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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Determination of surface shear stress with the naphthalene sublimation technique

Aeolian entrainment and transport are functions of surface shear stress and particle characteristics. Measuring surface shear stress is difficult, however, where logarithmic wind profiles are not found, such as regions around large roughness elements. An outline of a method whereby shear stress can be mapped on the surface around an object is presented. The technique involves the sublimation of naphthalene (C10H8) which is a function of surface shear stress and surface temperature. This technique is based on the assumption that the transfer of momentum, heat and mass are analogous (Reynolds analogy). If the Reynolds analogy can be shown to be correct for a given situation, then knowledge of the diffusion of one property allows the determination of the others. The analytical framework and data acquisition for the method are described. The technique was tested in the Planetary Geology Wind Tunnel. Results show that the naphthalene sublimation technique is a reasonably accurate method for determining shear stress, particularly around objects where numerous point values are needed.

Lee, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Comparison of drift potential derived from Mars GCM with rock abundance from IRTM

A General Circulation Model (GCM) for Mars developed at the Ames Research Center makes global predictions of wind shear stress as a function of season and dust optical depth. The surface shear stress, pressure and temperature from the GCM are used here to calculate the drift potential, or the amount of sediment that could be moved by the wind. A map of sand roses based on the calculations was generated for comparison with predictions of the distribution of rocks on Mars from Christensen, which is derived from infrared thematic mapper (IRTM) data. The drift potential was defined for Earth as the amount of sand moved at a given place for a stated period of time, and was adapted here for Mars.

Xu, Pengyang↗
NASA NTRS2018

Stress-Induced Heat Shock Protein 40 and Immune Function in Altered Gravity

In space, astronauts are more susceptible to pathogens, viral reactivation and immunosuppression, which poses limits to their health and the mission. Interestingly, during space flight, stress-inducible heat shock proteins (HSP) are robustly induced, and the overexpression of HSPs have been implicated in immune dysregulation, therefore HSPs may be critically involved in regulating immune homeostasis. HSP40/DNAJ1 plays a major role in proper protein translation and folding. Its loss of function has been implicated in susceptibility to microbial infection, while its overexpression has been implicated in autoimmunity, collectively suggesting its complicated, but necessary, role in maintaining immunological function. To determine the role of HSP40 during stress-induced altered gravity conditions, wild-type and Hsp40 mutant Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to ground-based chronic hypergravity conditions, followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of immune gene expression. In addition, larval hemocytes were collected to determine the functional output in response to E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis. Preliminary data indicates a required role for Hsp40 in strengthening immune function during stress-induced spaceflight in flies. In short, a critical need to evaluate the relationship between HSPs and immune suppression during space flight is necessary. Since space travel may become available to the general public in the not too distant future, and for the possibility of long-term space missions, a more comprehensive evaluation of the molecules responsible for immune dysfunction observed during space flight is required.

hypergravity↗
NASA NTRS1979

Ultrathin films as photomechanical transducers

In order to investigate the photomechanical effect in ultrathin films, several commercially available polymers of various structure and properties have been studied experimentally below the glass transition temperature. In the experiments using an Instron test machine equipped with a 200-g load cell and a microscope stage illuminator as the light source, the load at the fixed strain was recorded as a function of time. Plots of the steady-state change in stress as a function of the intensity of the incident radiation are presented for several of the materials studied. The response is found to be linear; the greater the intensity of the incident radiation, the greater is the change in stress.

Sarbolouki, M. N.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Mineralogical Studies of Experimentally Shocked Dolomite: Implications for the Outgassing of Carbonates

Common rock-forming rhombohedral carbonates - calcite and dolomite - constitute a considerable fraction of terrestrial sediments that may be shocked during hypervelocity impacts, such as during the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) event or at the Haughton structure. The relatively modest temperatures needed to decompose carbonates and to release their CO2 are easily attained during such impacts. However, detailed and quantitative understanding of the CO2 release of carbonates as a function of shock stress is still the subject of controversy, as are a number of other reactions and phase transitions that were suggested for carbonates. The first devolatilization studies of carbonates in the early 1980s suggested that incipient devolatilization of calcite and/or dolomite commences at modest pressures, in the range < 10-18 GPa (amounting to 0.03-0.3% CO2 loss), with massive decarbonation (30-40% CO2 loss) occurring at shock pressure of 20 GPa and above. However, most later studies revealed that both calcite and dolomite are unexpectedly stable under shock conditions and no significant outgassing has been observed at pressures as high as 40 GPa for calcite and 60 GPa for dolomite. Despite these uncertainties, the calculations of O'Keefe and Ahrens (and others) serve to illustrate that the K/T bolide liberated sufficient CO2 that a substantial temperature increase of the global atmosphere is possible due to CO2-triggered greenhouse effects. The quantitative understanding of the devolatilization of carbonates as a function of shock stress is obviously critical to refine such calculations. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Skala, R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A study of fiber volume fraction effects in notched unidirectional SCS-6/Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn composite

Notched unidirectional SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composite of three different fiber volume fractions (vf = 0.15, 0.37, and 0.41) was investigated for various room temperature microstructural and material properties including: fatigue crack initiation, fatigue crack growth, and fracture toughness. While the matrix hardness is similar for all fiber volume fractions, the fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength and matrix residual stress increases with fiber volume fraction. The composite fatigue crack initiation stress is shown to be matrix controlled and occurs when the net maximum matrix stress approaches the endurance limit stress of the matrix. A model is presented which includes residual stresses and presents the composite initiation stress as a function of fiber volume fraction. This model predicts a maximum composite initiation stress at vf approximately 0.15 which agrees with the experimental data. The applied composite stress levels were increased as necessary for continued crack growth. The applied Delta(K) values at crack arrest increase with fiber volume fraction by an amount better approximated using an energy based formulation rather than when scaled linear with modulus. After crack arrest, the crack growth rate exponents for vf37 and vf41 were much lower and toughness much higher, when compared to the unreinforced matrix, because of the bridged region which parades with the propagating fatigue crack. However, the vf15 material exhibited a higher crack growth rate exponent and lower toughness than the unreinforced matrix because once the bridged fibers nearest the crack mouth broke, the stress redistribution broke all bridged fibers, leaving an unbridged crack. Degraded, unbridged behavior is modeled using the residual stress state in the matrix ahead of the crack tip. Plastic zone sizes were directly measured using a metallographic technique and allow prediction of an effective matrix stress intensity which agrees with the fiber pressure model if residual stresses are considered. The sophisticated macro/micro finite element models of the 0.15 and 0.37 fiber volume fractions presented show good agreement with experimental data and the fiber pressure model when an estimated effective fiber/matrix debond length is used.

Covey, Steven J.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Mechanotransduction: all signals point to cytoskeleton, matrix, and integrins

Mechanical stresses modulate cell function by either activating or tuning signal transduction pathways. Mechanotransduction, the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response, occurs both in cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory. However, common among the various responses to mechanical stress is the importance of direct or indirect connections between the internal cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and traditional signal transducing molecules. In many instances, these elements converge at focal adhesions, sites of structural attachment between the cytoskeleton and ECM that are anchored by cell surface integrin receptors. Alenghat and Ingber discuss the accumulating evidence for the central role of cytoskeleton, ECM, and integrin-anchored focal adhesions in several mechanotransduction pathways.

Review, Tutorial↗
NASA NTRS1998

Cytoskeletal role in the transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy during adult canine left ventricular pressure overloading

Increased microtubule density causes cardiocyte contractile dysfunction in right ventricular (RV) pressure-overload hypertrophy, and these linked phenotypic and contractile abnormalities persist and progress during the transition to failure. Although more severe in cells from failing than hypertrophied RVs, the mechanical defects are normalized in each case by microtubule depolymerization. To define the role of increased microtubule density in left ventricular (LV) pressure-overload hypertrophy and failure, in a given LV we examined ventricular mechanics, sarcomere mechanics, and free tubulin and microtubule levels in control dogs and in dogs with aortic stenosis both with LV hypertrophy alone and with initially compensated hypertrophy that had progressed to LV muscle failure. In comparing initial values with those at study 8 weeks later, dogs with hypertrophy alone had a very substantial increase in LV mass but preservation of a normal ejection fraction and mean systolic wall stress. Dogs with hypertrophy and associated failure had a substantial but lesser increase in LV mass and a reduction in ejection fraction, as well as a marked increase in mean systolic wall stress. Cardiocyte contractile function was equivalent, and unaffected by microtubule depolymerization, in cells from control LVs and those with compensated hypertrophy. In contrast, cardiocyte contractile function in cells from failing LVs was quite depressed but was normalized by microtubule depolymerization. Microtubules were increased only in failing LVs. These contractile and cytoskeletal changes, when assayed longitudinally in a given dog by biopsy, appeared in failing ventricles only when wall stress began to increase and function began to decrease. Thus, the microtubule-based cardiocyte contractile dysfunction characteristic of pressure-hypertrophied myocardium, originally described in the RV, obtains equally in the LV but is shown here to have a specific association with increased wall stress.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1991

A novel technique for response function determination of shear sensitive cholesteric liquid crystals for boundary layer investigations

A description of the design and setup of an experimental technique for measurement of the response function in shear sensitive liquid crystals has been reported. Utilizing the selective reflection characteristics of cholesteric liquid crystals, the method is capable of measuring the delay, rise, and relaxation times in response to a given dynamic shear stress as a function of the wavelength of the incident light. Application of a step input shear stress results in a liquid crystal time response that can be described as consisting of an initial delay, a shear induced helix deformation, and a relaxation to the initial state through diffusion processes. The method has been used for quantitative calibration of a shear sensitive liquid crystal by observing the peak in reflected light intensity, at a given wavelength, as a function of the shear stress.

Parmar, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Theoretical Development of an Orthotropic Elasto-Plastic Generalized Composite Material Model

The need for accurate material models to simulate the deformation, damage and failure of polymer matrix composites is becoming critical as these materials are gaining increased usage in the aerospace and automotive industries. While there are several composite material models currently available within LSDYNA (Livermore Software Technology Corporation), there are several features that have been identified that could improve the predictive capability of a composite model. To address these needs, a combined plasticity and damage model suitable for use with both solid and shell elements is being developed and is being implemented into LS-DYNA as MAT_213. A key feature of the improved material model is the use of tabulated stress-strain data in a variety of coordinate directions to fully define the stress-strain response of the material. To date, the model development efforts have focused on creating the plasticity portion of the model. The Tsai-Wu composite failure model has been generalized and extended to a strain-hardening based orthotropic yield function with a nonassociative flow rule. The coefficients of the yield function, and the stresses to be used in both the yield function and the flow rule, are computed based on the input stress-strain curves using the effective plastic strain as the tracking variable. The coefficients in the flow rule are computed based on the obtained stress-strain data. The developed material model is suitable for implementation within LS-DYNA for use in analyzing the nonlinear response of polymer composites.

Polymer Matrix Composites↗
NASA NTRS1986

Investigation of seasonal variability of the wind stress curl over the North Atlantic Ocean by means of empirical orthogonal function analysis

The seasonal variability of the wind stress curl over the North Atlantic is investigated by means of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The curl field is calculated from 1 year of First Global GARP Experiment wind data. It was found that 44 percent of the variability is contained in four significant eigenvectors. Their spatial patterns are characterized by basin-sized oscillations with larger amplitude to the north of 40 deg N. Their associated time series coefficients have the highest amplitude during the winter and show a tendency toward a white frequency spectrum which nevertheless exhibits noticeable peaks or gaps at certain frequencies. Physically, the first EOF is seen as the seasonal fluctuations of the mean wind stress curl pattern. Five other eigenvectors are also found to be above the noise level, but they account for only a smaller percentage of variability (19 percent). They are characterized by smaller spatial scales than the basin size. Their time series coefficients show a whiter frequency spectrum.

Barnier, B.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Theoretical Development of an Orthotropic Elasto-Plastic Generalized Composite Material Model

The need for accurate material models to simulate the deformation, damage and failure of polymer matrix composites is becoming critical as these materials are gaining increased usage in the aerospace and automotive industries. While there are several composite material models currently available within LS-DYNA (Registered), there are several features that have been identified that could improve the predictive capability of a composite model. To address these needs, a combined plasticity and damage model suitable for use with both solid and shell elements is being developed and is being implemented into LS-DYNA as MAT_213. A key feature of the improved material model is the use of tabulated stress-strain data in a variety of coordinate directions to fully define the stress-strain response of the material. To date, the model development efforts have focused on creating the plasticity portion of the model. The Tsai-Wu composite failure model has been generalized and extended to a strain-hardening based orthotropic material model with a non-associative flow rule. The coefficients of the yield function, and the stresses to be used in both the yield function and the flow rule, are computed based on the input stress-strain curves using the effective plastic strain as the tracking variable. The coefficients in the flow rule are computed based on the obtained stress-strain data. The developed material model is suitable for implementation within LS-DYNA for use in analyzing the nonlinear response of polymer composites.

Plasticity↗
NASA NTRS1991

The dependence of wind stress on wave height and wind speed

Three near-neutral boundary layer data sets were investigated with the aim of finding a dependence of wind stress on both wind speed and significant wave height. The data set most representative of open-ocean wave height, wind speed, and momentum flux conditions, was selected and analyzed by means of the least-squares method to produce a new parameterization for the wind stress as a function of both wind speed and significant wave height. This study shows that the wind stress, and consequently the drag coefficient, decreases with increasing wave height for a fixed wind speed. The study also shows that the curvature of the wind profile decreases with increasing wave height and that the C(DN) = A + BU-bar(10) form for the drag coefficient parameterization is inadequate. A drag coefficient that applies to both smooth and rough flows is proposed. These results are more applicable for open-ocean deep-water conditions and less applicable for sheltered, closed, shallow water sites.

Blake, Reginald A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Effect of load, area of contact, and contact stress on the wear mechanisms of a bonded solid lubricant film

A pin on disk type of friction and wear apparatus was used to study the effect of load, contact stress and rider area of contact on the friction and wear properties of polyimide bonded graphite fluoride films. Different rider area contacts were obtained by initially generating flats (with areas of 0.0035, 0.0071, 0.0145, and 0.0240 cm) on 0.476-cm radius hemispherically tipped riders. Different projected contact stresses were obtained by applying loads of 2.5- to 58.8-N to the flats. Two film wear mechanisms were observed. The first was found to be a linear function of contact stress and was independent of rider area of contact. The second was found to increase exponentially as the stress increased. The second also appeared to be a function of rider contact area. Wear equations for each mechanism were empirically derived from the experimental data. In general, friction coefficients increased with increasing rider contact area and with sliding duration. This was related to the build up of thick rider transfer films.

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Effect of load, area of contact, and contact stress on the tribological properties of polyimide bonded graphite fluoride films

A pin-on-disk type of friction and wear apparatus was used to study the effect of load, contact stress and rider area of contact on the friction and wear properties of polyimide-bonded graphite fluoride films. Different rider area contacts were obtained by initially generating flats (with areas of 0.0035, 0.0071, 0.0145, and 0.0240 cm) on 0.476-cm radius hemispherically-tipped riders. Different projected contact stresses were obtained by applying loads of 2.5-to 58.8-N to the flats. Two film wear mechanisms were observed. The first was found to be a linear function of contact stress and was independent of rider area of contact. The second was found to increase exponentially as the stress increased. The second also appeared to be a function of rider contact area. Wear equations for each mechanism were empirically derived from the experimental data. In general, friction coefficients increased with increasing rider contact area and with sliding duration. This was related to the build-up of thick rider transfer films.

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

NASTRAN finite element idealization study

The investigation of the effects of variations of mesh refinement and mesh pattern were conducted using a basic rectangular mesh pattern. When employing the constant strain TRMEM element, the basic rectangular pattern was subdivided into triangles. This subdivision employs two different triangular patterns and allows results to be obtained which demonstrate the effect of modelling bias. Errors in tip deflection, direct stress, and shearing stress as a function of mesh size and element aspect ratio were obtained as well as mid-span stress distributions. All problems were solved on an IBM 360/95 computer using MacNeal-Schwendler Version MSC-38 Rigid Format-1 of the NASTRAN computer program. While NASTRAN uses double precision arithmetic for the solution of the global equations for displacements, subsequent computations to obtain element stresses are carried out in single precision. This suggests that some improvement in stress recovery might be expected when using the higher precision DCD machines.

Case, W. R.↗