Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Aeronomy”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

214 records · Page 12

Systems Engineering Challenges for GSFC Space Science Mission Operations

The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Space Science Mission Operations (SSMO) project currently manages19 missions for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, within the Planetary, Astrophysics, and Heliophysics Divisions. The mission lifespans range from just a few months to more than20 years. The WIND spacecraft, the oldest SSMO mission, was launched in 1994. SSMO spacecraft reside in low earth, geosynchronous,highly elliptical, libration point, lunar, heliocentric,and Martian orbits. SSMO spacecraft range in size from 125kg (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM)) to over 4000kg (Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope (Fermi)). The attitude modes include both spin and three-axis stabilized, with varying requirements on pointing accuracy. The spacecraft are operated from control centers at Goddard and off-site control centers;the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS)mission were built at Goddard. The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and Wind are operated out of a multi-mission operations center, which will also host several SSMO-managed cubesats in 2017. This paper focuses on the systems engineeringchallenges for such a large and varied fleet of spacecraft.

Spacecraft↗

History of the American Geophysical Union Atmospheric and Space Electricity Section

Atmospheric and Space Electricity (ASE) has been a part of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) since its initial founding and organization in 1919. John Fleming, who invented the vacuum tube, was the first Secretary of the AGU Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity Section, and today has an AGU medal named after him. ASE played an important role in the post-World War II era of AGU, as a locus for scientific discussions regarding major ASE-related events, such as the Thunderstorm Project (1946–1949) and the 1969 Apollo 12 lightning incident. By the 1970s and 1980s, the ASE community was represented by the Committee on ASE (CASE) within the Atmospheric Sciences Section. CASE was able to bridge the gap between the fields of aeronomy and atmospheric science by sponsoring its own sessions and nominating AGU Fellow awardees. ASE business meetings at the AGU Fall and Spring Meetings lasted for hours, with anyone from the community presenting scientific ideas, field campaigns, and more - practically turning the business meeting into an ad hoc AGU session!

Lang, Timothy↗

Preface to the Special Collection: Recollections in Space Physics

Space Physics is a comparatively young scientific discipline, tightly linked to the era of satellite based investigations and the discoveries that came with it. As such, we as a community are fortunate to have met, been taught and mentored by, and even become friends with, many of those who were around to witness the birth of, and in many cases establish, our field. Each of these "Pioneers" have remarkable stories to tell. These accounts from the dawn of the space age provide a glimpse into that era of scientific discovery and are an important part of our collective history that deserve to be shared and commemorated. These are stories of perseverance, ingenuity, luck, and sometimes failure. We are fortunate to live in an era in which these distinguished scientists are still with us and able to share their experiences.To commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), we have solicited a special collection of recollection papers to memorialize these experiences. This is not the first such effort to capture these stories. In 1994 (Vol. 99, No. A10, pp. 19,099-19,212) and again in 1996 (Vol. 101, No. A5, pp. 10,477-10,585) JGRSpace Physics published special sections entitled, "Pioneers of Space Physics," in celebration of AGU's 75th anniversary. Later, in 1997, Gilmore and Spreiter (1997) added a set of recollection papers on the discovery of the magnetosphere. Together, these papers containing personal accounts from the pioneers of the space age covered the period of roughly 1958-1967.It is our great honor to present retrospective papers from several of our distinguished colleagues who contributed significantly to the explosion in understanding of space physics and aeronomy that occurred from roughly 1967-1980. We chose to start at the end of the previous set of recollections and cover the decade of the 1970s, during which our field greatly expanded. It is also a time in which the second generation of space scientists entered the field and made foundational discoveries that continue to define our discipline.As with the previous papers, we asked the authors to "recount some of the events leading to the emergence of space physics and to put the events into a professional as well as personal perspective." (Gombosi et al.,1994). The authors of this special collection of recollections were selected following the same guidelines as the previous efforts. We started from a long list of senior colleagues and narrowed the list to roughly two dozen distinguished scientists based on discipline and geographic balance. Some of our colleagues, when asked, felt they would be unable to devote the time or energy to such a recollection and declined. Sadly,in the intervening 25 years since the original effort, some of our colleagues who were most active during the early years of the space age have passed. Therefore, this new special collection, 25 years after the first one, is timely with the AGU centennial celebrations, but late in fully capturing the stories of the pioneers of space physics. This is unfortunate and we encourage future editors of this journal to commission specialsections of legacy perspectives with a faster cadence than a quarter of a century.

Kepko, Emil L.↗

A Multi-Year Effort to Forward the Validation of Solar Energetic Particle Prediction Models

To enable a consistent and quantitative understanding of solar energetic particle (SEP) model performance, a generalized, automated validation infrastructure, called SPHINX, is being developed by the NASA Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) in close collaboration with the NASA Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), NASA Moon to Mars Space Weather Analysis Office (M2M), NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), and the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB). SPHINX is being developed to evaluate the SEP Scoreboards (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/scoreboards/sep/), which are being used by SRAG to support space radiation operations for Mission Control. SPHINX is also being developed through a series of community challenges, which have defined a list of challenge events and a prescribed set of rules of participation. The participation of the research community has enabled the generalization of the infrastructure to validate all the types of outputs being produced by SEP models and fully exercised the framework. The most recent challenge includes 30 SEP events and 33 non-event (quiet) periods and was supported by two dedicated SEPVAL working meetings, one in the US and one in Europe (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/community-workshops/ccmc-sepval-2023/). Here, we describe SPHINX and its interactive user interface, SPHINX-VIVID, which will eventually be made available for public use. We present selected results, outcomes, and lessons learned from the SEPVAL working meetings and validation results of the SEP Scoreboards from 2019 to present. These efforts aim to define a set of community standards for SEP model validation and describe the current state-of-the-art of SEP model performance.

Kathryn Whitman↗

Direct Measurements Conference

Administrative and reporting aspects of conference dealing with direct aeronomic measurements in lower ionosphere

CONFERENCE↗

Science Enhancements by the MAVEN Participating Scientists

NASA implemented a Participating Scientist Program and released a solicitation for the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN) proposals on February 14, 2013. After a NASA peer review panel evaluated the proposals, NASA Headquarters selected nine on June 12, 2013. The program's intent is to enhance the science return from the mission by including new investigations that broaden and/or complement the baseline investigations, while still addressing key science goals. The selections cover a broad range of science investigations. Included are: a patching of a 3D exosphere model to an improved global ionosphere-thermosphere model to study the generation of the exosphere and calculate the escape rates; the addition of a focused study of upper atmosphere variability and waves; improvement of a multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model that will be adjusted according to MAVEN observations to enhance the understanding of the solar-wind plasma interaction; a global study of the state of the ionosphere; folding MAVEN measurements into the Mars International Reference Ionosphere under development; quantification of atmospheric loss by pick-up using ion cyclotron wave observations; the reconciliation of remote and in situ observations of the upper atmosphere; the application of precise orbit determination of the spacecraft to measure upper atmospheric density and in conjunction with other Mars missions improve the static gravity field model of Mars; and an integrated ion/neutral study of ionospheric flows and resultant heavy ion escape. Descriptions of each of these investigations are given showing how each adds to and fits seamlessly into MAVEN mission science design.

Thermosphere↗

Probing the Lower-Thermosphere-Ionosphere In-situ with Small Spacecraft

The LTI at Earth spans the altitude range of about 90km to 200km. These altitudes do not lendthemselves easily to exploration by neither balloons nor orbiting spacecraft. As a consequence,only few in-situ measurements from the region exist, provided by sounding rocket campaignsand a few low-dipping Atmospheric Explorer missions in the 1970s. This has left a critical needfor simultaneous and co-located measurements of comprehensive sets of physical parametersto characterize both the neutral and plasma constituents. Such observations with extensivecoverage in time and space are crucial to advancing our understanding of the energetics, dy-namics, and chemistry of this complex region of the Earth’s atmosphere. Not all observablesare accessible through remote sensing so novel approaches and technological solutions are calledfor to obtain the needed in-situ measurements.Over the last decade, small spacecraft systems have proven their capability to provide someof these observations. Miniaturized instruments for electric and magnetic fields as well as forplasma and neutral gas densities, composition, and winds have been developed and proven inspace along with a large number of small satellite systems. Huge progress is also seen in thedevelopment of small satellite technology in support of large constellations. This paper willreview some of the main developments and discuss their relevance and potential for explorationof the LTI.

Aeronomy↗

Understanding Atmospheric Absorption Effects on UV Spectra from Sounding Rockets using a Spherical-Shells Model

Our team is working on building and calibrating the FURST sounding rocket, with an expected launch in mid-2023. The goal is to image the most complete and highest resolution UV spectra to date. To do this, preciseradiometric and wavelength calibration techniques have been developed. We describe below our model of O2 atmospheric absorption and couple that with simulated FURST images. With a high-enough SNR, we canestimate our ability to use absorption peaks for calibration, or for back-calculating atmospheric properties. If data is available, this method could be applied to older sounding rocket data to find hidden science.

MSFC, NASA, UAH, CSPAR, FURST, MSU, SHINE, Aeronom↗

Understanding Atmospheric Absorption Effects on UV Spectra from Sounding Rockets using a Spherical-Shells Model

Our team is working on building and calibrating the FURST sounding rocket, with an expected launch in mid-2023. The goal is to image the most complete and highest resolution UV spectra to date. To do this, precise radiometric and wavelength calibration techniques have been developed. We describe below our model of O2 atmospheric absorption and couple that with simulated FURST images. With a high-enough SNR, we can estimate our ability to use absorption peaks for calibration, or for back-calculating atmospheric properties. If data is available, this method could be applied to older sounding rocket data to find hidden science.

MSFC, NASA, UAH, CSPAR, FURST, MSU, SHINE, Aeronom↗

Why Developing A Full-Sun UV Spectrograph Sounding Rocket Is Difficult but Necessary

For a conference focused on a 20-year perspective of where we have been and where we are going, this talk will highlight specifically why we need a sounding rocket to lead the way in obtaining high-resolution UV spectroscopy of our sun-as-a-star. The currently available data is either sparse or at a much lower resolution when compared with Hubble (HST) spectra of other stars. Because of this, we cannot say with certainty if our Sun’s variability is typical. This limitation is hindering our quest to place our Sun in it’s rightful place on our star-charts. Ultraviolet light is a key component in determining this. Elements such as Hydrogen and Iron have strong emission lines here, and from them we can determine many things about the star from which they originate. The width of these spectral features can tell us about the relative plasma activity on the surface of the star, the abundance of those elements, and of course the temperatures. This has of course been done with many instruments that have very narrow field of views and/or narrow bandwidths. The only way to directly compare our Sun’s UV ”fingerprint” with other stars is to take an image of it in the same manner by which HST does: as a point source object. Our team’s aim has been to develop a sounding rocket capable of doing just that. Along the way, the many challenges we face are producing many solutions. A unique take on the traditional Rowland circle spectrograph will allow us to cover a large range of UV spectra with minimal moving parts. A novel in-situ gain calibration technique will be used in order to maintain the high level of radiometric accuracy desired. Naturally, complications arise when one takes UV measurements as you are flying out of earth’s atmosphere and back into it. Though it may be minor, the absorbed UV spectra from the atmosphere will have to be accounted for. In preparing for this, we have stumbled across a way in which those ”telluric” absorption lines may prove useful for spectral calibration purposes. In addition, raw data from previous sounding rocket missions may have hidden within them useful information for the atmospheric-physics community. In this talk, we will highlight the unique calibration problems and solutions we have faced, and how those are of greater importance to the greater heliophysics and atmospheric communities. With these amazing developments at hand, the future of heliophysics instrumentation is looking bright. This material is based upon work supported by the NSF EPSCoR RII-Track-1.2a (Non-invasive plasma diagnostics for LTP) Cooperative Agreement OIA-1655280. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

NASA, UAH, MSU, Sounding Rocket, Aeronomy, Instrum↗

Science Enhancements by the MAVEN Participating Scientists

NASA implemented a Participating Scientist Program and released a solicitation for the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN) proposals on February 14, 2013. After a NASA peer review panel evaluated the proposals, NASA Headquarters selected nine on June 12, 2013. The program’s intent is to enhance the science return from the mission by including new investigations that broaden and/or complement the base-line investigations, while still addressing key science goals. The selections cover a broad range of science investigations. Included are: a patching of a 3D exosphere model to an improved global ionosphere-thermosphere model to study the generation of the exosphere and calculate the escape rates; the addition of a focused study of upper atmosphere variability and waves; improvement of a multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model that will be adjusted according to MAVEN observations to enhance the understanding of the solar-wind plasma interaction; a global study of the state of the ionosphere; folding MAVEN measurements into the Mars International Reference Ionosphere under development; quantification of atmospheric loss by pick-up using ion cyclotron wave observations; the reconciliation of remote and in situ observations of the upper atmosphere; the application of precise orbit determination of the spacecraft to measure upper atmospheric density and in conjunction with other Mars missions improve the static gravity field model of Mars; and an integrated ion/neutral study of ionospheric flows and resultant heavy ion escape. Descriptions of each of these investigations are given showing how each adds to and fits seamlessly into MAVEN mission science design.

Mars↗