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At least 217 records · Page 12

Wafer bonded virtual substrate and method for forming the same

A method of forming a virtual substrate comprised of an optoelectronic device substrate and handle substrate comprises the steps of initiating bonding of the device substrate to the handle substrate, improving or increasing the mechanical strength of the device and handle substrates, and thinning the device substrate to leave a single-crystal film on the virtual substrate such as by exfoliation of a device film from the device substrate. The handle substrate is typically Si or other inexpensive common substrate material, while the optoelectronic device substrate is formed of more expensive and specialized electro-optic material. Using the methodology of the invention a wide variety of thin film electro-optic materials of high quality can be bonded to inexpensive substrates which serve as the mechanical support for an optoelectronic device layer fabricated in the thin film electro-optic material.

Atwater, Jr., Harry A.↗

Phototrophic Lactate Utilization by Rhodopseudomonas palustris Is Stimulated by Coutilization with Additional Substrates

The phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris is known for its metabolic versatility and is of interest for various industrial and environmental applications. Despite decades of research on R. palustris growth under diverse conditions, patterns of R. palustris growth and carbon utilization with mixtures of carbon substrates remain largely unknown. R. palustris readily utilizes most short-chain organic acids but cannot readily use lactate as a sole carbon source. Here we investigated the influence of mixed-substrate utilization on phototrophic lactate consumption by R. palustris. We found that lactate was simultaneously utilized with a variety of other organic acids and glycerol in time frames that were insufficient for R. palustris growth on lactate alone. Thus, lactate utilization by R. palustris was expedited by its coutilization with additional substrates. Separately, experiments using carbon pairs that did not contain lactate revealed acetate-mediated inhibition of glycerol utilization in R. palustris. This inhibition was specific to the acetate-glycerol pair, as R. palustris simultaneously utilized acetate or glycerol when either was paired with succinate or lactate. Overall, our results demonstrate that (i) R. palustris commonly employs simultaneous mixed-substrate utilization, (ii) mixed-substrate utilization expands the spectrum of readily utilized organic acids in this species, and (iii) R. palustris has the capacity to exert carbon catabolite control in a substrate-specific manner. IMPORTANCE. Bacterial carbon source utilization is frequently assessed using cultures provided single carbon sources. However, the utilization of carbon mixtures by bacteria (i.e., mixed-substrate utilization) is of both fundamental and practical importance; it is central to bacterial physiology and ecology, and it influences the utility of bacteria as biotechnology. Here we investigated mixed-substrate utilization by the model organism Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Using mixtures of organic acids and glycerol, we show that R. palustris exhibits an expanded range of usable carbon substrates when provided substrates in mixtures. Specifically, coutilization enabled the prompt consumption of lactate, a substrate that is otherwise not readily used by R. palustris. Additionally, we found that R. palustris utilizes acetate and glycerol sequentially, revealing that this species has the capacity to use some substrates in a preferential order. These results provide insights into R. palustris physiology that will aid the use of R. palustris for industrial and commercial applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Invasions eliminate the legacy effects of substrate history on microbial nitrogen cycling

Abstract Changes in substrate quality driven by climate, land use, or other forms of global change may represent a strong selective force on microbial communities. Invasion of new taxa into a community through dispersal, evolution, or recolonization could impact the outcome of this environmental selection. Here, we simulated substrate change with a trait‐based model of microbial litter decomposition (DEMENTpy) to assess the legacy effects of past substrate quality and the impact of selection by a new substrate on community decomposition activity. Simulations were run with different levels of invasion, including invasion from communities long‐adapted to the new substrate. Legacy effects were evident with substrate change for native communities differing in composition. Protein was the only substrate that exerted a strong enough selective force to affect community composition. Legacy effects disappeared when invaders came from substrates similar to the new substrate. Together, our simulations demonstrate that substrate quality changes associated with global change can lead to legacy effects on substrate degradation. In decomposing plant litter, such legacy effects can occur if substrate inputs shift to higher protein content and if invasion is low.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Kinetically and Crystallographically Guided Mutations of a Benzoate CoA Ligase (BadA) Elucidate Mechanism and Expand Substrate Permissivity

A benzoate CoA ligase (BadA), isolated from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris, catalyzes the conversion of benzoate to benzoyl CoA on the catabolic pathway of aromatic carboxylic acids. Herein, apparent Michaelis constants k cat app and K M app were determined for an expanded array of 31 substrates chosen to systematically probe the active site architecture of the enzyme and provide a baseline for expansion of wild-type substrate specificity. Acyl CoA products were observed for 25 of the 31 substrates; in general, BadA converted ortho-substituted substrates better than the corresponding meta and para regioisomers, and the turnover number was more affected by steric rather than electronic effects. The kinetic data are interpreted in relation to six crystal structures of BadA in complex with several substrates and a benzoyl-AMP reaction intermediate. In contrast to other known natural substrate-bound benzoate ligase structures, all substrate-bound BadA structures adopted the thiolation conformation instead of the adenylation conformation. We also observed all the aryl carboxylates to be uniquely oriented within the active site, relative to other structures. Together, the kinetics and structural data suggested a mechanism that involves substrate binding in the thiolation conformation, followed by substrate rotation to an active orientation upon the transition to the adenylation conformation. On the basis of this hypothesis and the structural data, sterically demanding active site residues were mutated, and the substrate specificity was expanded substantially versus that of BadA. Novel activities were seen for substrates with larger substituents, including phenyl acetate. Additionally, the mutant Lys427Ala identified this nonconserved residue as essential for the thiolation step of BadA, but not adenylation. Furthermore, these variously acylated CoAs can serve as novel substrates of acyl CoA-dependent acyltransferases in coupled enzyme assays to produce analogues of bioactive natural products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Continuous polymer films deposited on top of porous substrates using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition and molecular layer deposition

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) is able to produce ultrathin polymer films with control over thickness, cross-linking, and chemical composition. With these capabilities, MLD should be useful in the fabrication of novel polymer membranes on porous supports. However, confining a continuous MLD film to the surface of porous substrates is difficult because of MLD film growth in the pores. The deposition in the pores lowers the conductance of the porous support. This paper presents a method to deposit continuous polymer films on top of porous substrates. In this method, Al2O3 plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) using trimethylaluminum and oxygen plasma as the reactants was first used to cap the pores of the substrate. Subsequently, a polyamide MLD film was deposited on the Al2O3 PE-ALD capping layer using m-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride as the reactants. The Al2O3 pore caps were then removed from the porous substrate by etching from the backside using a timed exposure to a dilute sodium hydroxide solution. This method was demonstrated using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and polyethersulfone (PES) porous substrates. Al2O3 PE-ALD film growth was limited to the top of the porous substrate, resulting in rapid surface recombination or high sticking coefficients for the reactive plasma species within the pores. Gas permeance measurements confirmed the pore capping of the AAO substrates. The reopening of the pores by dissolving the Al2O3 pore caps with a sodium hydroxide solution was monitored using gas permeance versus etch time. The removal of the Al2O3 pore caps from the PES substrates could also dissolve the Al2O3 layer underneath the MLD film. The loss of this Al2O3 layer led to the detachment of the MLD film from the PES substrate. However, the MLD film could be anchored to the PES support at fractures located in the Al2O3 film prior to the MLD. The Al2O3 film fracture allowed the MLD film to anchor firmly to the PES substrate by MLD in the pores of the PES porous substrate. The distance between the anchor points was a function of fracture density. This distance could be controlled by applying a tensile stress to the Al2O3 PE-ALD film to fracture the film through sample bending. This method produced firmly anchored polymer MLD films on top of the PES porous substrates.

Welch, Brian C. (ORCID:000000029747045X)↗

Structural and dynamic basis of substrate permissiveness in hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT)

Substrate permissiveness has long been regarded as the raw materials for the evolution of new enzymatic functions. In land plants, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) is an essential enzyme of the phenylpropanoid metabolism. Although essential enzymes are normally associated with high substrate specificity, HCT can utilize a variety of non-native substrates. To examine the structural and dynamic basis of substrate permissiveness in this enzyme, we report the crystal structure of HCT from Selaginella moellendorffii and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations performed on five orthologous HCTs from several major lineages of land plants. Through altogether 17-μs MD simulations, we demonstrate the prevalent swing motion of an arginine handle on a submicrosecond timescale across all five HCTs, which plays a key role in native substrate recognition by these intrinsically promiscuous enzymes. Our simulations further reveal how a non-native substrate of HCT engages a binding site different from that of the native substrate and diffuses to reach the catalytic center and its co-substrate. By numerically solving the Smoluchowski equation, we show that the presence of such an alternative binding site, even when it is distant from the catalytic center, always increases the reaction rate of a given substrate. However, this increase is only significant for enzyme-substrate reactions heavily influenced by diffusion. In these cases, binding non-native substrates ‘off-center’ provides an effective rationale to develop substrate permissiveness while maintaining the native functions of promiscuous enzymes.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

High Efficiency, Inexpensive Thin Film III-V Photovoltaics using Single-Crystalline-Like, Flexible Substrates

An innovative, non-mainstream approach has been developed to fabricate inexpensive GaAs solar cells directly on epi-ready flexible metal substrates. Using templates made by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and epitaxial germanium films made by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD), epitaxial GaAs films with high opto-electronic and structural quality have been grown on metal substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Crystallographic out-of-plane and in-plane texture spread less than 1 degree full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) was achieved in undoped, n-type and p-type GaAs films as well as in AlGaAs films on metal substrates. Electron mobility of >1300 cm 2 /V-s was attained in GaAs:Si n-type films. Also, hole mobility of >100 cm 2 /V-s was measured in GaAs:Zn films. Consistent doping was obtained in GaAs:Si (10 15 -10 18 cm -3 ), and GaAs:Zn films (10 17 -10 19 cm -3 ), necessary for the active device layers of a GaAs solar cell. Defect reduction techniques (thermal cycling, superlattice structures) were implemented to reduce defect density in GaAs films from 1 × 10 9 cm -2 to 9 × 10 7 cm -2 . Lifetime of 2.3 ns was obtained in AlGaAs/GaAs double-heterostructure device. Solar cells were fabricated based on designs using 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional simulations tailored to the specific properties of the GaAs films on metal substrates. All device fabrication processes (lithography, anti-reflection coating (ARC), device isolation and mesa formation and ohmic metal electrode formation) suitable for III-V solar cell fabrication on metal substrates were fully developed. A bi-layered ARC using ZnS and MgF 2 was used to minimize the reflection over wide range of spectrum. When this ARC was applied after removal of the parasitic absorption layer, the conversion efficiencies were improved up to 11.1% with V oc = ~0.621 V, J sc = ~24.5 mA/cm 2 , and FF = ~0.735. Yet another accomplishment in this project was the development of all electrically-conducting architecture for GaAs solar cells on metal substrates. Biaxial-texture was successfully achieved in all electrically-conducting buffer layer on metal substrate in structure based on IBAD TiN instead of IBAD MgO. The all electrically-conducting Ge/NiSi 2 /TiN/IBAD-TiN/Hastelloy substrate was used to fabricate back contacts for vertically conducting solar cell structures on metal substrates. A metallic resistivity as low as 4.17 μΩ•cm was obtained. A significant improvement of the texture of the Ge template was achieved using a Ag buffer layer between the TiN films. Epitaxial GaAs was successfully grown on the all-electrically-conducting buffer architecture. A Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) method to drastically increase grain size of epitaxial Ge while maintaining the single-crystalline-like texture. Grain size up to 35 µm was achieved in LPE Ge grown on sputtered Ge with a grain size of ~ 1 µm on IBAD template on metal substrate. Epitaxial GaAs was grown on LPE Ge, with an out-of-plane texture of 0.34° compared to 0.98° in GaAs grown on sputter deposited Ge. A model was developed to simulate the effect of grain boundaries as a function of grain size of GaAs films on metal substrates. This model showed that even the very low angle grain boundaries (<1º misorientation) of our GaAs films led to decrease in Voc. Hydrogen plasma passivation treatment is being developed to improve open circuit voltage and the conversion efficiency of GaAs solar cells on flexible substrate.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Nitrification in a zeoponic substrate

Clinoptilolite is a zeolite mineral with high cation exchange capacity used in zeoponic substrates that have been proposed as a solid medium for growing plants or as a fertilizer material. The kinetics of nitrification has not been measured for NH4+ saturated zeoponic substrate. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the production of NO2- and NO3-, and nitrifier populations in zeoponic substrates. Small columns were filled with zeoponic substrate inoculated with a commercial inoculum or soil enrichment culture of nitrifying bacteria. In addition to column studies, a growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate the kinetics of nitrification in zeoponic substrates used to grow radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). The zeoponic substrate provided a readily available source of NH4+, and nitrifying bacteria were active in the substrate. Ammonium oxidation rates in column studies ranged from 5 to 10 micrograms N g-1 substrate h-1, and NO2- oxidation rates were 2 to 9.5 micrograms N g-1 substrate h-1. Rates determined from the growth chamber study were approximately 1.2 micrograms N g-1 substrate h-1. Quantities of NH4+ oxidized to NO2- and NO3- in inoculated zeoponic substrate were in excess of plant up-take. Acidification as a result of NH4+ oxidation resulted in a pH decline, and the zeoponic substrate showed limited buffering capacity.

NASA Discipline Life Support Systems↗

X-Ray Fluorescence Solvent Detection at the Substrate-Adhesive Interface

With environmental regulations limiting the use of volatile organic compounds, low-vapor pressure solvents have replaced traditional degreasing solvents for bond substrate preparation. When used to clean and prepare porous bond substrates such as phenolic composites, low vapor pressure solvents can penetrate deep into substrate pore networks and remain there for extended periods. Trapped solvents can interact with applied adhesives either prior to or during cure, potentially compromising bond properties. Currently, methods for characterizing solvent time-depth profiles in bond substrates are limited to bulk gravimetric or sectioning techniques. While sectioning techniques such as microtome allow construction of solvent depth profiles, their depth resolution and reliability are limited by substrate type. Sectioning techniques are particularly limited near the adhesive-substrate interface where depth resolution is further limited by adhesive-substrate hardness and, in the case of a partially cured adhesive, mechanical properties differences. Additionally, sectioning techniques cannot provide information about lateral solvent diffusion. Cross-section component mapping is an alternative method for measuring solvent migration in porous substrates that eliminates the issues associated with sectioning techniques. With cross-section mapping, the solvent-wiped substrate is sectioned perpendicular rather than parallel to the wiped surface, and the sectioned surface is analyzed for the solvent or solvent components of interest using a two-dimensional mapping or imaging technique. Solvent mapping can be performed using either direct or indirect methods. With a direct method, one or more solvent components are mapped using red or Raman spectroscopy together with a moveable sample stage and/or focal plane array detector. With an indirect method, an elemental "tag" not present in the substrate is added to the solvent before the substrate is wiped. Following cross sectioning, the tag element can then be mapped by its characteristic x-ray emission using either x-ray fluorescence, or electron-beam energy-and wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectrometry. The direct mapping techniques avoid issues of different diffusion or migration rates of solvents and elemental tags, while the indirect techniques avoid spectral resolution issues in cases where solvents and substrates have adjacent or overlapping peaks. In this study, cross-section component indirect mapping is being evaluated as a method for measuring migration of d-limonene based solvents in glass-cloth phenolic composite (GCP) prior to and during subsequent bonding and epoxy adhesive cure.

Wurth, Laura↗

Reduced substrate stiffness promotes M2-like macrophage activation and enhances peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression

The increased stiffness of the extracellular microenvironment observed in cancer and atherosclerosis is thought to regulate the activation of tissue-resident immune cells. However, it remains to be determined whether such substrate stiffness affects macrophage activation phenotypes. Here, we have studied the impact of substrate stiffness on in vitro activation phenotypes of the human monocyte cell line THP-1. THP-1 cells were activated while being cultured on 1%, 4%, 10% agarose gel (soft substrate) or on a plastic plate (stiff substrate). We have shown that a soft, versus a stiff, substrate attenuates the pro-inflammatory activity of M1 promoting-activated THP-1 cells. In addition, we have found that M1-related marker expression and phagocytic activity was lower in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate compared to cells on stiff substrates. THP-1 cells alternatively activated on soft substrates showed enhanced M2-like phenotypes. We have found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was up-regulated in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. We have shown that the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 partially suppresses M2-like activation of THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. Substrate stiffness is, therefore, an important factor in regulating the balance of the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 activation phenotypes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Substrate stiffness modulates endothelial cell function via the YAP-Dll4-Notch1 pathway

Highlights: • Soft stiffness increases Dll4 expression in endothelial cells via YAP suppression. • Soft substrate-induced Dll4-Notch1 signaling is facilitated by VEGF stimulation. • Elevated Dll4-Notch1 signaling contributes to the regulation of VEGFRs expression. • Substrate stiffness modulates gene expression linked to endothelial cell function. Endothelial cells adapt their functions as a consequence of sensing extracellular substrate stiffness; these alterations allow them to maintain their vascular structure and function. Substrate stiffness-mediated yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) activation plays an important role in mechano-transduction and pro-angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells, and Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Notch1 signaling is closely related to angiogenesis; however, the impact of substrate stiffness-mediated interrelation of these pathways on endothelial cell functions remains elusive. We confirmed that endothelial cells on softer substrates not only elongate cellular aspects but also attenuate YAP activation compared to cells on stiffer substrates. Endothelial cells on softer substrates also upregulate the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and VEGFR2 mRNA expression that is enhanced by VEGF stimulation. We determined that endothelial cells on softer substrates increased Dll4 expression, but not Notch1 expression, via YAP signaling. Moreover, endothelial cells on soft substrates induced not only VEGFRs upregulation but also suppression of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression and the facilitation of anti-coagulant thrombomodulin and pro-coagulant tissue factor mRNA expression. Our results suggest that endothelial cells activate the YAP-Dll4-Notch signaling pathway in response to substrate stiffness and dictate cellular function.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Simulation of a non-equilibrium helium plasma bullet emerging into oxygen at high pressure (250–760 Torr) and interacting with a substrate

A two-dimensional computational study of a plasma bullet emanating from a helium gas jet in oxygen ambient at high pressure (250–760 Torr) was performed, with emphasis on the bullet interaction with a substrate. Power was applied in the form of a trapezoidal +5 kV pulse lasting 150 ns. A neutral gas transport model was employed to predict the concentration distributions of helium and oxygen in the system. These were then used in a plasma dynamics model to investigate the characteristics of the plasma bullet during its propagation and interaction with a substrate. Upon ignition, the discharge first propagated as a surface wave along the inner wall of the containing tube, and then exited the tube with a well-defined ionization front (streamer or plasma bullet). The plasma bullet evolved from a hollow (donut-shaped) feature to one where the maximum of ionization was on axis. The bullet propagated in the gap between the tube exit and the substrate with an average speed of ~2 × 10 5 m/s. Upon encountering a metal substrate, the bullet formed a conductive channel to the substrate. Upon encountering a dielectric substrate, the bullet turned into an ionization wave propagating radially along the substrate surface. For a conductive substrate, the radial species fluxes to the surface peaked on the symmetry axis. For a dielectric substrate, a ring-shaped flux distribution was observed. The “footprint” of plasma-surface interaction increased either by decreasing the gap between tube exit and substrate, decreasing the relative permittivity of an insulating substrate, or decreasing pressure. As the system pressure was lowered from 760 to 250 Torr, the discharge was initiated earlier, and the plasma bullet propagation speed increased. A reverse electric field developed during the late stages of the ramp-down of the pulse, which accelerated electrons forming a brief backward discharge.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Wet-Etching of Acoustically Spalled GaAs for Substrate Reuse

Acoustic spalling is a promising technique for substrate reuse in the fabrication of gallium arsenide (GaAs) photovoltaic cells. However, the acoustic spalling process can leave the substrate with areas of rough surface morphology that can interfere with subsequent cell growth and processing. In this work, we investigate the use of wet etchants to smooth the surface of acoustically spalled GaAs substrates. We evaluated six different etchants. Of those tested, an 8:1:1 mixture of sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water at 30 degrees C and a moderate stirring rate showed the greatest roughness reduction per mass loss while producing the desired morphology. This etchant was then applied to an acoustically spalled 2-inch GaAs wafer. A single-junction GaAs cell was then grown via metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy on this substrate, an acoustic spalled substrate without a smoothing etch, and an epi-ready substrate. Use of the 8:1:1 H2SO4:H2O2:H2O etchant produced cells an average efficiency of 12.8% as compared to that of 2.0% grown on the unetched acoustically spalled substrate and 16.3% grown on the epi-ready substrate. The results of this work demonstrate that wet etching is a viable method for smoothing the surface of spalled GaAs substrates, paving the way for substrate reuse via acoustic spalling at efficiencies that approach growth on epi-ready substrates.

etching↗

SUPECA kinetics for scaling redox reactions in networks of mixed substrates and consumers and an example application to aerobic soil respiration

Abstract. Several land biogeochemical models used for studying carbon–climate feedbacks have begun explicitly representing microbial dynamics. However, to our knowledge, there has been no theoretical work on how to achieve a consistent scaling of the complex biogeochemical reactions from microbial individuals to populations, communities, and interactions with plants and mineral soils. We focus here on developing a mathematical formulation of the substrate–consumer relationships for consumer-mediated redox reactions of the form A + BE→ products, where products could be, e.g., microbial biomass or bioproducts. Under the quasi-steady-state approximation, these substrate–consumer relationships can be formulated as the computationally difficult full equilibrium chemistry problem or approximated analytically with the dual Monod (DM) or synthesizing unit (SU) kinetics. We find that DM kinetics is scaling inconsistently for reaction networks because (1) substrate limitations are not considered, (2) contradictory assumptions are made regarding the substrate processing rate when transitioning from single- to multi-substrate redox reactions, and (3) the product generation rate cannot be scaled from one to multiple substrates. In contrast, SU kinetics consistently scales the product generation rate from one to multiple substrates but predicts unrealistic results as consumer abundances reach large values with respect to their substrates. We attribute this deficit to SU's failure to incorporate substrate limitation in its derivation. To address these issues, we propose SUPECA (SU plus the equilibrium chemistry approximation – ECA) kinetics, which consistently imposes substrate and consumer mass balance constraints. We show that SUPECA kinetics satisfies the partition principle, i.e., scaling invariance across a network of an arbitrary number of reactions (e.g., as in Newton's law of motion and Dalton's law of partial pressures). We tested SUPECA kinetics with the equilibrium chemistry solution for some simple problems and found SUPECA outperformed SU kinetics. As an example application, we show that a steady-state SUPECA-based approach predicted an aerobic soil respiration moisture response function that agreed well with laboratory observations. We conclude that, as an extension to SU and ECA kinetics, SUPECA provides a robust mathematical representation of complex soil substrate–consumer interactions and can be applied to improve Earth system model (ESM) land models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Process for Smoothing an Si Substrate after Etching of SiO2

A reactive-ion etching (RIE) process for smoothing a silicon substrate has been devised. The process is especially useful for smoothing those silicon areas that have been exposed by etching a pattern of holes in a layer of silicon dioxide that covers the substrate. Applications in which one could utilize smooth silicon surfaces like those produced by this process include fabrication of optical waveguides, epitaxial deposition of silicon on selected areas of silicon substrates, and preparation of silicon substrates for deposition of adherent metal layers. During etching away of a layer of SiO2 that covers an Si substrate, a polymer becomes deposited on the substrate, and the substrate surface becomes rough (roughness height approximately equal to 50 nm) as a result of over-etching or of deposition of the polymer. While it is possible to smooth a silicon substrate by wet chemical etching, the undesired consequences of wet chemical etching can include compromising the integrity of the SiO2 sidewalls and undercutting of the adjacent areas of the silicon dioxide that are meant to be left intact. The present RIE process results in anisotropic etching that removes the polymer and reduces height of roughness of the silicon substrate to less than 10 nm while leaving the SiO2 sidewalls intact and vertical. Control over substrate versus sidewall etching (in particular, preferential etching of the substrate) is achieved through selection of process parameters, including gas flow, power, and pressure. Such control is not uniformly and repeatably achievable in wet chemical etching. The recipe for the present RIE process is the following: Etch 1 - A mixture of CF4 and O2 gases flowing at rates of 25 to 75 and 75 to 125 standard cubic centimeters per minute (stdcm3/min), respectively; power between 44 and 55 W; and pressure between 45 and 55 mtorr (between 6.0 and 7.3 Pa). The etch rate lies between approximately equal to 3 and approximately equal to 6 nm/minute. Etch 2 - O2 gas flowing at 75 to 125 stdcm3/min, power between 44 and 55 W, and pressure between 50 and 100 mtorr (between 6.7 and 13.3 Pa).

Turner, Tasha↗

Effect of substrate roughness, slope, and body size on climbing behavior and performance of juvenile American eels ( Anguilla rostrata )

The effect of ramp slope and substrate grain size on the passage of juvenile American Eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) over indoor ramps was tested from May – August 2016. Two size classes of fish (300 glass eels 50 – 70 mm and 300 elvers 90-114 mm), five substrates varying in coarseness (Substrate 1: 0.18-0.25 mm grain size, Substrate 2: 0.25-0.60 mm grain size, Substrate 3; 0.60-1.00 mm grain size, Substrate 4: 1.00 – 2.00 mm grain size, Substrate 5: 2.00- 4.00 mm grain size), and three ramp slopes (25, 35 and 45 degrees) were explored. Individual fish were placed at the bottom of a ramp and given 30 minutes to ascend 0.5 m. Movements over the substrate were recorded with video footage and digitized. Fish length, fish weight, water temperature, and days the fish were held in captivity before being tested were also recorded and analyzed. Results indicated that substrate had a highly significant effect on glass and elver climbing performance, and slope had an effect on elver performance but not glass eel performance. The roughest substrate yielded the highest proportion of eels ascending the entire length of the ramp and the highest climbing speed in each parameter category. Further testing with more grain sizes and longer ramp lengths are required, and mass manufacturing processes for this substrate need to be explored.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Modeling of deposit formation in mesoporous substrates via atomic layer deposition: Insights from pore‐scale simulation

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been a promising technique in fabricating membranes and tuning their properties with a precision at the atomic level. Fabrication of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes using the ligand-induced permselectivation (LIPS) method starts with the formation of an oxide in a mesoporous substrate by ALD and is followed by the transformation of this oxide to ZIF using imidazolate vapor treatment. The objective of the ALD step is to block the mesopores with a thin deposit, that is, one with small penetration depth and small thickness on the top surface of the substrate. Unlike typical ALD on nonporous substrates, where all available sites react per ALD cycle, thin deposit formation in a mesoporous substrate requires that only a small fraction of the available deposition sites (i.e., close to the substrate surface) is subjected to ALD. Consequently, reactant dosing and duration of pulses are important process variables which, together with diffusion and reaction kinetics determine the deposit structure. Quantitative understanding of the interplay of these variables and phenomena can enable the rational design of ALD within mesoporous substrates. Here, we extend our earlier modeling effort considering the coexistence of ALD both inside the pores and on the external surface of the substrate. Finite-volume based models were developed and validated to simulate the two distinct modes of deposition cycle by cycle. The total mass uptake of the substrate with ALD cycles can be predicted using the combined surface deposition and pore reaction–diffusion models as affirmed by in situ quartz crystal microbalance experimental data. The ALD reactor model combined with the deposition model can accurately capture the number of ALD cycles needed to block the pores of the substrate. Based on the model, we designed a modified ALD process and examined the performance of the corresponding LIPS membranes. Furthermore, the present modeling work provides a new understanding of the deposit formation via ALD within mesoporous substrates for a variety of membrane applications.

atomic layer deposition↗

AM metal substrates for inkjet-printing of smart devices

Highlights: • An experimental study to characterize 3D-printed metal substrates and their surfaces for inkjet-printing is presented. • Multilayer structures composed of an insulating layer and a superposed conductive layer, inkjet-printed onto various metallic substrates. • Characterization based on microscopic and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) images, profilometer and contact angle measurements of the substrates. • Microscopic images and four-point-probe resistance- and profilometer measurements to gain insight into the quality of the multilayer print. - Abstract: A study to characterize surface and structural properties of 3D-printed metal substrates for multilayer inkjet-printing is presented. Such substrates can enable and alleviate the fabrication of smart and functional packages, implants or spare parts. For the characterization, a multilayer structure composed of an insulating layer and a superposed conductive layer is inkjet-printed onto the various 3D-printed metallic substrates. The printing is done using equivalent settings for all substrates. The characterization is based on microscopic and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) images, as well as profilometer and contact angle measurements of the substrates. Furthermore, microscopic images and four-point-probe resistance- and profilometer measurements are carried out, to gain insight into the quality of the multilayer print. We show the diversity in surface and structural properties of 3D-printed substrates, also for those fabricated using the same process. Also, the 3D-printed samples exhibit different wettability properties than metals processed using standard processes. Finally, we can also demonstrate the suitability of selected substrates for inkjet-printing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗