Results for “shear flow” — Page 11

NASA NTRS1987

Investigation of turbulent shear flows by numerical simulation

A data base (Kim et al., 1986) generated by direct numerical integration of the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at low Reynolds numbers is applied to investigate the physical processes acting in wall-bounded shear flows. The techniques used to construct the data base are outlined; the modeling of turbulence, streaks and streamwise vortices, horseshoe and inverted-horseshoe vortices, and vortex rings is described; the conditional sampling techniques employed are discussed; and typical results are presented graphically. An organized vorticity-field structure is revealed and found to be associated with the bursting process and a local peak in the wall pressure, indicating a possible approach to reducing viscous drag.

Kim, J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Modeling of pressure spectra in a turbulent shear flow

The development of the pressure spectrum has been followed from its separation into turbulent-turbulent and turbulent-mean square contributions to a unified spectral model. The model is obtained by Fourier transforming the integral solution to Poisson's equation for an isotropic, homogeneous, constant mean shear flow. The variations in the asymptotic form for the mean-shear spectrum is discussed. It is noted that the spectra are associated with the particular velocity field selected, and that by an appropriate choice of spectral forms, the mean-square pressure of the flow may be calculated.

Beuther, P.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Inviscid vortex motions in weakly three-dimensional boundary layers and their relation with instabilities in stratified shear flows

We consider the inviscid instability of three-dimensional boundary-layer flows with a small crossflow over locally concave or convex walls, along with the inviscid instability of stratified shear flows. We show how these two problems are closely related through the forms of their governing equations. A proposed definition of a generalized Richardson number for the neutrally stable inviscid vortex motions is given. Implications of the similarity between the two problems are discussed.

Blackaby, Nicholas D.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Studies of turbulent shear flows and their control

The intent of the original proposal and the work carried out under the grant was to explore the instabilities of turbulent free shear flows of an incompressible fluid. The purpose for doing so was that coherent instabilities are susceptible to control via upstream forcing and because at sufficient finite amplitudes, the coherent modes enter into nonlinear interactions with the mean motion and thus, through such nonlinear interactions, the control of mixing and of mean flow spreading can be effected through the control of the coherent structures.

Liu, Joseph T. C.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Eigenmode analysis of the sheared-flow Z-pinch

Experiments have demonstrated that a Z-pinch can persist for thousands of times longer than the growth time of global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities such as the m=0 sausage and m=1 kink modes. These modes have growth times on the order of ta=a/vi, where vi is the ion thermal speed and a is the pinch radius. Axial flows with duz/dr ≲ vi/a have been measured during the stable period, and the commonly accepted theory is that this amount of shear is sufficient to stabilize these modes as predicted by numerical studies using the ideal MHD equations. However, these studies only consider specific equilibrium profiles that typically have a modest magnitude for the logarithmic pressure gradient, qP≡d ln P/d ln r, and may not represent experimental conditions. Linear stability of the sheared-flow Z-pinch is studied here via a direct eigen-decomposition of the matrix operator obtained from the linear ideal MHD equations. Several equilibrium profiles with a large variation of qP are examined. Considering a practical range of k, 1/3 ≲ ka ≲ 10, it is shown that the shear required to stabilize m=0 modes can be expressed as duz/dr≥Cγ0/(ka)α. Here, γ0=γ0(ka) is the profile-specific growth rate in the absence of shear, which scales approximately with |qP|. Both C and α are profile-specific constants, but C is order unity and α≈1. It is further demonstrated that even a large value of shear, duz/dr=3vi/a, is not sufficient to provide linear stabilization of the m=1 kink mode for all profiles considered. This result is in contrast to the currently accepted theory predicting stabilization at much lower shear, duz/dr=0.1vi/a, and suggests that the experimentally observed stability cannot be explained within the linear ideal-MHD model.

Angus, J. R. (ORCID:0000000314740002)↗

NASA NTRS1988

Structure of a reattaching supersonic shear flow

A Mach 1.83 fully developed turbulent boundary layer with boundary layer thickness, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number of 7.5 mm, 476 m/s, and 6.2 x 10 to the 7th/m, respectively, was separated at a 25.4-mm backward step and formed a shear layer. Fast-response pressure transducers, schlieren photography, and LDV were used to study the structure of this reattaching shear flow. The preliminary results show that large-scale relatively organized structures with limited spanwise extent form in the free shear layer. Some of these structures appear to survive the recompression and reattachment processes, while others break down into smaller scales and the flow becomes increasingly three-dimensional. The survived large-scale structures lose their organization through recompression/reattachment, but regain it after reattachment. The structures after reattachment form a 40-45-degree angle relative to the free stream and deteriorate gradually as they move downstream.

Samimy, M.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Local isotropy in high Reynolds number turbulent shear flows

This is a report on the continuation of experiments, which Dr. Srinivas Veeravalli and the present author started in 1991, to investigate the hypothesis of local isotropy in shear flows. This hypothesis, which states that at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers the small-scale structures of turbulent motions are independent of large-scale structures and mean deformations, has been used in theoretical studies of turbulence and computational methods like large-eddy simulation. The importance of Kolmogorov's ideas arises from the fact that they create a foundation for turbulence theory.

Saddoughi, Seyed G.↗

NASA NTRS2009

Enhancement of USM3D Unstructured Flow Solver for High-Speed High-Temperature Shear Flows

Large temperature and pressure fluctuations have a profound effect on turbulence development in transonic and supersonic jets. For high-speed, high-temperature jet flows, standard turbulence models lack the ability to predict the observed mixing rate of a shear layer. Several proposals to address this deficiency have been advanced in the literature to modify the turbulence transport equations in a variety of ways. In the present study, some of the most proven and simple modifications to two-equation turbulence models have been selected and implemented in NASA's USM3D tetrahedral Navier-Stokes flow solver. The modifications include the addition of compressibility correction and pressure dilatation terms in the turbulence transport equations for high-speed flows, and the addition of a simple modification to the Boussinesq's closure model coefficient for high-temperature jets. The efficacy of the extended models is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data for two supersonic axisymmetric jet test cases at design pressure ratio.

Pandya, Mohagna J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The production of turbulent stress in a shear flow by irrotational fluctuations

Attention is given to the way in which external turbulence affects an initially turbulence-free region in which there is a mean velocity gradient. External turbulence induces irrotational fluctuations in the sheared region which interact with the shear to produce rotational velocity fluctuations and mean Reynolds stresses. Since the actual front between the initial external turbulence and the shear flow is a randomly contorted surface, the turbulence near the front is intermittent, and is presently included in the form of a simple statistical model. In wind tunnel tests, turbulent shear stress was found to grow from zero to significant values in the interaction region. Observed stress magnitude and extent agrees with predictions, and it is concluded that turbulent stresses can be produced by irrotational fluctuations in a region of mean shear.

Gartshore, I. S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

A critical comparison of turbulence models for homogeneous shear flows in a rotating frame

A variety of turbulence models, including five second-order closure models and four two equation models, are tested for the problem of homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a rotating frame. The model predictions for the time evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate, as well as those for the equilibrium states, are compared with the results of physical and numerical experiments. Most of the two-equation models predict the same results for all rotation rates (omega/S) in which there is an exponential time growth of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. The second-order closures are qualitatively superior since, consistent with physical and numerical experiments, they only predict this type of unstable flow for intermediate rotation rates in the range -0.1 less than or equal to omega/S less than or equal to 1.6. For rotation rates outside this range, there is an exchange of stabilities with a solution whose kinetic energy and dissipation rate decay with time. Although the second-order closures are superior to the two-equation models, there are still problems with the quantitative accuracy of their predictions.

Speziale, Charles G.↗

NASA NTRS1989

A critical comparison of turbulence models for homogeneous shear flows in a rotating frame

A variety of turbulence models, including five second-order closure models and four two equation models, are tested for the problem of homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a rotating frame. The model predictions for the time evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate, as well as those for the equilibrium states, are compared with the results of physical and numerical experiments. Most of the two-equation models predict the same results for all rotation rates (omega/S) in which there is an exponential time growth of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. The second-order closures are qualitatively superior since, consistent with physical and numerical experiments, they only predict this type of unstable flow for intermediate rotation rates in the range -0.1 less than or equal to omega/S less than or equal to 1.6. For rotation rates outside this range, there is an exchange of stabilities with a solution whose kinetic energy and dissipation rate decay with time. Although the second-order closures are superior to the two-equation models, there are still problems with the quantitative accuracy of thier predictions.

Speziale, Charles G.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A critical comparison of turbulence models for homogeneous shear flows in a rotating frame

A variety of turbulence models, including five second-order closure models and four two equation models, are tested for the problem of homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a rotating frame. The model predictions for the time evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate, as well as those for the equilibrium states, are compared with the results of physical and numerical experiments. Most of the two-equation models predict the same results for all rotation rates (omega/S) in which there is an exponential time growth of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. The second-order closures are qualitatively superior since, consistent with physical and numerical experiments, they only predict this type of unstable flow for intermediate rotation rates in the range -0.1 less than or equal to omega/S less than or equal to 1.6. For rotation rates outside this range, there is an exchange of stabilities with a solution whose kinetic energy and dissipation rate decay with time. Although the second-order closures are superior to the two-equation models, there are still problems with the quantitative accuracy of their predictions.

Speziale, Charles G.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Microstructural characterization of a star-linear polymer blend under shear flow by using rheo-SANS

We present an investigation into the dynamic relaxation mechanisms of a polybutadiene blend composed of a four-arm star (10 wt. %) and a linear polymer matrix in the presence of an applied shear flow. Our focus was the response of the star polymer, which cannot be unambiguously assessed via linear viscoelastic measurements since the signature of the star polymer can barely be detected due to the dominant contribution of the linear matrix. By utilizing small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) coupled with a Couette shear device and a deuterated matrix polymer, we investigated the dynamics of the minority star component of the blend. Our results confirm that the stars deform anisotropically with increasing shear rate. We have compared the SANS data with predictions from the well-established scattering adaptation of the state-of-the-art tube model for entangled linear polymer melts undergoing shear, i.e., Graham, Likhtman, Milner, and McLeish (GLaMM) approach, appropriately modified following earlier studies in order to apply to the star. This modified model, GLaMM-R, includes the physics necessary to understand stress relaxation in both the linear and nonlinear flow regimes, i.e., contour length fluctuations, constraint release, convective constraint release, and chain retraction. The full scattering signal is due to the minority star component and, although the contribution of the linear chains is hidden from the neutron scattering, they still influence the star polymer molecular dynamics, with the applied shear rate ranging from approximately 8 to 24 s –1 , below the inverse relaxation time of the linear component. This study provides another confirmation that the combination of rheology and neutron scattering is an indispensable tool for investigating the nonlinear dynamics of complex polymeric systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1971

A study of the local pressure field in turbulent shear flow and its relation to aerodynamic noise generation Semiannual status report, 1 Aug. 1970 - 31 Jan. 1971

Relation of Eulerian and Lagrangian structure of pseudosound pressure and velocity fields in turbulent shear flow to aerodynamic noise generation

Jones, B. G.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Experiments in free shear flows: Status and needs for the future

Experiments in free turbulent flows are recommended with the primary concern placed on classical flows in order to augment understanding and for model building. Five classes of experiments dealing with classical free turbulent flows are outlined and proposed as being of particular significance for the near future. These classes include the following: (1) Experiments clarifying the effect of density variation owing to use of different gases, with and without the additional effect of density variation due to high Mach number or other effects; (2) experiments clarifying the role and importance of various parameters which determine the behavior of the near field as well as the condictions under which any of these parameters can be neglected; (3) experiments determining the cumulative effect of initial conditions in terms of distance to fully established flow; (4) experiments for cases where two layers of distinctly different initial turbulence structure flow side by side at the same mean speed; and (5) experiment using contemporary experimental techniques to study structure in free turbulent shear flows in order to compliment and support contemporary work on boundary layers.

Kline, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Direct simulation of polymer drag reduction in free shear flows and vortex dipoles

One of the most efficient techniques for drag reduction is the injection of polymers near a wall which can achieve a reduction in drag up to 80 percent. Several experimental observations tend to indicate that polymers modify the turbulence structures within the buffer layer and show that the changes consist of a weakening of the strength of the streamwise vortices. In this paper, we investigate the effects of viscoelasticity on two different types of flows: the vortex dipole impinging walls to model streamwise vortices in a turbulent boundary layer and the mixing layer that represents free shear flows. For this purpose, we examined three different rheological models: the Oldroyd-B model, the Jeffrey's corotational model, and the FENE-P model.

Orlandi, P.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Deep Learning Emulation of Subgrid-Scale Processes in Turbulent Shear Flows

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are developed from a data set obtained from the dynamic Smagorinsky model to emulate the subgrid-scale (SGS) viscosity (ν sgs ) and diffusivity (κ sgs ) for turbulent stratified shear flows encountered in the oceans and the atmosphere. These DNNs predict ν sgs and κ sgs from velocities, strain rates, and density gradients such that the evolution of the kinetic energy budget and density variance budget terms is similar to the corresponding values obtained from the original dynamic Smagorinsky model. These DNNs also compute ν sgs and κ sgs ~2–4 times quicker than the dynamic Smagorinsky model resulting in a ~2–2.5 times acceleration of the entire simulation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of deep learning in emulating the subgrid-scale (SGS) phenomenon in geophysical flows accurately in a cost-effective manner. In a broader perspective, deep learning-based surrogate models can present a promising alternative to the traditional parameterizations of the subgrid-scale processes in climate models.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2002

Eulerian Mapping Closure Approach for Probability Density Function of Concentration in Shear Flows

The Eulerian mapping closure approach is developed for uncertainty propagation in computational fluid mechanics. The approach is used to study the Probability Density Function (PDF) for the concentration of species advected by a random shear flow. An analytical argument shows that fluctuation of the concentration field at one point in space is non-Gaussian and exhibits stretched exponential form. An Eulerian mapping approach provides an appropriate approximation to both convection and diffusion terms and leads to a closed mapping equation. The results obtained describe the evolution of the initial Gaussian field, which is in agreement with direct numerical simulations.

He, Guowei↗