Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “DIC”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Clarification of creep deformation mechanism in heat-affected zone of 9Cr steels with In Situ experiments

This work quantified nonuniform creep deformation across the heterogeneous heat-affected zone (HAZ) of Grade 91 steel with sophisticated experiments, including an electric-thermal finite element model–assisted Gleeble thermomechanical simulation and a high-temperature creep testing with in situ digital image correlation (DIC). High temperature creep properties of HAZ sub-zones were quantitatively measured by the DIC. Furthermore, by utilizing peak temperature, hardness, local creep strain, and underlying microstructures, creep deformation mechanisms in HAZ were further understood. DIC measurements reveal a creep-vulnerable zone (CVZ) exposed to a peak temperature of 932°C (close to A C3 ) in the intercritical HAZ experienced the fastest creep strength degradation instead of the soft zone with the lowest hardness prior to creep. The significantly reduced precipitation strengthening from misplacement of undissolved and coarsened M 23 C 6 carbides led to a faster recrystallization of tempered martensite in the CVZ. Weak untransformed tempered martensite (ferrite grains) stabilized by local Cr enrichment from dissolved M 23 C 6 also harmed the CVZ's creep resistance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Influence of Polarization Setting on Gold Nanorod Signal at Nonplasmonic Wavelengths Under Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Researchers rely on a variety of microscopic techniques for observing and tracking anisotropic nanoparticles in real time experiments. This technical note focuses on the optical behavior exhibited by gold nanorods at nonplasmonic wavelengths under differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC). Intense diffraction patterns appear at nonplasmonic wavelengths, and the behavior of these patterns can be altered by adjusting the surrounding medium or the polarizer setting. Such patterns are absent when linear and crossed polarizations are utilized. Making polarization adjustments is important in DIC microscopy, because it affects bias retardation and image contrast. The nonplasmonic diffraction bands that were observed could potentially be exploited for rotational tracking, but more importantly, researchers should exhibit care in selecting a nanorod sample and the polarization setting when working with DIC microscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Influence of Ocean Topography on the Upwelling of Carbon in the Southern Ocean

The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air-sea exchange of CO 2 . However, we have a limited understanding of the three-dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon-rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high-resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near-surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC-enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near-surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform pCO 2 levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Furthermore, our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon-rich waters to the surface.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Defocused differential interference contrast microscopy imaging of single plasmonic anisotropic nanoparticles

We present the defocused differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging of gold nanorods. We found that the scattered light and the defocus aberration play an important role in the formation of orientation-dependent DIC image patterns of a gold nanorod. Interestingly, the scattered light from a gold nanorod aligned closer to the polarization directions enables us to directly resolve its spatial orientation under a defocused DIC microscope.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Predicting oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity with donor-specific iPSC-CMs—a proof-of-concept study with doxorubicin

Abstract Many oncology drugs have been found to induce cardiotoxicity in a subset of patients, which significantly limits their clinical use and impedes the benefit of lifesaving anticancer treatments. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) carry donor-specific genetic information and have been proposed for exploring the interindividual difference in oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Herein, we evaluated the inter- and intraindividual variability of iPSC-CM-related assays and presented a proof of concept to prospectively predict doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) using donor-specific iPSC-CMs. Our findings demonstrated that donor-specific iPSC-CMs exhibited greater line-to-line variability than the intraindividual variability in impedance cytotoxicity and transcriptome assays. The variable and dose-dependent cytotoxic responses of iPSC-CMs resembled those observed in clinical practice and largely replicated the reported mechanisms. By categorizing iPSC-CMs into resistant and sensitive cell lines based on their time- and concentration-related phenotypic responses to DOX, we found that the sensitivity of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to DOX may predict in vivo DIC risk. Furthermore, we identified a differentially expressed gene, DND microRNA-mediated repression inhibitor 1 (DND1), between the DOX-resistant and DOX-sensitive iPSC-CMs. Our results support the utilization of donor-specific iPSC-CMs in assessing interindividual differences in DIC. Further studies will encompass a large panel of donor-specific iPSC-CMs to identify potential novel molecular and genetic biomarkers for predicting DOX and other oncology drug-induced cardiotoxicity.

Toxicology↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Generalized Stress Inversion Approach With Application to Residual Stress Estimation

In this work develop a generalized stress inversion technique (or the generalized inversion method) capable of recovering stresses in linear elastic bodies subjected to arbitrary cuts. Specifically, given a set of displacement measurements found experimentally from digital image correlation (DIC), we formulate a stress estimation inverse problem as a partial differential equation-constrained optimization problem. We use gradient-based optimization methods, and we accordingly derive the necessary gradient and Hessian information in a matrix-free form to allow for parallel, large-scale operations. By using a combination of finite elements, DIC, and a matrix-free optimization framework, the generalized inversion method can be used on any arbitrary geometry, provided that the DIC camera can view a sufficient part of the surface. We present numerical simulations and experiments, and we demonstrate that the generalized inversion method can be applied to estimate residual stress.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of Deformation Heterogeneity During Shale Swelling Using Digital Image Correlation

Abstract Rock-fluid interactions in shale formations are one of the main sources of wellbore instability issues and inadequate stimulation performance. For better planning of fracturing operations and optimizing production from these reservoirs, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind these interactions. These issues are especially prevalent in clay-rich shales, such as Tuscaloosa Marine Shale, which is the subject of this study. Conventional techniques to quantify these shale-fluid interactions comprise of measuring swelling in powdered rock grains or measurement of deformation in the whole pieces of the core using a linear variable differential transformer and strain gages. However, the contribution from individual laminae to overall deformation cannot be evaluated using these methods. In this study, we developed an experimental setup to evaluate the spatial deformation in shale during interaction with water using digital image correlation (DIC). Deformation of two shale samples, with 34 wt% to 51 wt% clay content, was studied. White paint was used to generate a random speckle pattern on the specimen and then immersed in deionized water. The deformation process was captured using a digital camera and images were analyzed using DIC to quantify the deformation. The implementation of the DIC technique enables the visualization and quantification of spatial deformation in the specimen during interacting with water. The results show the localization of large strains in select laminations. The results provide a better understanding of shale deformation when interacting with water in comparison to traditional measurements that can provide only an average strain value.

Energy & Fuels↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ring Pull Strain Analysis

Ring Pull Strain Analysis (RPSA) is a framework for analysis of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data of gaugeless ring pull testing. It is meant for analysis of rings cut from tube cross sections and pulled in a displacement-controlled tensile test. This code takes load frame data, images take during testing, and csv files from the DIC analysis of those images and allows the user to analyze and plot data from the test. Some important features of the software include getting the strain values as a function of radial distance and angle, plotting of the strain around the ring, and stress-strain analysis of the load frame data. Additional capability is included with Ring Pull Coating Analysis (RPCA, also part of the software). Additional images are taken of samples with an outer coating and are used to correlate failure of the coating with strain values measured with DIC.

Beck, Peter↗
DOE OSTI2014

In situ strain and temperature measurement and modelling during arc welding

In this study, experiments and numerical models were applied to investigate the thermal and mechanical behaviours of materials adjacent to the weld pool during arc welding. In the experiment, a new high temperature strain measurement technique based on digital image correlation (DIC) was developed and applied to measure the in situ strain evolution. In contrast to the conventional DIC method that is vulnerable to the high temperature and intense arc light involved in fusion welding processes, the new technique utilised a special surface preparation method to produce high temperature sustaining speckle patterns required by the DIC algorithm as well as a unique optical illumination and filtering system to suppress the influence of the intense arc light. These efforts made it possible for the first time to measure in situ the strain field 1 mm away from the fusion line. The temperature evolution in the weld and the adjacent regions was simultaneously monitored by an infrared camera. Finally and additionally, a thermal–mechanical finite element model was applied to substantiate the experimental measurement.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Correcting for digital image correlation speckle inversion at high temperature using color cameras

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a popular, noncontacting technique to measure full-field deformation by using cameras to track the motion of an applied surface pattern. Because it is noncontacting, DIC can be performed for extreme temperature applications (e.g., hot-fire rocket testing of carbon composite rocket nozzles) under harsh conditions during which bonded gauges are damaged. Speckle pattern inversion is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs while performing high-temperature DIC. During speckle pattern inversion, portions of the surface pattern that were initially darker at room temperature (e.g., graphite) may emit more light due to blackbody radiation than the portions that were initially paler, thereby producing images in which the pattern appears inverted at high temperature relative to the initial pattern at room temperature. This phenomenon can prevent the correlation algorithm from being able to resolve the displacements between images. This work compares three methods to mitigate speckle pattern inversion: (A) the subtraction method, a recently-published technique in which two high-temperature images are subtracted to remove unwanted light; (B) the filtering method, a popular technique in which optical bandpass filters screen out unwanted light; and (C) the histogram rescaling method, a proposed new method that pairs a color camera with a blue light source and uses information from the green sensor of the camera to correct against inversion in the blue sensor through postprocessing. The histogram rescaling method is shown to successfully eliminate speckle pattern inversion and has the added advantages that it does not require quasi-static loading to be able to compensate for speckle pattern inversion, nor does it impose thick-glass distortions caused by the optical filter.

Rowley, Lindsey J.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Rod-like plasmonic nanoparticles as optical building blocks: how differences in particle shape and structural geometry influence optical signal

Gold nanoparticles, particularly those with an anisotropic shape, have become a popular optical probe for experiments involving work on the nanoscale. However, to carry out such delicate and intricate experiments, it is first necessary to understand the detailed behavior of individual nanoparticles. In this series of experiments, optical and electron microscopy were utilized for the characterization of individual nanoparticles and small assemblies of nanoparticles. In the first experiment, gold nanorods were investigated. Single, isolated nanorods exhibit two maxima of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which are associated with the two nanorod axes. Upon the physical rotation of a nanorod at one of its LSPR wavelengths under polarized illumination, the optical behavior varies in a sinusoidal fashion. A dimer of nanorods exhibits optical behavior quite similar to a nanorod, except the LSPR maxima are shifted and broader. Under differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, a pair of nanorods separated by a distance below the diffraction limit can be distinguished from a single nanorod due to its optical behavior upon rotation. Dark field microscopy is unable to distinguish the two geometries. For the second set of experiments, the optical behavior of single gold nanorods at non-plasmonic wavelengths was investigated. The same nanorod was rotated with respect to a polarized light source under DIC, dark field, and polarized light microscopy. DIC microscopy was found to produce diffraction pattern peaks at non-plasmonic wavelengths, which could be altered by adjusting the setting of the polarizer. In the third set of experiments, the optical behavior of a single gold dumbbell and several simple dumbbell geometries were investigated with microscopy and simulations. The single dumbbell displayed behavior quite similar to that of a nanorod, but dumbbells exhibit a shift in both LSPR wavebands. Moreover, the shape of dumbbell particles allows them to interlock with one another quite easily. The dimers that form as a result display optical behavior that differs from what has been previously reported about nanorod dimers. Simulated surface charge density patterns reveal that hybridization of LSPR modes occurs readily along the lobes of individual dumbbells in some situations. A pentamer of dumbbells also displays hybridization of modes, and “hot spots” are observed at junctions between pairings of dumbbells. In the final set of experiments, the assembly behavior of nanoparticles in solution was observed in real time. In general, large assemblies of nanoparticles display backbone-like rigidity, but an interesting variety of movements is permitted within the larger structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Complete Status Report Documenting Weld Development for Thin Wall Tubing of ODS Ferritic Alloys

Beginning in 2015, research in the FCRD program began the development of FSW for joining thin sections of 14YWT in the form of thin (0.5 mm) plate and ultimately thin wall tubing. In the previous fiscal year, a ~1 mm thick plate, or sheet, of 14YWT was produced by hot rolling with no edge cracking. The initial FSW experiment was performed on the 1 mm thick plate and involved a bead-on-plate weld in which the spinning pin tool is plunged into the plate surface, but does not penetrate the thickness of the plate, and then travels the length of the plate. The FSW run successfully produced a bead-on-plate stir zone on the 1 mm thick plate of 14YWT, but no characterization studies of the stir zone were performed by the end of FY15. Therefore, the results presented in this report cover the microstructural analysis of the bead-on-plate stir zone and the initial research task on obtaining tensile properties of the stir zone using the digital image correlation (DIC) approach during testing of miniature tensile specimens to assess the quality of the FSW parameters used in the initial experiment. The results of the microstructural characterization study using optical, scanning electron and scanning transmission electron microscopies showed the grain structure in the SZ to have isotropic and irregular shape but very similar size compared to the highly elongated grains oriented horizontally with the plane of the plate that were observed in the unaffected zone of 14YWT. Several cracks oriented horizontally were observed mostly on the retreating side of the SZ in both the SZ and TMAZ. These cracks may have formed due to insufficient pressure being exerted on the top surface of the plate by the shoulder and pin tool during the FSW run. High resolution STEM-EDS analysis showed the presence of the Y-Ti-O particles in the SZ, but that some particles exhibited coarsening. Overall, the FSW parameters used to produce the bead-on-plate SZ in the 0.1 cm thick plate of 14YWT were nearly optimized. The results of the digital image correlation (DIC) analysis of the two SS-Mini-2 tensile specimens fabricated from the 0.1 cm thick plate of 14YWT showed that the specimens exhibited high strength and good ductility. However, strain localization occurred in one of the specimens during the tensile test that was too close to the grips, which invalidated the data from the DIC analysis. This was surprising since the abrupt crack pop-in that occurred in the 0.1 cm thick plate of 14YWT during fabrication by wire EDM suggested that residual stresses were high. Residual stress measurements and the effects of post weld heat treatment on the FSW quality of joined 14YWT plates will be investigated in the next FW work package.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development and applications of single particle orientation and rotational tracking in dynamic systems

The goal of this study is to help with future data analysis and experiment designs in rotational dynamics research using DIC-based SPORT technique. Most of the current studies using DIC-based SPORT techniques are technical demonstrations. Understanding the mechanisms behind the observed rotational behaviors of the imaging probes should be the focus of the future SPORT studies. More efforts are still needed in the development of new imaging probes, particle tracking methods, instrumentations, and advanced data analysis methods to further extend the potential of DIC-based SPORT technique.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

PDE Constrained Optimization for Digital Image Correlation

The purpose of this report is to investigate a partial differential equation (PDE) constrained optimization approach for estimating the velocity field given image data for use within digital image correlation (DIC). We first introduce the problem and the standard DIC approach and then demonstrate why the DIC problem is ill-posed and introduce a standard regularization of the problem. We also demonstrate that the functional used is sensitive and robust via a sequence of experiments given by a stochastic model inducing the PDE constraint.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exploring the process-structure-property relationship of Aerosol Deposition to phosphor coatings for non-contact thermometry

Full-field, multi-measurand diagnostics provide rich validation data necessary to improve the product life cycle time of nuclear safety components. Thermophosphor digital image correlation (TP+DIC) is a method of simultaneously measuring strain and temperature fields using patterned phosphor coatings deposited with aerosol deposition (AD). While TP+DIC produces a functional diagnostic, the coating’s reproducibility and the effect of the patterned features on the inferred temperature remains uncharacterized. This NSR&D project provided the opportunity to study two areas: 1) the tunability and repeatability of aerosol deposition and 2) the robustness of aerosol deposition phosphor on deforming substrates. The first area explores the process-property relationship of parameters elucidating the significance of each on the coating. The second area explores the relationship between the features’ characteristics (namely thickness) and the phosphor emission and inferred temperature. Together, the results will lead to the improved accuracy and functionality of TP+DIC for qualification testing of nuclear safety components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

The stable carbon isotope fractionation of methanogenesis products at complete carbon consumption

The stable carbon isotope signature (δ 13 C) of methane (CH 4 ) is used to discriminate between biological, thermogenic, and abiotic sources. Methanogens, or methane producing archaea, inhabit a broad range of chemical conditions. Many of these environments are replete in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), causing isotopically depleted δ 13 C biogenic CH 4 . However, some extreme environments inhabited by methanogens, such as serpentinising systems, exhibit low carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) availability, replete H 2 , and isotopically enriched δ 13 C CH 4 that is outside the known biogenic range. We measured the δ 13 C of CO 2 , biomass, lipids, and CH 4 during hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis under hydrogen replete conditions with a limited carbon pool to investigate carbon isotope dynamics at complete DIC consumption. As theory predicts, we found that the final, accumulated methane δ 13 C values closely reflect the δ 13 C of the initial DIC supply, and that methane is more 13 C enriched than biomass and lipids. This provides the first experimental evidence that methanogens can achieve complete carbon consumption and thus can produce accumulated CH 4 products that isotopically reflect the initial CO 2 . These data show that the range of possible δ 13 C values from biogenic methane needs to be expanded for natural environments impacted by extreme carbon limitation.

biomass↗
NASA NTRS1982

A disturbance isolation controller for the solar electric propulsion system flight experiment

A disturbance isolation controller (DIC) is developed for a simplified model of the solar electric propulsion system (SEPS) flight experiment which consists of a rigid Sperry gimbal torquer (AGS) mounted to a rigid orbiter and the SEPS solar array (rigid) end mounted to the AGS. The main purpose of the DIC is to reduce the effects of orbiter disturbances which are transmitted to the flight experiment. The DIC uses an observer, which does not require the direct measurement of the plant inputs, to obtain estimates of the plant states and the rate of the plant states. The state and rate of state information is used to design a controller which isolates disturbances from specified segments of the plant, and for the flight experiment, the isolated segment is the SEPS solar array.

Waites, H. B.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A note on decentralized integral controllability

A concept of decentralized integral controllability (DIC) defined on a given gain space Phi is clarified and related to the original definition given by Morari and Zafirou (1989). This leads to a simple proof of the existence of DIC on Phi from which existence conditions for DIC can be routinely deduced in the sense of Morari and Zafirou.

Nwokah, O. D. I.↗