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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigation of Rectifier Diode Failures in the NEXT-C Power Processing Unit

NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster-Commercial (NEXT-C) project is tasked with developing flight electric propulsion systems, including both thrusters and power processing units (PPUs). In 2018, the beam supply in a NEXT-C engineering prototype PPU experienced an output rectifier diode failure during development thermal-vacuum testing. A failure investigation led by NASA GRC identified the root cause of the failure as a thermal runaway caused by increased reverse recovery losses in the diodes when the PPU was run at its maximum operating temperature. Significant reverse recovery performance variations were identified in diodes with the same part number but manufactured by different vendors. The failure investigation was able to collect evidence of the increased reverse recovery and replicate the diode failures in a controlled laboratory environment.

George L Thomas↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigation of Rectifier Diode Failures in the NEXT-C Power Processing Unit

NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster-Commercial (NEXT-C) project is tasked with developing flight electric propulsion systems, including both thrusters and power processing units (PPUs). In 2018, the beam supply in a NEXT-C engineering prototype PPU experienced an output rectifier diode failure during development thermal-vacuum testing. A failure investigation led by NASA GRC identified the root cause of the failure as a thermal runaway caused by increased reverse recovery losses in the diodes when the PPU was run at its maximum operating temperature. Significant reverse recovery performance variations were identified in diodes with the same part number but manufactured by different vendors. The failure investigation was able to collect evidence of the increased reverse recovery and replicate the diode failures in a controlled laboratory environment.

George L. Thomas↗
NASA NTRS2021

Evaluation of SWIR Crop Residue Bands for the Landsat Next Mission

This research reports the findings of a Landsat Next expert review panel that evaluated the use of narrow shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance bands to measure ligno-cellulose absorption features centered near 2100 and 2300 nm, with the objective of measuring and mapping non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), crop residue cover, and the adoption of conservation tillage practices within agricultural landscapes. Results could also apply to detection of NPV in pasture, grazing lands, and non-agricultural settings. Currently, there are no satellite data sources that provide narrowband or hyperspectral SWIR imagery at sufficient volume to map NPV at a regional scale. The Landsat Next mission, currently under design and expected to launch in the late 2020’s, provides the opportunity for achieving increased SWIR sampling and spectral resolution with the adoption of new sensor technology. This study employed hyperspectral data collected from 916 agricultural field locations with varying fractional NPV, fractional green vegetation, and surface moisture contents. These spectra were processed to generate narrow bands with centers at 2040, 2100, 2210, 2260, and 2230 nm, at various bandwidths, that were subsequently used to derive 13 NPV spectral indices from each spectrum. For crop residues with minimal green vegetation cover, two-band indices derived from 2210 and 2260 nm bands were top performers for measuring NPV (R^(2) = 0.81, RMSE = 0.13) using bandwidths of 30 to 50 nm, and the addition of a third band at 2100 nm increased resistance to atmospheric correction residuals and improved mission continuity with Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager Band 7. For prediction of NPV over a full range of green vegetation cover, the Cellulose Absorption Index, derived from 2040, 2100, and 2210 nm bands, was top performer (R^(2) = 0.77, RMSE = 0.17), but required a narrow (≤20 nm) bandwidth at 2040 nm to avoid interference from atmospheric carbon dioxide absorption. In comparison, broadband NPV indices utilizing Landsat 8 bands centered at 1610 and 2200 nm performed poorly in measuring fractional NPV (R^(2) = 0.44), with significantly increased interference from green vegetation

Wells Dean Hively↗
NASA NTRS1997

The Next Generation Space Telescope: Visiting a Time When Galaxies Were Young

In the spring and summer of 1996, three independent teams studied the feasibility of a large aperture space telescope to follow the Hubble Space Telescope. The scientific goals for the new telescope had been laid out in a report by the HST & Beyond Committee, a group appointed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy to consider the needs of the astronomical community after the nominal end of the HST mission in 2005. The technical capabilities and constraints on the new observatory were daunting: the telescope optics should be at least 4 meters in diameter and passively cooled to achieve optimum sensitivity in the near-infrared portion of the spectrum. Moreover, the costs should be kept within a fraction of those for the HST: approximately $500M for construction and $900M for lifetime costs, not including support for scientific data analysis. In their presentations to NASA on 19-21 August, 1996, the teams led by Lockheed Martin, TRW, and the Goddard Space Flight Center concluded that a Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) was not only feasible and affordable, but that it could be made more powerful using recent breakthroughs in space technologies. Coming on the heels of breathtaking HST observations of distant galaxies in the process of formation, such an NGST could bridge the gap in our understanding of the earliest origins of stars, galaxies, and the elements that are the foundations of Life. This report presents the findings of the three teams and the technological roadmap which will guide us to the successful development of the NGST over the next decade. We have made liberal use of the written material, tables, and diagrams prepared by the three study teams. We have also taken advantage of the knowledge and ideas of our colleagues in government, industry and academia. In Appendix A, we list the members of the three study groups, the NGST Science Working Group and the NGST Scientific Oversight Committee. We deeply appreciate their assistance, advice, and enthusiasm. The scientific and technological goals of NGST are part of the Origins initiative in the Office of Space Science, NASA Headquarters. We are pleased to acknowledge the support and leadership of Edward Weiler, a steadfast friend of HST, Harley Thronson, a proponent of all things infrared, and Mike Kaplan, a tireless advocate of new technology. John Campbell, Project Manager for HST, initiated the NGST study at GSFC and we deeply appreciate his formative efforts and continued support. We are also grateful for the foresight of Riccardo Giacconi, Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), and the efforts of his staff. We note that European Space Agency (ESA) staff at the Space Telescope Science Institute and ESO played important roles in the NGST scientific and technical studies. We look forward to future collaboration with ESA, ESO, and other international partners.

H.S. Stockman↗
NASA NTRS2022

Challenges and Opportunities for Next-Generation Manufacturing in Space

With commercial space travel now a reality, the idea that people might spend time on other planets in the future seems to have greater potential. To make this possible, however, there needs to be flexible means for manufacturing in space to enable tooling or resources to be created when needed to handle unexpected situations. Next-generation manufacturing paradigms offer significant potential for the kind of flexibility that might be needed; however, they can result in increases in computation time compared to traditional control methods that could make many of the computing resources already available on earth attractive for use. Furthermore, resilience is a significant focus of next-generation manufacturing strategies, and one way to enable resilience for space manufacturing would be to have backup controllers available on earth. These types of considerations raise questions about remote control and monitoring, as well as privacy of the data involved in such practices, that must be considered. This work provides a perspective on several topics tied to remote control and monitoring for manufacturing in space.

Kip Nieman↗
NASA NTRS2023

Ocean Carbon From Space: Current Status and Priorities for the Next Decade

The ocean plays a central role in modulating the Earth’s carbon cycle. Monitoring how the ocean carbon cycle is changing is fundamental to managing climate change. Satellite remote sensing is currently our best tool for viewing the ocean surface globally and systematically, at high spatial and temporal resolutions, and the past few decades have seen an exponential growth in studies utilising satellite data for ocean carbon research. Satellite-based observations must be combined with in-situ observations and models, to obtain a comprehensive view of ocean carbon pools and fluxes. To help prioritise future research in this area, a workshop was organised that assembled leading experts working on the topic, from around the world, including remote-sensing scientists, field scientists and modellers, with the goal to articulate a collective view of the current status of ocean carbon research, identify gaps in knowledge, and formulate a scientific roadmap for the next decade, with an emphasis on evaluating where satellite remote sensing may contribute. A total of 449 scientists and stakeholders participated (with balanced gender representation), from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Sessions targeted both inorganic and organic pools of carbon in the ocean, in both dissolved and particulate form, as well as major fluxes of carbon between reservoirs (e.g., primary production) and at interfaces (e.g., air-sea and land–ocean). Extreme events, blue carbon and carbon budgeting were also key topics discussed. Emerging priorities identified include: expanding the networks and quality of in-situ observations; improved satellite retrievals; improved uncertainty quantification; improved understanding of vertical distributions; integration with models; improved techniques to bridge spatial and temporal scales of the different data sources; and improved fundamental understanding of the ocean carbon cycle, and of the interactions among pools of carbon and light. We also report on priorities for the specific pools and fluxes studied, and highlight issues and concerns that arose during discussions, such as the need to consider the environmental impact of satellites or space activities; the role satellites can play in monitoring ocean carbon dioxide removal approaches; economic valuation of the satellite based information; to consider how satellites can contribute to monitoring cycles of other important climatically-relevant compounds and elements; to promote diversity and inclusivity in ocean carbon research; to bring together communities working on different aspects of planetary carbon; maximising use of international bodies; to follow an open science approach; to explore new and innovative ways to remotely monitor ocean carbon; and to harness quantum computing. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive scientific roadmap for the next decade on how satellite remote sensing could help monitor the ocean carbon cycle, and its links to the other domains, such as terrestrial and atmosphere.

oceanography↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Where IMERG Goes Next: Version 08 and Beyond

With the Version 07 (V07) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm finalized and production initiated, the focus turns to enhancements for Version 08. These include innovations not included in V07 due to time constraints, plus issues revealed by the initial V07 products. One high priority is to evaluate and revise the schemes in V07 that rectify temporal artifacts caused by the time interpolation that fills the gaps between the various passive microwave (PMW) sensor overpasses. A second priority is to improve the homogeneity between the TRMM and GPM eras by characterizing differences between the two eras, determining the causes of these differences, and applying corrections as feasible, perhaps by enforcing spatial scale consistency (an overarching issue). Certainly, we must account for GPROF and the Combined Radar-Radiometer Algorithm converting to Machine Learning schemes in V08. Other priority topics include additional automated quality control for artifacts in the IR brightness temperatures and PMW precipitation fields, revisions to the specification algorithm for the probability of liquid precipitation, and accommodating new PMW sensors, which include the next generation of small-sats. We also consider the post-V08 landscape; the final GPM reprocessing will be restricted to fixing known code or algorithmic errors. Nonetheless, there are several data sources on the horizon to consider, including more small-sat PMW radiometers, AVHRR-based precipitation estimates (most useful in high latitudes), and the ISCCP-Next Generation and GEO-Ring projects that could provide easy access to multiple geosynchronous satellite channels and enable significantly improved algorithms compared to GEO-IR alone.

George J. Huffman↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of Planetary Boundary Layer Structure from NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office’s Next Retrospective Analysis Product MERRA-21C

The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) is a complex interface between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere with high spatiotemporal variability in its characteristics, and accurate simulation and observation of the PBL has proven to be a challenge. In this study, we evaluate PBL structures from NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)’s next retrospective analysis product: the Goddard Earth Observing System Retrospective Analysis of the early 21st Century (GEOS-R21C), with 25-km horizontal resolution. The GEOS-R21C incorporates a wide range of observing systems and various improvements over previous GMAO reanalysis. We compare the PBL thermodynamic structure as well as PBL Height (PBLH) from GEOS-R21C with various PBL observations. For PBLH, definitions are different depending on each observing system. PBLHs derived from radiosonde observations and Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS RO) are based on bulk Richardson number and refractivity gradient, respectively. The results of the evaluation of PBL structure from GMAO’s next retrospective analysis product will be presented. In addition, comparison between near-real-time (NRT) commercial and NASA commercial GNSS RO PBLH will also be discussed.

Eun-Gyeong Yang↗
NASA NTRS2024

Expanded Signal to Noise Ratio Estimates for Validating Next-Generation Satellite Sensors in Oceanic, Coastal, and Inland Waters

The launch of the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) and the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) satellite sensors will provide increased spectral resolution compared to existing platforms. These new sensors will require robust calibration and validation datasets, but existing field-based instrumentation is limited in its availability and potential for geographic coverage, particularly for coastal and inland waters, where optical complexity is substantially greater than in the open ocean. The minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is an important metric for assessing the reliability of derived biogeochemical products and their subsequent use as proxies, such as for biomass, in aquatic systems. The SNR can provide insight into whether legacy sensors can be used for algorithm development as well as calibration and validation activities for next-generation platforms. We extend our previous evaluation of SNR and associated uncertainties for representative coastal and inland targets to include the imaging sensors PRISM and AVIRIS-NG, the airborne-deployed C-AIR radiometers, and the shipboard HydroRad and HyperSAS radiometers, which were not included in the original analysis. Nearly all the assessed hyperspectral sensors fail to meet proposed criteria for SNR or uncertainty in remote sensing reflectance (R rs ) for some part of the spectrum, with the most common failures (>20% uncertainty) below 400 nm, but all the sensors were below the proposed 17.5% uncertainty for derived chlorophyll-a. Instrument suites for both in-water and airborne platforms that are capable of exceeding all the proposed thresholds for SNR and R rs uncertainty are commercially available. Thus, there is a straightforward path to obtaining calibration and validation data for current and next-generation sensors, but the availability of suitable high spectral resolution sensors is limited.

signal-to-noise ratio↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Next Generation Exercise Device (NGED): Advancing Exercise Capabilities for Future Space Missions Through Biomechanical Modeling

BACKGROUND As space exploration extends to long-duration missions on the Moon and Mars, maintaining astronaut health and fitness becomes increasingly critical. The Next Generation Exercise Device (NGED), developed and tested by the HumanWorks Lab in NASA Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Software, Robotics, and Simulation Division, aims to address this challenge through innovative approaches. This study presents the development and evaluation of an NGED system, focusing on its adaptability to various mission scenarios, including prospective use in a Lunar Pressurized Rover (LPR). Central to this project is the application of biomechanical modeling to optimize exercise efficacy and safety in microgravity and partial gravity environments. The project is a collaborative effort with the Human Health and Performance group at Johnson Space Center, ensuring a comprehensive approach to astronaut well-being that integrates biomechanical principles with practical exercise solutions. The NGED represents the next generation of exercise capabilities for missions in space, on the Moon and Mars, with a specific focus on applications such as the LPR. METHODS AND RESULTS Data collection for NGED development was conducted with two motor-driven Beyond Power Voltra I [1] systems and a custom test structure to allow placement of the cable-based devices on the ground, at shoulder height, and overhead. The collection was performed in JSC’s Prototype Immersive Technology (PIT) Lab, utilizing an OptiTrack motion capture system and AMTI force platform, to enable detailed biomechanical analysis via OpenSim [2,3]. Motion capture data were collected for three subjects representing different body types and statures. The marker set used was an enhanced version of the full-body Plug-in Gait marker set [4], with additional markers strategically placed for the primary objective of informing exercise volume requirements. Subjects performed a series of 17 exercises, carefully selected to engage various muscle groups, including novel spaceflight exercises such as skiing (ergometer style), lateral pulldowns, wood chops, triceps extensions, and flies, with load variations ranging from 10 to 90 pounds to maintain kinematic form. This comprehensive approach allowed for a thorough evaluation of the NGED's performance across a wide range of motions and loads. The biomechanical modeling and analysis were conducted using a modified OpenSim Full Body Rajagopal Model [4,5] and also scaled to the maximum and minimum anthropometry provided in NASA-STD-3001 [6]. Volumetric convex hulls were generated based on model marker trajectories and aggregated into geometric assemblies. These can be placed in models of vehicle designs to assess fit to protect for exercise as well as to adapt NGED exercise to fit available space. Preliminary findings from the collection indicate that the NGED prototype demonstrates significant adaptability across varying user anthropometrics and exercise types. The device showed consistent performance in load-bearing exercises, with subjects able to perform exercises effectively while maintaining proper biomechanical form. CONCLUSION NGED represents a forward-looking advancement in exercise capabilities for future space missions. In the future, this system can be used to capture valuable metrics (e.g., isometric mid-thigh pull for force output measurements, assessments of postural muscle strength, overall isometric strength). Its versatility in accommodating various exercises and user physiques, coupled with the ability to provide targeted biomechanical loading, makes it a promising approach for maintaining astronaut health during long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. Future work will focus on refining the NGED based on initial biomechanical findings, leveraging the detailed insights provided by motion capture and analysis techniques. Particular emphasis will be placed on optimizing its use within the confined spaces of a LPR and other space habitats. This work contributes significantly to NASA's goals of supporting human health and performance in deep space exploration, paving the way for sustainable long-term presence beyond Low Earth Orbit through advanced, biomechanically-informed exercise solutions.

C Wang↗
DOE OSTI2025

EVs@Scale Next-Gen Profiles - EV Profile Capture 2024

As part of the U.S. DOE EVs@Scale consortium Next-Gen Profiles (NGP) project, the profile capture and analysis of production electric vehicles undergoing high power charging (HPC) is conducted over a wide range of conditions to explore variance and performance. Charge session parameters are collected from both the electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) at a rate of 10Hz and entered into a time-series database for analysis. These charge profiles are captured under nominal and off-nominal conditions, exploring the impact of battery state of charge (SOC), battery temperature, vehicle condition, smart charge management (SCM), and EVSE limitations. Nominal conditions are defined to be ideal conditions that should transfer the maximum allowable energy in the minimum possible amount of time. Nominal condition profiles are compared across EVs to characterize state-of-the-art EV charging performance against one another. Off-nominal condition profiles are compared against its nominal condition profile counterpart to highlight the variance across less desirable starting conditions within a single EV. This EV Profile Capture 2024 report stands as an update from the EV Profile Capture 2023 report to include the additional EV & EVSE assets tested and analyzed in 2024. The major updates within this report include the addition of three next-generation electric vehicles, added test cases, and further analysis. This expansion of analysis includes power profiles, power distribution, quantifying SOC, energy and range performance, EVSE limitation impacts, boost converter performance, etc. Additionally, NGP time-series data has been used as input towards three national laboratory-led grid modelling efforts: ANL’s IEEE-37 HIL model, INL’s Caldera model, and NREL’s EVI-X model. A summary of these platforms and how NGP has worked to improve their effectiveness has also been added to this years’ report.

Thurston, Sam↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing flow condensation models for next-generation refrigerants in axial micro-fin aluminum tubes

To support the transition to next-generation refrigerants, accurate modelling of heat transfer and pressure drop is essential for designing efficient heat exchangers. Current models, largely based on traditional refrigerants and unexpanded micro-fin tubes, may not reliably predict performance for new refrigerants and expanded micro-fin geometries. This study evaluates four condensation models using experimental data for six A2L refrigerants: R-32, R-454B, R-454C, R-455A, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E). For heat transfer models, the Han and Lee (2005) model initially yields the best accuracy (mean absolute Deviation, MAD = 22.1%). To further improve predictions, a correction factor reduces the Cavallini et al. (2009) model’s MAD from 68.2% to 15.4%, while optimization of the Kedzierski and Goncalves (1997) model achieves a MAD of 13.1%. For pressure drop, the Cavallini et al. (1997) model proves most accurate (MAD = 6.4%), with the simpler Haraguchi et al. (1993) model also effective (MAD = 9.4%). Keywords: Flow condensation models, heat transfer coefficient, frictional pressure drop, next-generation refrigerants, aluminum micro-fin tubes

Hu, Yifeng [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000242875185)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electroluminescence Yield Measurements in Xenon Gas with the NEXT-DEMO++ Detector

The NEXT-DEMO++ detector, a high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber serving as a prototype for the NEXT-100 experiment, was used to measure the electroluminescence (EL) yield as a function of reduced electric field ($E/p$) across pressures from 2.0 to 9.4 bar, utilizing the 41.5 keV de-excitation peak of $^{83m}$Kr. These measurements were made to examine the pressure dependence of the slope of the reduced EL yield $Y/p$, which has shown inconsistencies in the literature. The reduced yield was fitted with a linear model, revealing a modest ($\sim$5%) change in slope, beginning around 5 bar and increasing with pressure up to 9.4 bar.

Renner, J. [Valencia U., IFIC]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Flow Boiling Pressure Drop Characteristics of Next-generation Refrigerants in a Micro‑fin Copper Tube

This paper presents experimental frictional pressure-drop data for flow boiling of R-410A, R-134a, and next-generation alternatives R-454C, R-455A, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E) in a horizontal micro-fin copper tube. Tests were conducted over a range of mass fluxes and evaporation temperatures to characterize refrigerant-dependent two-phase pressure-drop behavior. The results show that frictional pressure gradient increased with mass flux and vapor quality and generally increased as evaporation temperature decreased, with liquid viscosity strongly affecting the observed trends. Among the evaluated correlations, the Goto et al. (2001) model gave the best overall agreement with the measurements before optimization. Further optimization of the Kuo and Wang (1996) and Goto et al. (2001) models reduced the overall mean absolute deviation to below 15%, with the optimized Goto (2001) model providing the most consistent predictions across all six refrigerants. The results support improved pressure-drop prediction and evaporator design for next-generation refrigerants in micro-fin tubes.

Hu, Yifeng [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000242875185)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Effects of the next-nearest-neighbor hopping on the low-dimensional Hubbard model: ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity

The Hubbard model has attracted considerable interest due to its prototypical role in describing strongly interacting electronic systems, such as high-critical-temperature superconductors as well as many novel quantum materials. By introducing next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) hoppings to the Hubbard model, the phase diagram becomes richer, and fascinating phenomena arise in both, one-dimensional chains and square lattices, such as: antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, superconductivity (SC), as well as charge orders, among others. Moreover, NNN hoppings play a fundamental role in understanding effects of doping on magnetism and pairing orders in strongly interacting regimes. In this article, we review the recent progress in understanding the different competing phases of this model in one and two dimensions from a computational perspective. In conclusion, we comment on the pressing technical challenges, illustrate the controversial results concerning the emergence of the SC phase, and conclude with our perspectives on future explorations.

Hubbard model↗
NASA NTRS2009

Evaluating the Environmental Performance of the U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation System

The environmental impacts of several possible U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation scenarios have been quantitatively evaluated for noise, air-quality, fuel-efficiency, and CO2 impacts. Three principal findings have emerged. (1) 2025 traffic levels about 30% higher than 2006 are obtained by increasing traffic according to FAA projections while also limiting traffic at each airport using reasonable ratios of demand to capacity. NextGen operational capabilities alone enable attainment of an additional 10-15% more flights beyond that 2025 baseline level with negligible additional noise, air-quality, and fuel-efficiency impacts. (2) The addition of advanced engine and airframe technologies provides substantial additional reductions in noise and air-quality impacts, and further improves fuel efficiency. 2025 environmental goals based on projected system-wide improvement rates of about 1% per year for noise and fuel-efficiency (an air-quality goal is not yet formulated) are achieved using this new vehicle technology. (3) Overall air-transport "product", as measured by total flown distance or total payload distance, increases by about 50% relative to 2006, but total fuel consumption and CO2 production increase by only about 40% using NextGen operational capabilities. With the addition of advanced engine/airframe technologies, the increase in total fuel consumption and CO2 production can be reduced to about 30%.

Environmental impact↗
NASA NTRS2016

Next Generation Agricultural System Data, Models and Knowledge Products: Introduction

Agricultural system models have become important tools to provide predictive and assessment capability to a growing array of decision-makers in the private and public sectors. Despite ongoing research and model improvements, many of the agricultural models today are direct descendants of research investments initially made 30-40 years ago, and many of the major advances in data, information and communication technology (ICT) of the past decade have not been fully exploited. The purpose of this Special Issue of Agricultural Systems is to lay the foundation for the next generation of agricultural systems data, models and knowledge products. The Special Issue is based on a 'NextGen' study led by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Next generation↗