% success for common alleles. A local association analysis was performed with the imputed data using markers located in a 1-Mb region known to contribute to seed oil content and enabled us to identify a candidate causal SNP residing in the NPC1 gene. We determined gene-centric haplotypes (407 867 GCHs) for the 55 589 genes and showed that such haplotypes can help to identify alleles that differ in the resulting phenotype. Finally, we predicted 18 031 putative loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in 10 662 genes and illustrated how such a resource can be used to explore gene function. The GmHapMap provides a unique worldwide resource for applied soybean genomics and breeding.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Genome-Scale Transcription-Translation Mapping Reveals Features of Zymomonas mobilis Transcription Units and Promoters

Efforts to rationally engineer synthetic pathways in Zymomonas mobilis are impeded by a lack of knowledge and tools for predictable and quantitative programming of gene regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. With the detailed functional characterization of the Z. mobilis genome presented in this work, we provide crucial knowledge for the development of synthetic genetic parts tailored to Z. mobilis . This information is vital as researchers continue to develop Z. mobilis for synthetic biology applications. Our methods and statistical analyses also provide ways to rapidly advance the understanding of poorly characterized bacteria via empirical data that enable the experimental validation of sequence-based prediction for genome characterization and annotation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Genome-Scale Atlas Reveals Complex Interplay of Transcription and Translation in an Archaeon

The scale of post-transcriptional regulation and the implications of its interplay with other forms of regulation in environmental acclimation are underexplored for organisms of the domain Archaea. Here, we have investigated the scale of post-transcriptional regulation in the extremely halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 by integrating the transcriptome-wide locations of transcript processing sites (TPSs) and SmAP1 binding, the genome-wide locations of antisense RNAs (asRNAs), and the consequences of RNase_2099C knockout on the differential expression of all genes. This integrated analysis has discovered that 54% of all protein-coding genes in the genome of this haloarchaeon are likely targeted by multiple mechanisms for putative post-transcriptional processing and regulation, with about 20% of genes likely being regulated by combinatorial schemes involving SmAP1, asRNAs, and RNase_2099C. Comparative analysis of mRNA levels (transcriptome sequencing [RNA-Seq]) and protein levels (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry [SWATH-MS]) for 2,579 genes over four phases of batch culture growth in complex medium generated additional evidence for the conditional post-transcriptional regulation of 7% of all protein-coding genes. We demonstrate that post-transcriptional regulation may act to fine-tune specialized and rapid acclimation to stressful environments, e.g., as a switch to turn on gas vesicle biogenesis to promote vertical relocation under anoxic conditions and modulate the frequency of transposition by insertion sequence (IS) elements of the IS200/IS605, IS4, and ISH3 families. Findings from this study are provided as an atlas in a public Web resource (https://halodata.systemsbiology.net).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Myths of nuclear graphite in World War II, with original translations

We re-examine a common narrative that experimental errors by Walther Bothe in 1941 led Germany to abandon graphite as a reactor moderator during World War II. Using document-based nuclear archaeology, we first show that both American and German scientists used an incorrect carbon scattering cross section, thereby undermining the accuracy of all wartime data, including their conclusions on carbon’s absorption. Moreover, we argue that the availability of exceptionally pure petroleum coke in the United States, rather than any academic breakthrough, decisively enabled their production of nuclear-grade graphite. In contrast, Bothe’s Siemens electrographite had more boron contamination than any graphites considered in Fermi’s experiments, rendering it genuinely impractical as a moderator. By reframing the decision to eschew graphite as a deliberate decision rather than a mere experimental oversight, we believe the German decision was a rational consequence of material constraints and wartime priorities.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

From the Great Wave of Translation to the Force between Quarks

Here, the chance observation of a novel traveling wave in a canal led over time to the formulation of a nonlinear wave equation—the Korteweg–de Vries equation—that describes strikingly robust disturbances now called solitons. The figure of an isolated soliton corresponds to a reflectionless potential that supports a single bound state in the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation. An appropriate combination of individual solitons yields a symmetric reflectionless potential that supports multiple bound states. Thus, the KdV equation opens the path to solving the inverse scattering problem for a collection of bound states. Applied to the quarkonium spectra, this formalism allows the construction of reflectionless approximations to the confining potentials that account for the force between quarks, and to tests of the flavor-independence of the interquark interaction.

Inverse Scattering↗
DOE OSTI2020

Annotated Translated Disassembled Code

Procedure for generating function/library embedding based on disassembled binary data from a graph database and processing those embedding through supervised machine learning techniques.

Beckman, BryanR.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data for "Anti-Pdc1p Nanobody as a Genetically Encoded Inhibitor of Ethanol Production Enables Dual Transcriptional and Post-translational Controls of Yeast Fermentations"

Microbial fermentation provides a sustainable method of producing valuable chemicals. Adding dynamic control to fermentations can significantly improve titers, but most systems rely on transcriptional controls of metabolic enzymes, leaving existing intracellular enzymes unregulated. This limits the ability of transcriptional controls to switch off metabolic pathways, especially when metabolic enzymes have long half-lives. We developed a two-layer transcriptional/post-translational control system for yeast fermentations. Specifically, the system uses blue light to transcriptionally activate the major pyruvate decarboxylase PDC1 , required for cell growth and concomitant ethanol production. Switching to darkness transcriptionally inactivates PDC1 and instead activates the anti-Pdc1p nanobody, NbJRI, to act as a genetically encoded inhibitor of Pdc1p accumulated during the growth phase. This dual transcriptional/post-translational control improves the production of 2,3-BDO and citramalate by up to 100 and 92% compared to using transcriptional controls alone in dynamic two-phase fermentations. This study establishes the NbJRI nanobody as an effective genetically encoded inhibitor of Pdc1p that can enhance the production of pyruvate-derived chemicals.

metabolic engineering↗
DOE OSTI2022

Обзор политики, влияющей на загрязнение воздуха от электроэнергетического сектора в Центральной Азии [An Overview of Policies Influencing Air Pollution from the Electricity Sector in Central Asia (Russian Translation)]

Электроэнергетический сектор является значительным источником загрязнения воздуха и связанных с ним нарушений состояния здоровья в Центральной Азии и других регионах. Выбросы электростанций, работающих на ископаемом топливе, содержат широкий спектр вредных загрязняющих веществ и их прекурсоров. Из этих веществ наибольшее воздействие на здоровье оказывают твердые частицы и озон. Поскольку после попадания загрязнителей в атмосферу их практически невозможно удалить, меры по реализации политики улучшения качества воздуха должны ограничивать такие выбросы до их осуществления. Однако борьба с таким типом загрязнения воздуха сопряжена с трудностями, особенно в развивающихся странах, где электроснабжение является базовой потребностью населения и стимулом экономического роста. В настоящем докладе представлены примеры подходов, регулирующих загрязнение воздуха предприятиями электроэнергетического сектора в странах Центральной Азии — Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Узбекистане. Эта публикация дополняет ранее выпущенный доклад по мерам политики в Южной Азии. Как и при составлении доклада по Южной Азии, информация о политике в некоторых странах оказалась труднодоступной, поэтому данное исследование не является всесторонним, а скорее представляет собой обзор текущего состояния сектора. В обзоре представлены: 1) меры по реализации политики, направленной на прямое регулирование качества воздуха путем сокращения выбросов от конкретных источников энергии (например, за счет сокращения часов работы) и 2) примеры косвенных мер, которые создают положительные и отрицательные стимулы для деятельности, связанной с загрязнением окружающей среды, в том числе меры, поощряющие переход на более экологически чистое топливо или отказ от него. Следует обратить внимание на то, что настоящий доклад был подготовлен до начала российско-украинского конфликта, поэтому последствия данной войны для Центральной Азии в нем не учитываются. Основные выводы доклада: 1. В странах Центральной Азии, как правило, имеется относительно небольшое число инструментов политики для регулирования выбросов в атмосферу. 2. Многие страны, особенно те, в которых наблюдается несоответствие между сезонным спросом и доступностью ресурсов, могли бы повысить энергетическую безопасность и уменьшить загрязнение воздуха за счет развития международной торговли электроэнергией (МТЭ). 3. Некоторые страны проводят противоречивую политику, например, одновременно поощряя использование и угля, и возобновляемых источников энергии. This report is also available in English: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/81861.pdf.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

The current status of inelastic and capture Gamma-ray production evaluations in translated ENDF-VIII.0 GNDS files and recommended remediation actions

This report provides the status of discrete nuclear levels and inelastic gamma-ray production for neutron induced reactions in current ENDF-VIII.0 evaluations for the isotopes in the GRIN project. Different categories of issues are identified after a comparison with information from “adopted” ENSDF files. Improvement strategies are given and recommendations are described. We have included a similar, but more limited, analysis for thermal capture data where EGAF and ENSDF thermal libraries are considered. In addition, we provide a validation plan to employ different transport code simulations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗