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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Transverse shear effects on the stress-intensity factor for a circumferentially cracked, specially orthotropic cylindrical shell

The problem of a cylindrical shell containing a circumferential through crack is considered by taking into account the effect of transverse shear deformations. The formulation is given for a specially orthotropic material within the confines of a linearized shallow shell theory. The particular theory used permits the consideration of all five boundary conditions regarding moment and stress resultants on the crack surface. Consequently, aside from multiplicative constants representing the stress intensity factors, the membrane and bending components of the asymptotic stress fields near the crack tip are found to be identical. The stress intensity factors are calculated separately for a cylinder under a uniform membrane load, and that under a uniform bending moment. Sample results showing the nature of the out-of-plane crack surface displacement and the effect of the Poisson's ratio are presented.

Delale, F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Internal friction Q factor measurements in lunar rocks

In order to better interpret recently reported values for the variation of seismic Q as a function of depth below the lunar surface, we have developed apparatus and made laboratory measurements of Q as a function of hydrostatic pressure, temperature and frequency. Our measurements of the Q associated with shear deformations have demonstrated that the large difference in Q between well outgassed and volatile rich rocks persists to pressures corresponding to a depth of at least 50 km. Here we report new measurements of Q as a function of temperature, on the development of techniques to measure the Q associated with extensional deformations under hydrostatic pressure, on the derivation of theoretical relations between our laboratory Q values and the attenuation coefficient of seismic waves, and on the development of a model for mechanism of adsorption.

Tittmann, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A biaxial method for inplane shear testing

A biaxial method for performing inplane shear tests of materials using a shear frame is described. Aluminum plate and sandwich specimens were used to characterize the uniformity of shear strain imparted by the biaxial method of loading as opposed to the uniaxial method. The inplane stiffening effect of aluminum honeycomb core was determined. Test results for (+ or - 45) graphite-epoxy laminate are presented. Some theoretical considerations of subjecting an anisotropic material to a uniform shear deformation are discussed.

Bush, H. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Finite element analysis of laminated plates and shells, volume 1

The finite element method is used to investigate the static behavior of laminated composite flat plates and cylindrical shells. The analysis incorporates the effects of transverse shear deformation in each layer through the assumption that the normals to the undeformed layer midsurface remain straight but need not be normal to the mid-surface after deformation. A digital computer program was developed to perform the required computations. The program includes a very efficient equation solution code which permits the analysis of large size problems. The method is applied to the problem of stretching and bending of a perforated curved plate.

Seide, P.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Influence of transverse shear on an axial crack in a cylindrical shell

An axial crack in a cylindrical shell is investigated by use of a 10th order shell theory, which accounts for transverse shear deformations as well as a special kind of orthotropy. The symmetric problem is formulated in terms of two coupled singular integral equations, which are solved numerically. The asymptotic membrane and bending stress fields ahead of the crack are found to be self similar. Stress intensity factors are given as a function of the shell parameter for various values of the ratio shell radius to shell thickness. Considerable differences from 8th order shell theory results are found for the bending stresses, while the membrane stresses of the 8th order theory seems to be a lower limit reached for very thin shells.

Krenk, S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Recent development in the design, testing and impact-damage tolerance of stiffened composite panels

Structural technology of laminated filamentary-composite stiffened-panel structures under combined inplane and lateral loadings is discussed. Attention is focused on: (1) methods for analyzing the behavior of these structures under load and for determining appropriate structural proportions for weight-efficient configurations; and (2) effects of impact damage and geometric imperfections on structural performance. Recent improvements in buckling analysis involving combined inplane compression and shear loadings and transverse shear deformations are presented. A computer code is described for proportioning or sizing laminate layers and cross-sectional dimensions, and the code is used to develop structural efficiency data for a variety of configurations, loading conditions, and constraint conditions. Experimental data on buckling of panels under inplane compression is presented. Mechanisms of impact damage initiation and propagation are described.

Williams, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Effects of debonds on the strength of composite plates

The effect of debonds on composite structures under compressive loads is investigated in this paper. Because of the inclusion of debonds, unsymmetric laminated rectangular plates are considered. The resulting bending-extension coupling is included and is shown to be quite significant for thin laminates typical of debonded regions. The solution technique is based on the Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy; and both simply supported and clamped boundaries are considered. The need to include transverse shear deformation in the analysis is documented. Also, the range of applicability of the reduced stiffness matrix technique for such plates is stated. The consideration of non-rectangular boundaries, as would normally occur for debonded regions, has been included through a finite element study. Using the results of this study, an effective laminated plate theory for irregularly shaped debonded regions is proposed.

Daugherty, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

FASOR - A second generation shell of revolution code

An integrated computer program entitled Field Analysis of Shells of Revolution (FASOR) currently under development for NASA is described. When completed, this code will treat prebuckling, buckling, initial postbuckling and vibrations under axisymmetric static loads as well as linear response and bifurcation under asymmetric static loads. Although these modes of response are treated by existing programs, FASOR extends the class of problems treated to include general anisotropy and transverse shear deformations of stiffened laminated shells. At the same time, a primary goal is to develop a program which is free of the usual problems of modeling, numerical convergence and ill-conditioning, laborious problem setup, limitations on problem size and interpretation of output. The field method is briefly described, the shell differential equations are cast in a suitable form for solution by this method and essential aspects of the input format are presented. Numerical results are given for both unstiffened and stiffened anisotropic cylindrical shells and compared with previously published analytical solutions.

Cohen, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Effect of geometric nonlinearity on the free flexural vibrations of moderately thick rectangular plates

The effect of geometric nonlinearity on the free flexural vibrations of moderately thick rectangular plates is studied in this paper. Finite element formulation is employed to obtain the non-linear to linear period ratios for some rectangular plates. A conforming finite element of rectangular shape wherein the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia are included, is developed and used for the analysis. Results are presented for both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions.

Raju, K. K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Biaxial method for in-plane shear testing

Method for obtaining uniform shear deformation yields more accurate values for material mechanical properties than uniaxial picture frame techniques. Forces applied are one-half usual magnitude, reducing transmitted force and related pin deformations. Biaxial method installs square sandwich specimen in stiff frame with pinned corners. Frictional effects are negligible, and stiffening of honeycomb core is corrected for in results.

Bush, H. G.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Investigations on the hierarchy of reference frames in geodesy and geodynamics

Problems related to reference directions were investigated. Space and time variant angular parameters are illustrated in hierarchic structures or towers. Using least squares techniques, model towers of triads are presented which allow the formation of linear observation equations. Translational and rotational degrees of freedom (origin and orientation) are discussed along with and the notion of length and scale degrees of freedom. According to the notion of scale parallelism, scale factors with respect to a unit length are given. Three-dimensional geodesy was constructed from the set of three base vectors (gravity, earth-rotation and the ecliptic normal vector). Space and time variations are given with respect to a polar and singular value decomposition or in terms of changes in translation, rotation, deformation (shear, dilatation or angular and scale distortions).

Grafarend, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Analysis of beam-like lattice trusses

A simple procedure is presented for predicting the thermoelastic and free vibration responses of large repetitive beam-like trusses. The procedure is based on replacing the original lattice structure by an equivalent continuum beam model and obtaining closed-form (exact) solutions for the beam model. The equivalent beam model accounts for warping and shear deformation in the plane of the cross-section and is characterized by its thermoelastic strain and kinetic energies, from which the equations of motion and constitutive relations can be derived. The high accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed approach is demonstrated by means of numerical examples.

Noor, K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Application of the line-spring model to a cylindrical shell containing a circumferential or axial part-through crack

An approximate solution was obtained for a cylindrical shell containing a part-through surface crack. It was assumed that the shell contains a circumferential or axial semi-elliptic internal or external surface crack and was subjected to a uniform membrane loading or a uniform bending moment away from the crack region. A Reissner type theory was used to account for the effects of the transverse shear deformations. The stress intensity factor at the deepest penetration point of the crack was tabulated for bending and membrane loading by varying three dimensionless length parameters of the problem formed from the shell radius, the shell thickness, the crack length, and the crack depth. The upper bounds of the stress intensity factors are provided by the results of the elasticity solution obtained from the axisymmetric crack problem for the circumferential crack, and that found from the plane strain problem for a circular ring having a radial crack for the axial crack. The line-spring model gives the expected results in comparison with the elasticity solutions. Results also compare well with the existing finite element solution of the pressurized cylinder containing an internal semi-elliptic surface crack.

Delale, F.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Deep anistropic shell program for tire analysis

A finite element program was constructed to model the mechanical response of a tire, treated as a deep anisotropic shell, to specified static loads. The program is based on a Sanders Budiansky type shell theory with the effects of transverse shear deformation and bending-extensional coupling included. A displacement formulation is used together with a total Lagrangian description of the deformation. Sixteen-node quadrilateral elements with bicubic shape functions are employed. The Noor basis reduction technique and various type of symmetry considerations serve to improve the computational efficiency.

Andersen, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Numerical modeling and optimization of polymer melt processing operations

The application of finite element computer analyses to polymer flows of the type encountered in melt processing operations is described. A code capable of predicting values of fluid veleocity, pressure, shear stress, and temperature at any point within the flow field was developed. As such, is is of value in diagnosing such processing problems as regions of fluid stagnation at which thermal degradation may occur, or regions of excessive shear deformation which lead to thermomechanical damage. It is further able to generate predictions of the forces which must be applied to the melt to achieve the desired flow, and this information is of value in designing processing equipment of optimal efficiency and minimum energy consumption.

Roylance, D.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Advances and trends in plate buckling research

Advances and current trends in plate bucklin research are summarized. The field is divided into three parts: (1) classical buckling studies, including plates of rectangular, circular and other shapes; (2) classical complicating effects, including elastic foundation, anisotropic material, variable thickness, shear deformation and nonhomogeneous material; and (3) nonclassical considerations, including postbuckling, imperfections, parametric excitation, follower forces, magnetoelastic buckling and inelastic buckling.

Leissa, A.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Application of the line-spring model to a cylindrical shell containing a circumferential or axial part-through crack

The line-spring model developed by Rice and Levy (1972) is used to obtain an approximate solution for a cylindrical shell containing a part-through surface crack. A Reissner type theory is used to account for the effects of the transverse shear deformations, and the stress intensity factor at the deepest penetration point of the crack is tabulated for bending and membrane loading by varying three-dimensionless length parameters of the problem formed from the shell radius, the shell thickness, the crack length, and the crack depth. The upper bounds of the stress intensity factors are provided, and qualitatively the line-spring model gives the expected results in comparison with elasticity solutions.

Delale, F.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Viscoelastic study of an adhesively bonded joint

The plane strain problem of two dissimilar orthotropic plates bonded with an isotropic, linearly viscoelastic adhesive is considered. Both the shear and the normal stresses in the adhesive are calculated for various geometries and loading conditions. Transverse shear deformations of the adherends are taken into account, and their effect on the solution is shown in the results. All three inplane strains of the adhesive are included. Attention is given to the effect of temperature, both in the adhesive joint problem and to the heat generation in a viscoelastic material under cyclic loading. This separate study is included because heat generation and or spatially varying temperature are at present too difficult to account for in the analytical solution of the bonded joint, but whose effect can not be ignored in design.

Joseph, P. F.↗