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At least 217 records · Page 12

Metal-olivine associations and Ni-Co contents in two Apollo 12 mare basalts

Olivine crystals in mare basalts 12004,8 and 12022,12 are normally zoned with Cr-poor rims. The Ni content of rare 2- to 10-micron metal inclusions in olivine decreases markedly as Fe/Mg in their immediate olivine hosts increases. Each metal grain appears to have been enclosed by late olivine almost immediately after it crystallized. The fractionation trend for the olivine and metal contrasts with the subsolidus equilibration trend for pallasites. For the basalts, not even local equilibrium of Fe, Ni and Co at metal/olivine interfaces can be detected by microprobe. Ni and Co concentrations range from about 300 ppm in olivine cores to about 70 ppm in rims. The limits of detection, at 95% confidence, are 36 ppm (Ni) and 25 ppm (Co). The distribution of Ni and Co in olivine, like that of Mg and Cr, records the depletion of these elements in the melt.

Hewins, R. H.↗

The C/+/-CO transition in interstellar clouds

Ionized carbon recombines as the ultraviolet radiation field is attenuated inside interstellar clouds. It is proposed that C(+) is transformed into CO, the CO being formed by ion-molecule reactions of C(+) with OH and H2O. The characteristic column density of hydrogen required for the transition is approximately 3 sextillion per sq cm. The C(+)-CO transition has important implications for observations of CO and the thermal properties of sufficiently thick clouds.

Glassgold, A. E.↗

CO, CS, and HCN in a clustering of reflection nebulae in Monoceros

Observations are reported of the 2.6-mm line of CO from an extended region in Monoceros containing a complex of dust clouds as well as a group of reflection nebulae (Mon R2) and where a source of relatively strong millimeter emission from CS and HCN has been found. Lower limits are obtained for the CO and H2 column densities in this region, and five CO emission peaks are identified, each of which is approximately coincident with at least one reflection nebula. Around the position of the strongest peak, extended emission is observed from CS and HCN, suggesting the existence of a rotating core with an H2 density which corresponds to a mass of 5500 solar masses. The CO profiles in the direction of the strongest peak appear to show self-absorption, which may indicate a collapsing cloud.

Kutner, M. L.↗

Thermal-chemical instabilities in CO clouds

The stability of interstellar clouds containing CO is analyzed taking account of formation processes for CO. Two such processes are examined: O(+) charge exchange and C(+) radiative association. It is found that the C(+) radiative-association chemistry leads to low-temperature instabilities which influence the evolution of clouds. It is also found that instability may set in if CO production increases sufficiently with density, that the O(+) charge-exchange chemistry leads to instability associated with attenuation of the interstellar radiation field by grains, and that thermal instabilities will also result if grain formation, rather than ion-molecule chemistry, dominates CO production. It is suggested that such instabilities play a role in the fragmentation of interstellar clouds and in the formation of protostellar objects.

Glassgold, A. E.↗

Interpretation of high-resolution spectra of Mars. IV - New calculations of the CO abundance

Recent measurements of the half-widths of lines, pressure broadened by CO2 at a temperature of 200 K, in the 0-2 band of CO are used to reestimate the amount of CO in the atmosphere of Mars. Assuming an air-mass factor of 3.5, the amount of CO in a vertical path through the Martian atmosphere is estimated to be approximately 5.6 cm-atm. A comparison of CO and O2 abundances indicates that there is about 3.4 times as much molecular oxygen on Mars than expected. It is suggested that the extra oxygen may come from photodissociation of water.

Young, L. D. G.↗

N2O and CO production by electric discharge - Atmospheric implications

Enhanced levels of N2O and CO were measured in tropospheric air samples exposed to a 17,500-J laboratory discharge. These enhanced levels correspond to an N2O production rate of about 4 trillion molecules/J and a CO production rate of about 10 to the 14th molecules/J. The CO measurements suggest that the primary region of chemical production in the discharge is the shocked air surrounding the lightning channel, as opposed to the slower-cooling inner core. Additional experiments in a simulated Venus atmosphere (CO2 - 95%, N2 - 5%, at one atmosphere) indicate an enhancement of CO from less than 0.1 ppm prior to the laboratory discharge to more than 2000 ppm after the discharge. Comparison with theoretical calculations appears to confirm the ability of a shock-wave/thermochemical model to predict the rate of production of trace species by an electrical discharge.

Levine, J. S.↗

CO observations of mass outflow from the infrared star CIT 6

Results are presented for observations of CO emission from the molecular envelope surrounding the carbon star CIT 6 (IRC + 30219) made at five epochs spanning 17 months. There is no evidence for any variation in the CO line intensity on this time scale, but the intensity is much lower than that reported by previous authors. In addition, an earlier report of (C-13)O line emission cannot be confirmed, and the carbon isotope ratio C-12/C-13 is measured to be greater than 20. The shape of the CO emission line observed at all epochs can be fitted by a uniformly expanding cloud model in which the CO is optically thin except through the longest lines of sight.

Knapp, G. R.↗

Small-scale structure of the CO emission in S255 from lunar occultation observations

Two lunar occultations of the S255 H II region/molecular cloud complex were observed in the 2.6 mm CO line during 1978 and 1979. The resolution obtained (between 4 arcsec and 7 arcsec) enables us to resolve bright sources that are much smaller than the 44 arcsec telescope beam. In addition to the large-scale structure (approximately 10 arcmin in size) seen in previous CO maps, the observations reveal two high-temperature emission regions in the cloud core associated with two compact infrared sources about 20 arcsec apart. The first CO hot spot is larger in size with a Gaussian width of 41 arcsec + or - 7 arcsec and a peak temperature of 65 K. Its center falls between the two small infrared sources S255 IRS1 and IRS2. The linear size and peak temperature of this source are remarkably similar to those in the Orion Kleinmann-Low nebula. The second source is revealed from a discontinuous change in the CO line flux as the lunar limb crossed S255 IRS1. The size of this component is less than 7 arcsec; its temperature must exceed 200 K. No evidence is found for exceptionally high temperatures at the boundary of the two H II regions crossed during the occultations.

Schloerb, F. P.↗

Changes induced on the surfaces of small Pd clusters by the thermal desorption of CO

The stability and adsorption/desorption properties of supported Pd crystallites less than 5 nm in size were studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and repeated flash thermal desorption of CO. The Pd particles were grown epitaxially on heat-treated, UHV-cleaved mica at a substrate temperature of 300 C and a Pd impingement flux of 10 to the 13th atoms/sq cm s. Auger analysis allowed in situ measurement of relative particle dispersion and contamination, while FTD monitored the CO desorption properties. The results show that significant changes in the adsorption properties can be detected. Changes in the Pd Auger signal and the desorption spectrum during the first few thermal cycles are due to particle coalescence and facetting and the rate of this change is dependent on the temperature and duration of the desorption. Significant reductions in the amplitude of the desorptions peak occur during successive CO desorptions which are attributed to increases of surface carbon, induced by the desorption of CO. The contamination process could be reversed by heat treatment in oxygen or hydrogen

Doering, D. L.↗

A molecular beam investigation of the oxidation of CO on Pt/9/111/x/100//

The CO oxidation on Pt/9(111)x(100)/ was studied by molecular beam relaxation spectroscopy (MBRS). The reaction proceeded via the reaction of adsorbed CO and adsorbed oxygen. No evidence for direct reactive collisions between gaseous CO and adsorbed atomic oxygen was seen. The second order rate constant was measured by linearizing the reaction system to be 10 to the -7th exp/-(9700 kcal/mole)RT/ per sq cm s. The relatively low pre-exponential factor was explained by transition state theory on the basis of a high partition function for adsorbed carbon monoxide obtained previously from studies of CO desorption on this surface.

Fair, J. A.↗

A model of CO-CH4 global transport/chemistry. II - Preliminary calculation by 1 dimensional model

Calculations of the one-dimensional CO-CH4 transport/chemistry model were performed to investigate the sensitivity of the OH vertical profile to various factors. The boundary conditions at the earth's surface and the tropopause are discussed. The results show that the liquid-phase or soil-phase resistance dominates the mass transfer of both CO and CH4 between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. At the tropopause, the CO and CH4 fluxes are set approximately equal to the value at the previous time step in the numerical calculation. Photolysis rate coefficients that increase with altitude modified the OH vertical profile so that the maximum value was at midtroposphere altitudes. Increasing the CO concentration caused a decrease of the OH concentration, and the OH profile was very sensitive to the NO(x) profiles. The calculated OH profiles are compared with those from other investigations and also with some available measurements. Although the available measurements of the OH profiles are limited, the calculated OH profiles agree fairly well with them.

Kitada, T.↗

CO observations of several galactic H II regions

Maps of the CO emission at a resolution of 8 arcmin are presented for seven H II regions or H II region groups; the results of a search for CO emission near seven more are also given. CO was detected near all but two of the observed objects. The distribution of (C-12)O and (C-13)O near S142, S157, and S159 was mapped at a resolution of 2.3 arcmin. The S147/S153 group of H II regions is shown to consist of physically related objects; it is a region of active star formation. The results show a complicated molecular cloud structure near most observed H II regions. There is a tendency for decreasing CO cloud mass when H II regions in more evolved stages are observed. The relevance of these results for the understanding of individual H II region/molecular cloud complexes, and for general aspects of the star-formation process, is briefly discussed.

Israel, F. P.↗

A direct nuclear-pumped He-3-CO laser

Direct nuclear pumping of a low-temperature (150 K) He-3-CO laser has been achieved using the volumetric He-3(n,p)H-3 nuclear reaction. Lasing occurred on the vibrational bands of CO at about 5 microns. Effects of N2 on the system were investigated, as well as scaling of laser output with CO concentration, thermal neutron flux, and total pressure. This is the first volume-pumped, nuclear powered CO laser.

Jalufka, N. W.↗

Molecules in celestial objects. III - Study of CO in interstellar diffuse clouds

The absorption lines corresponding to the A-X transition of CO have been looked for in the IUE spectra of 14 stars with varying values of the colour excess, E(B-V) and found to be present in the spectra of nine stars with E(B-V) at least 0.28. The column density of CO has been determined towards these nine stars and its upper limit towards the rest of the stars. The curve of growth analysis has been found to show that the contribution to CO absorption is possibly from a single interstellar cloud for stars with E(B-V) less than 0.4 and from more than one cloud for stars with E(B-V) greater than 0.4. The observed column density of CO as a function of E(B-V) has been found to be in good agreement with that expected from the theory of ion-molecular chemistry.

Tarafdar, S. P.↗

Optimization of the catalytic oxidation of CO for closed-cycle CO2 laser applications

This report develops a basis for the design of a catalyst bed for the recombination of CO and O2 in a closed-cycle CO2 laser system. The catalyst is 1% Pt on SnO2 having a BET surface area of 6.7 sq m/g and a specific void volume of 0.374 cu cm/g. The design conditions are: a catalyst bed temperature of 100 C and a circulating flow rate of 10 lambda/min. Under these conditions, the required quantity of catalyst for prolonged laser operation of 668g. The rat law for the reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of 1% CO + 1/2% O2 in helium was determined to be overall first order; however, additional experiments with non-stoichiometric gas mixtures of CO and O2 are needed to determine the order of the CO concentration and the order of the O2 concentration in the rate law.

Miller, I. M.↗

Vibrational and rotational excitation of CO in comets Nonequilibrium calculations

Ultraviolet observations of atomic carbon in cometary comae show that carbon-bearing compounds must comprise a significant fraction (approximately equal to or greater than 10 percent) of the volatiles. One likely source is CO. This compound is an important constituent of at least some cometary nuclei, even though it may not be the ultimate source of atomic carbon in all comets. Feldman (1983) has suggested that the relative abundance of CO may be one of the few fundamental characteristics which distinguish one comet from another. The present investigation is, therefore, concerned with the vibrational and rotational excitation of the CO molecule in cometary comae. Two previously neglected factors are taken into account in the study. The fractional populations of CO as solutions to time-dependent differential equations are derived, and a nonisothermal and cold kinetic temperature profile for the inner coma is considered.

Chin, G.↗

On the bonding in Fe2(CO)9

The present paper is concerned with an analysis of the bonding in Fe2(CO)9, taking into account the results of self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations. The basis sets used are the same as those employed in the study of Fe(CO)5 conducted by Bauschlicher and Bagus (1985). The Fe basis set starts with the 14s9p5d primitive set optimized by Wachters (1970), which is contracted to 8s4p5d. An SCF wave function, consisting of only the core electrons, was determined, and then electrons were slowly added to the virtual orbitals with the lowest eigenvalues. The conducted calculations show no direct Fe-Fe bonding, but rather bonding resulting from the bridging CO's. The bonding is found to involve both the 5 sigma and 2 pi(asterisk) orbitals of the bridging CO's.

Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr.↗

CO mapping of the Orion molecular cloud: The influence of star formation on cloud structure

Regions of massive star formation have long been believed to have a profound influence on the structure of their surrounding molecular clouds. The ways in which massive star formation has altered the structure and kinematics of the Orion Molecular Cloud are discussed. The data to be discussed consists of a large scale map of the CO J=1-0 emission from approximately 3 square degrees of OMC-1. During 1985, the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory 14M antenna was used to map a 2 deg x 1 deg region centered on alpha(1950) = 5(h)33(m)00(s) delta(1950) = -5 deg 30 min. The region mapped in 1985 covers the well known HII regions M42, M43, and NGC1977, and the CO map contains abundant evidence of the interaction between these regions and the molecular cloud. Indeed, the global structure of the cloud appears to have been strongly influenced by the continuous formation of massive stars within the cloud. Individual instances of some of these features are discussed. There appear to be two classes of features which are indicative of this interaction: CO bright rims and CO holes. During 1986, we have undertaken further mapping of OMC-1 to the south of the region covered by the 1985 map. This portion of the cloud contains significant regions of star formation, but O star formation has not occured and large HII regions have not developed to alter the appearance of the cloud. A detailed map of this region is thus an opportunity to view the structure of the molecular cloud before it has been altered by massive star formation. Preliminary analysis of data obtained in this region suggests that the structure and kinematics of the southern portion of the Orion cloud are indeed dramatically different from those of the region previously mapped. Comparison of the two regions thus supports models of the development of structure in molecular clouds through interaction with the HII regions formed within them.

Schloerb, F. P.↗