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At least 217 records · Page 12
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NASA NTRS1976

Equilibrium properties of chemically reacting gases

The equilibrium energy, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure, and the equation of state of the gas are all derived for chemically reacting gas mixtures in terms of the compressibility, the mol fractions, the thermodynamic properties of the pure gas components, and the change in zero point energy due to reaction. Results are illustrated for a simple diatomic dissociation reaction and nitrogen is used as an example. Next, a gas mixture resulting from combined diatomic dissociation and atomic ionization reactions is treated and, again, nitrogen is used as an example. A short discussion is given of the additional complexities involved when precise solutions for high-temperature air are desired, including effects caused by NO produced in shuffle reactions and by other trace species formed from CO2, H2O and Ar found in normal air.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Non-equilibrium radiation from viscous chemically reacting two-phase exhaust plumes

A knowledge of the structure of the rocket exhaust plumes is necessary to solve problems involving plume signatures, base heating, plume/surface interactions, etc. An algorithm is presented which treats the viscous flow of multiphase chemically reacting fluids in a two-dimensional or axisymmetric supersonic flow field. The gas-particle flow solution is fully coupled with the chemical kinetics calculated using an implicit scheme to calculate chemical production rates. Viscous effects include chemical species diffusion with the viscosity coefficient calculated using a two-equation turbulent kinetic energy model.

Penny, M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Remarks on the construction of a second-order closure description of turbulent reacting flows

In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how second-order closure techniques might be used to make detailed calculations of turbulent diffusion flames. Two of the problems of closure that are peculiar to turbulent chemically reacting flows are discussed in some detail. These are the problem of computing in a consistent way all the correlations of fluctuations in scalar quantities needed for closure and the problem of the generation of turbulence by chemical reactions. Tentative closure models are put forward for both of these problems. Although the closure model for fluctuations in scalar quantities can, to a certain extent, be checked against idealized numerical examples for which exact solutions are known, the validity of both the closure models proposed here must, in the end, be determined by detailed comparison of computed results with experimental data.

DONALDSON C. DUP.↗
NASA NTRS1975

On the modeling of the scalar correlations necessary to construct a second-order closure description of turbulent reacting flows

A tentative scheme is proposed for constructing second-order closure models of turbulent reacting flows, with particular reference to mixing processes in turbulent diffusion flows. The model is based on the concepts of typical structure and typical eddy, and treats various hypothetical turbulent flame situations, including the time dependence of species mass fractions passing a point in the flame, the most typical occurrence of species mass fractions, and the case of a rather bizarre typical eddy which shows the effects of nonmixedness.

Donaldson, C. DUP.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Gravitational effects on chemically reacting laminar boundary layer flows over a horizontal flat plate

A theoretical study of the chemically reacting laminar boundary layer flow over a horizontal flat plate with gravitationally induced buoyant force is presented. A diffusion flame sheet model was used to describe the combustion process. The effects of gravity on the purely force convection flow can be characterized by a dimensionless coordinate quantity, which is involved in the generation of the governing equations. A numerical solution of the zero and first order governing equations subject to the appropriate physical boundary conditions was obtained. It is shown that the cross stream buoyancy induced body force acts effectively to produce a streamwise pressure gradient in the fluid adjacent to the plate surface. It is concluded that buoyancy plays an important role in boundary layer diffusion flames.

Lavid, M.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Application of a two-dimensional parabolic computer program to prediction of turbulent reacting flows

The capabilities of a computer program are explored, and computed results are compared with data. The comparisons are restricted to two-dimensional flows. Subsonic and supersonic flows, ducted and nonducted, reacting and nonreacting, are considered. An evaluation of models used for turbulence and chemical reaction was included. Constants in the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, turbulence model, which produces mixing in good agreement with data, are the same for all calculations. Experimental data are reported for coaxial injection at matched pressure (1 atm or 101.3 kPa) of a cold, Mach 2, hydrogen jet into a hot, Mach 2, vitiated airstream. Profiles of pitot pressure and gas composition obtained from water cooled probes are reported and compared with theoretical results.

Evans, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Parallel computation of unsteady, three-dimensional, chemically reacting, nonequilibrium flow using a time-split finite-volume method on the Illiac IV

A description is presented of the split finite-volume method which is a viable numerical procedure for performing with the aid of a modern special purpose vector computer numerical simulation studies of complicated flow fields, including chemical reactions, about geometrically complex bodies. Such numerical studies are needed for the development of atmospheric entry vehicles such as the space shuttle. The equations which are approximated are quite general and can be used in studies of combustion, pollution, and other chemically reacting flow phenomena, where convective transport effects dominate the influence of radiative, viscous, and other transport mechanisms. The shock perturbed flow about a shuttle orbiter flying at a large angle of attack during atmospheric entry is illustrated. The method uses a time splitting of the convection differencing operator to achieve efficient data management.

Reinhardt, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Potential performance improvement using a reacting gas (nitrogin tetroxide) as the working fluid in a closed Brayton cycle

The results of an analysis to estimate the performance that could be obtained by using a chemically reacting gas (nitrogen tetroxide) as the working fluid in a closed Brayton cycle are presented. Compared with data for helium as the working fluid, these results indicate efficiency improvements from 4 to 90 percent, depending on turbine inlet temperature, pressures, and gas residence time in heat transfer equipment.

Stochl, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Calculated and measured performance of a 'near ideal' locally reacting duct liner in grazing incidence

The calculated acoustic response of a nearly ideal (locally reacting and linear) duct liner has been compared with its measured performance. The ceramic honeycomb liner structure was such that the local reaction assumption was well satisfied over the frequency range of interest (0.5-3.0 kHz). In addition, the high repeatability of the measured impedance values over a large SPL range verified the assumption of linearity. A finite element algorithm was used to compute the duct liner transmission properties in terms of the liner's normal incidence impedance and the duct termination impedance using a plane wave source. Very good agreement between theory and experiment was observed in general, but required accurate normal impedance values in the high attenuation frequency bands of the liner's response.

Parrott, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A comprehensive model to determine the effects of temperature and species fluctuations on reaction rates in turbulent reacting flows

A principal element to be derived from modeling turbulent reacting flows is an expression for the reaction rates of the various species involved in any particular combustion process under consideration. A temperature-derived most-likely probability density function (pdf) was used to describe the effects of temperature fluctuations on the Arrhenius reaction rate constant. A most-likely bivariate pdf described the effects of temperature and species concentrations fluctuations on the reaction rate. A criterion is developed for the use of an "appropriate" temperature pdf. The formulation of models to calculate the mean turbulent Arrhenius reaction rate constant and the mean turbulent reaction rate is considered and the results of calculations using these models are presented.

Foy, E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A comprehensive model to determine the effects of temperature and species fluctuations on reaction rates in turbulent reacting flows

The use of probability theory to determine the effects of turbulent fluctuations on reaction rates in turbulent combustion systems is briefly reviewed. Results are presented for the effect of species fluctuations in particular. It is found that turbulent fluctuations of species act to reduce the reaction rates, in contrast with the temperature fluctuations previously determined to increase Arrhenius reaction rate constants. For the temperature fluctuations, a criterion is set forth for determining if, in a given region of a turbulent flow field, the temperature can be expected to exhibit ramp like fluctuations. Using the above results, along with results previously obtained, a model is described for testing the effects of turbulent fluctuations of temperature and species on reaction rates in computer programs dealing with turbulent reacting flows. An alternative model which employs three variable probability density functions (temperature and two species) and is currently being formulated is discussed as well.

Chinitz, W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The effect of temperature fluctuations of reaction rate constants in turbulent reacting flows

Current models of turbulent reacting flows frequently use Arrhenius reaction rate constants obtained from static or laminar flow theory and/or experiments, or from best fits of static, laminar, and turbulent data. By treating the reaction rate constant as a continuous random variable which is temperature-dependent, the present study assesses the effect of turbulent temperature fluctuations on the reaction rate constant. This model requires that a probability density function (PDF) describing the nature of the fluctuations be specified. Three PDFs are examined: the clipped Gaussian, the beta PDF, and the ramp model. All the models indicate that the reaction rate constant is greater in a turbulent flow field than in an equivalent laminar flow. In addition, an amplification ratio, which is the ratio of the turbulent rate constant to the laminar rate constant, is defined and its behavior as a function of the mean temperature fluctuations is described

Chinitz, W.↗
NASA NTRS1982

On the use of a global hydrogen-air combustion model in the calculation of turbulent reacting flows

A two-step global model describing the combustion of hydrogen in air at one atmosphere pressure is developed by comparing the temperature histories obtained from a 28-reaction H-O mechanism. Using criteria discussed herein, good agreement is obtained in the range of initial mixture temperatures from 1000K to 2000K and in the range of equivalence ratios from 0.2 to 2.0. The two-step global model is compared with the results obtained using an eight-step, H-O reaction mechanism in a computer program describing the turbulent diffusion of hydrogen in supersonic, axisymmetric and two-dimensional reacting flows. Comparisons of profiles of temperature, fuel mass flux, and pitot pressure are presented. The global model is judged to be adequate in flows which are not dominated by long ignition delay times.

Rogers, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A comprehensive model to determine the effects of temperature and species fluctuations on reaction rates in turbulent reacting flows

Reaction rates in turbulent, reacting flows are reviewed. Assumed probability density functions (pdf) modeling of reaction rates is being investigated in relation to a three variable pdf employing a 'most likely pdf' model. Chemical kinetic mechanisms treating hydrogen air combustion is studied. Perfectly stirred reactor modeling of flame stabilizing recirculation regions was used to investigate the stable flame regions for silane, hydrogen, methane, and propane, and for certain mixtures thereof. It is concluded that in general, silane can be counted upon to stabilize flames only when the overall fuel air ratio is close to or greater than unity. For lean flames, silane may tend to destabilize the flame. Other factors favoring stable flames are high initial reactant temperatures and system pressure.

Goldstein, D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Direct numerical simulation of reacting flows

The objectives of this work are: (1) to extend the technique of direct numerical simulations to turbulent, chemically reacting flows, (2) to test the validity of the method by comparing computational results with laboratory data, and (3) to use the simulations to gain a better understanding of the effects of turbulence on chemical reactions. The effects of both the large scale structure and the smaller scale turbulence on the overall reaction rates are addressed. The relationship between infinite reaction rate and finite reaction rate chemistry is compared with some of the results of calculations with existing theories and laboratory data. The direct numerical simulation method involves the numerical solution of the detailed evolution of the complex turbulent velocity and concentration fields. Using very efficient numerical methods (e.g., pseudospectral methods), the fully nonlinear (possibly low pass filtered) equations of motion are solved and no closure assumptions or turbulence models are used. Statistical data are obtained by performing spatial, temporal, and/or ensemble averages over the computed flow fields.

Riley, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Direct numerical simulations of a reacting mixing layer with chemical heat release

In order to study the coupling between chemical heat release and fluid dynamics, direct numerical simulations of a chemically reacting mixing layer with heat release are performed. The fully compressible equations as well as an approximate set of equations that is asymptotically valid for low-Mach-number flows are treated. These latter equations have the computational advantage that high-frequency acoustic waves have been filtered out, allowing much larger time steps to be taken in the numerical solution procedure. A detailed derivation of these equations along with an outline of the numerical solution technique is given. Simulation results indicate that the rate of chemical product formed, the thickness of the mixing layer, and the amount of mass entrained into the layer all decrease with increasing rates of heat release.

Mcmurtry, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Direct simulations of chemically reacting turbulent mixing layers

The results of direct numerical simulations of chemically reacting mixing layers are presented. The reaction considered is a binary, irreversible reaction with no heat release, so that only the effect of the turbulence on the chemical reaction is investigated. The simulation results are shown to be consistent with similarity theory, and are found to be in approximate agreement with laboratory data, even though there are no adjustable constants in the method.

Riley, J. J.↗