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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Validation of SAGE II aerosol measurements by comparison with correlative sensors

The SAGE II limb-scanning radiometer carried on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite functions at wavelengths of 0.385, 0.45, 0.525, and 1.02 microns to identify vertical profiles of aerosol density by atmospheric extinction measurements from cloud tops upward. The data are being validated by correlating the satellite data with data gathered with, e.g., lidar, sunphotometer, and dustsonde instruments. Work thus far has shown that the 1 micron measurements from the ground and satellite are highly correlated and are therefore accurate to within measurement uncertainty.

Swissler, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Global distribution of SAGE II data products

Techniques employed to map the global distribution of stratospheric aerosols using SAGE II data at four wavelengths (385, 453, 525 and 1020 microns) are described. The methods were devised to integrate the 900 data points scanned by the instrument with account taken of the different times the vertical profiles were obtained. The data have been used to calculate the O3, H2O, NO2 and aerosol optical thicknesses. Sample details of data gathered during April 1985 are discussed, with emphasis on difficulties being encountered in analyzing the differences being observed in the dawn and dusk data.

Rind, D.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Retrieval of composition and size distribution of stratospheric aerosols with the SAGE II satellite experiment

The SAGE II satellite system was launched on October 5, 1984. It has seven radiometric channels and is beginning to provide water vapor, NO2, and O3 concentration profiles and aerosol extinction profiles at a minimum of three wavelengths. A simple, fast and operational method of retrieving characteristics of stratospheric aerosols from the water vapor and three-wavelength aerosol extinction profiles is proposed. Some examples are given to show the practicality of the scheme. Possible sources of error for the retrieved values and the limitation of the proposed method are discussed. This method may also prove applicable to the study of aerosol characteristics in other multispectral extinction measurements.

Yue, Glenn K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

SAGE 1 and SAM 2 measurements of 1 micron aerosol extinction in the free troposphere

The SAGE 1 and SAM 2 satellite sensors were designed to measure, with global coverage, the 1 micron extinction produced by the stratospheric aerosol. In the absence of high altitude cloud, similar measurements may be made for the free tropospheric aerosol. Median extinction values in the Northern Hemisphere, for altitudes between 5 and 10 km, are found to be one-half to one order of magnitude greater than values at corresponding latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, a seasonal increase by a factor of 1.5 yields 2 is observed in both hemispheres in local spring and summer. Following major volcanic eruptions, a long-lived enhancement of the aerosol extinction is observed for altitudes above 5 km.

Kent, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

SAGE I and SAM II measurements of 1 micron aerosol extinction in the free troposphere

The SAGE-I and SAM-II satellite sensors were designed to measure, with global coverage, the 1 micron extinction produced by the stratospheric aerosol. In the absence of high altitude clouds, similar measurements may be made for the free tropospheric aerosol. Median extinction values at middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, for altitudes between 5 and 10 km, are found to be one-half to one order of magnitude greater than values at corresponding latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, a seasonal increase by a factor of 1.5-2 was observed in both hemispheres, in 1979-80, in local spring and summer. Following major volcanic eruptions, a long-lived enhancement of the aerosol extinction is observed for altitudes above 5 km.

Kent, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Comparison of in situ aerosol measurements with SAGE 2 and SAM 2 aerosol measurements during the airborne Antarctic ozone experiment

Models indicate that stratospheric aerosols play a major role in the destruction of ozone during the Austral winter. Although many in situ measurements of stratospheric aerosols were made during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, changes of aerosol concentration and size distributions across the polar vortex are important to understanding changes of chemical species taking place during this time. Therefore comparing the in situ measurements with measurements made by satellites scanning wider areas will give a clearer picture of the possible role played by aerosols during this period. The wire impactor size distributions are compared to those from the aerosol spectrometers and a best fit size distribution determined. Aerosol extinctions are calculated from the in situ measurements and compared to the extinctions measured by the satellites. Five comparisons are made with SAGE 2 and four with SAM 2. Extinctions agree as close as a factor of two.

Ferry, G. V.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Effect of ephemeris errors on the accuracy of the computation of the tangent point altitude of a solar scanning ray as measured by the SAGE 1 and 2 instruments

An analysis was made of the error in the minimum altitude of a geometric ray from an orbiting spacecraft to the Sun. The sunrise and sunset errors are highly correlated and are opposite in sign. With the ephemeris generated for the SAGE 1 instrument data reduction, these errors can be as large as 200 to 350 meters (1 sigma) after 7 days of orbit propagation. The bulk of this error results from errors in the position of the orbiting spacecraft rather than errors in computing the position of the Sun. These errors, in turn, result from the discontinuities in the ephemeris tapes resulting from the orbital determination process. Data taken from the end of the definitive ephemeris tape are used to generate the predict data for the time interval covered by the next arc of the orbit determination process. The predicted data are then updated by using the tracking data. The growth of these errors is very nearly linear, with a slight nonlinearity caused by the beta angle. An approximate analytic method is given, which predicts the magnitude of the errors and their growth in time with reasonable fidelity.

Buglia, James J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

An intercomparison of mesospheric ozone profiles determined by the UVSP and SAGE II solar occultation experiments

A comparison is made of individual UVSP and SAGE II mesospheric ozone profiles between 50 and 70 km altitude as determined by the solar occultation technique. The generally good agreement between the two data sets below about 57 km leads to the conclusion that they may be considered as complementary, thus extending the effective altitude range of both. Comparison of the long-term ozone trend at 55.5 km shows a systematic difference of a few percent between the two measurements.

Aikin, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

SAGE: A 2-D self-adaptive grid evolution code and its application in computational fluid dynamics

SAGE is a user-friendly, highly efficient, two-dimensional self-adaptive grid code based on Nakahashi and Deiwert's variational principles method. Grid points are redistributed into regions of high flowfield gradients while maintaining smoothness and orthogonality of the grid. Efficiency is obtained by splitting the adaption into 2 directions and applying one-sided torsion control, thus producing a 1-D elliptic system that can be solved as a set of tridiagonal equations.

Davies, Carol B.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Application of a solution adaptive grid scheme, SAGE, to complex three-dimensional flows

A new three-dimensional (3D) adaptive grid code based on the algebraic, solution-adaptive scheme of Nakahashi and Deiwert is developed and applied to a variety of problems. The new computer code, SAGE, is an extension of the same-named two-dimensional (2D) solution-adaptive program that has already proven to be a powerful tool in computational fluid dynamics applications. The new code has been applied to a range of complex three-dimensional, supersonic and hypersonic flows. Examples discussed are a tandem-slot fuel injector, the hypersonic forebody of the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE), the 3D base flow behind the AFE, the supersonic flow around a 3D swept ramp and a generic, hypersonic, 3D nozzle-plume flow. The associated adapted grids and the solution enhancements resulting from the grid adaption are presented for these cases. Three-dimensional adaption is more complex than its 2D counterpart, and the complexities unique to the 3D problems are discussed.

Davies, Carol B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Galactic cosmic ray exposure estimates for SAGE-3 mission in polar orbit

An analysis of the effects of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures on charge-coupled devices (CCDs) was performed for the SAGE-III 5-year mission in sun-synchronous orbit between 1996 and 2001. A detailed environment model used in conjunction with a geomagnetic vertical cut-off code provides the predicted 5-year fluence of GCR ions. A computerized solid model of the spacecraft was used to define the effective shield thickness distribution around the CCD detector. The particle fluences at the detector location are calculated with the Langley heavy-ion transport code, and these fluences are used in conjunction with estimated nuclear stopping powers to evaluate dosimetric quantities related to the detector degradation. A previous study analyzing effects of trapped particle and solar flare protons indicated an approximate 20 percent reduction in detector sensitivity for the mission. The galactic cosmic ray contribution was thought to be relatively small and therefore was not previously analyzed. The present study provides quantification of the GCR effects, which are found to contribute less than 1 percent of the total environment degradation.

Nealy, John E.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Observations of a new SAGE II aerosol extinction mode following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo

In the aftermath of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, multiwavelength stratospheric aerosol extinction measurements by the satellite-borne Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) revealed the presence of a previously unobserved mode of aerosol that exhibited high extinction but a small inferred particle size. This mode may represent a transitional phase between the very small aerosol created by gas-to-particle conversion and a quasi-steady state, post-volcanic aerosol that exhibits both large extinction and large particle size. The presence of a transitional small aerosol mode may have a significant impact on chemical and radiative processes in the stratosphere.

Thomason, Larry W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Analysis of Antarctic stratospheric aerosol properties using SAGE II extinction measurements

Multispectra aerosol extinction data for the fall and spring of 1987 measured by the SAGE II sensor are employed to determine the physical characteristics of aerosols within the springtime Antarctic polar vortex. Attention is given to the physical processes that give rise to the apparent springtime 'cleansing' of the Antarctic stratosphere. The inferred vertical and radial structure compare favorably with in situ measurements but yield a previously unavailable 2D structure to the distribution of aerosols within the polar vortex. The springtime 'cleansing' of the Antarctic stratosphere is found to be a result of both large-scale subsidence and the preferential removal of large particles by the nucleation and subsequent sedimentation of polar stratospheric clouds.

Thomason, Larry W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Stratospheric ozone depletion over Antarctica - Role of aerosols based on SAGE II satellite observations

The physical characteristics of the Antarctic stratospheric aerosol are investigated via a comprehensive analysis of the SAGE II data during the most severe ozone depletion episode of October 1987. The aerosol size distribution is found to be bimodal in several instances using the randomized minimization search technique, which suggests that the distribution of a single mode may be used to fit the data in the retrieved size range only at the expense of resolution for the larger particles. On average, in the region below 18 km, a wavelike perturbation with the upstream tilting for the parameters of mass loading, total number, and surface area concentration is found to be located just above the region of the most severe ozone depletion.

Lin, N.-H.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Global distributions of upper tropospheric relative humidity derived from SAGE II observations

The global distributions of upper tropospheric relative humidity derived from the archived SAGE II water vapor data set are presented. For both summer and winter months, vertical profiles of zonal mean relative humidity are derived for each of the six 20-deg latitude bands covering 60 deg N - 60 deg S. Some examples of global maps of upper tropospheric relative humidity are shown to illustrate the relationship between moist areas and convective activity.

Chiou, E. W.↗
NASA NTRS1994

An examination of global variations of sunset NO2 as measured by SAGE II

Global variations of sunset NO2 are examined for the period October 24, 1984 through May 28, 1991 using Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II data. Between 60 deg S and 60 deg N declining trends are observed at all latitudes and at all altitudes above 25 km. For the column NO2 above 25 km, the area-weighted integrated trend between these latitudes is -2.5%/year. The largest rates of decline (5%/year) are at mid to high latitudes in each hemisphere. Different temporal behavior is observed with latitude and in the two hemispheres. The largest percentage changes of NO2 from year to year are observed near 40 km at high latitudes and can be as large as 160%. These results and previously reported simulations suggest that a modulating polar source of NO(y) and variations in atmospheric temperature and advective transport both contribute to the observed NO2 variations.

Callis, L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1994

SAGE II observations of a previously unreported stratospheric volcanic aerosol cloud in the northern polar summer of 1990

Analysis of aerosol extinction profiles obtained by the spaceborne SAGE II sensor reveals that there was an anomalous increase of aerosol extinction below 18.5 km at latitudes poleward of 50 deg N from July 28 to September 9, 1990. This widespread increase of aerosol extinction in the lower stratosphere was apparently due to a remote high-latitude volcanic eruption that has not been reported to date. The increase in stratospheric optical depth in the northern polar region was about 50% in August and had diminished by October 1990. This eruption caused an increase in stratospheric aerosol mass of about 0.33 x 10(exp 5) tons, assuming the aerosol was composed of sulfuric acid and water.

Yue, Glenn K.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Estimated SAGE II ozone mixing ratios in early 1993 and comparisons with Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and Dynamic Expedition measurements

An empirical time-series model for estimating ozone mixing ratios based on Stratospheric Aerosols and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) monthly mean ozone data for the period October 1984 through June 1991 has been developed. The modeling results for ozone mixing ratios in the 10- to 30- km region in early months of 1993 are presented. In situ ozone profiles obtained by a dual-beam UV-absorption ozone photometer during the Stratospheric Photochemistry, Aerosols and Dynamics Expedition (SPADE) campaign, May 1-14, 1993, are compared with the model results. With the exception of two profiles at altitudes below 16 km, ozone mixing ratios derived by the model and measured by the ozone photometer are in relatively good agreement within their individual uncertainties. The identified discrepancies in the two profiles are discussed.

Yue, G. K.↗