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Evidence for Field-Dependent Charge Separation Caused by Mixed Phases in Polymer–Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
As organic photovoltaic performance approaches 20% efficiencies, causal structure–performance relationships must be established for devices to realize theoretical limits and become commercially competitive. Here, we reveal evidence of a causal relationship between mixed donor–acceptor interfaces and charge generation in polymer–fullerene solar cells. To do this, we combine a holistic loss analysis of device performance with quantitative synchrotron X-ray nanocharacterization to identify a >98% anticorrelation between field-dependent geminate recombination and nanodomain purity. Importantly, our analysis eliminates other possible explanations of the performance trends, a requirement to establish causality. The unprecedented granular level of our analysis also separates field-dependent and field-independent recombination at the interface, where we find for the first time that this system is free of field-independent recombination, a loss channel that plagues high-performance systems, including those with non-fullerene acceptors. Furthermore, this result broadens the case that minimizing mixed phases to promote sharp interfaces between pure aggregated domains is the ideal nanostructure for realizing theoretical efficiency limits of organic photovoltaics.
3D-Printed Repeating Re-Entrant Topography to Achieve On-Demand Wettability and Separation
While it is difficult and expensive to fabricate a complicated surface structure via conventional techniques, three-dimensional (3D) printing serves as a time-efficient and cost-efficient alternative. In the current study, a novel repeating re-entrant topography is fabricated by two-photon polymerization 3D printing. The experimental results show that the repeating re-entrant surface enhances the desired on-demand surface wettability. Furthermore, the 3D-printed membranes with the repeating re-entrant structures enable the efficient on-demand separation of liquid mixtures with high flux, which is critical for the wastewater treatment in the chemical industry.
A Case for Molecular Recognition in Nuclear Separations: Sulfate Separation from Nuclear Wastes
In this paper, we present the case for molecular-recognition approaches for sulfate removal from radioactive wastes via the use of anion-sequestering systems selective for sulfate, using either liquid liquid extraction or crystallization. Potential benefits of removing sulfate from the waste include improved vitrification of the waste, reduced waste-form volume, and higher waste-form performance, all of which lead to potential cleanup schedule acceleration and cost savings. The need for sulfate removal from radioactive waste, especially legacy tank wastes stored at the Hanford site, is reviewed in detail and primarily relates to the low solubility of sulfate in borosilicate glass. Traditional methods applicable to the separation of sulfate from radioactive wastes are also reviewed, with the finding that currently no technology has been identified and successfully demonstrated to meet this need. Fundamental research in the authors laboratories targeting sulfate as an important representative of the class of oxoanions is based on the hypothesis that designed receptors may provide the needed ability to recognize sulfate under highly competitive conditions, in particular where the nitrate anion concentration is high. Receptors that have been shown to have promising affinity for sulfate, either in extraction or in crystallization experiments, include hexaurea tripods, tetraamide macrocycles, cyclo[8]pyrroles, calixpyrroles, and self-assembled urea-lined cages. Good sulfate selectivity observed in the laboratory provides experimental support for the proposed molecular-recognition approach.
Incipient microphase separation in short chain perfluoropolyether-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers
Here, incipient microphase separation is observed by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) in short chain multiblock copolymers consisting of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) segments. Two PFPE–PEO block copolymers were studied; one with dihydroxyl end groups and one with dimethyl carbonate end groups. Despite having a low degree of polymerization (N ~ 10), these materials exhibited significant scattering intensity, due to disordered concentration fluctuations between their PFPE-rich and PEO-rich domains. The disordered scattering intensity was fit to a model based on a multicomponent random phase approximation to determine the value of the interaction parameter, χ, and the radius of gyration, R g . Over the temperature range 30–90 °C, the values of χ were determined to be very large (~2–2.5), indicating a high degree of immiscibility between the PFPE and PEO blocks. In PFPE–PEO, due to the large electron density contrast between the fluorinated and non-fluorinated block and the high value of χ, disordered scattering was detected at intermediate scattering angles, (q ~ 2 nm -1 ) for relatively small polymer chains. Finally, our ability to detect concentration fluctuations was enabled by both a relatively large value of χ and significant scattering contrast.
Biomimetic O[subscript 2] adsorption in an iron metal-organic framework for air separation
Abstract not provided
Deep data mining in a real space: Separation of intertwined electronic responses in a lightly doped BaFe 2 As 2
Electronic interactions present in material compositions close to the superconducting dome play a key role in the manifestation of high-T c superconductivity. In many correlated electron systems, however, the parent or underdoped states exhibit strongly inhomogeneous electronic landscape at the nanoscale that may be associated with competing, coexisting, or intertwined chemical disorder, strain, magnetic, and structural order parameters. Here we demonstrate an approach based on a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and advanced statistical learning for an automatic separation and extraction of statistically significant electronic behaviors in the spin density wave regime of a lightly (~1%) gold-doped BaFe 2 As 2 . Lastly, we show that the decomposed STS spectral features have a direct relevance to fundamental physical properties of the system, such as SDW-induced gap, pseudogap-like state, and impurity resonance states.
Fractionalization, entanglement, and separation: Understanding the collective excitations in a spin-orbital chain
Not Available
Coupled Vortex Oscillations in Spatially Separated Permalloy Squares
We experimentally study the magnetization dynamics of pairs of micron-sized permalloy squares coupled via their stray fields. The trajectories of the vortex cores in the Landau-domain patterns of the squares are mapped in real space using time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy. After excitation of one of the vortex cores with a short magnetic-field pulse, the system behaves like coupled harmonic oscillators. The coupling strength depends on the separation between the squares and the configuration of the vortex-core polarizations. Considering the excitation via a rotating in-plane magnetic field, it can be understood that only a weak response of the second vortex core is observed for equal core polarizations.
New Half-lives of r -process Zn and Ga Isotopes Measured with Electromagnetic Separation
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Production and Separations for High Specific Activity 186 Re, 189 Re and 47 Sc for Research and Clinical Applications: effective design of targets and recycling of targets and radioisotope separation
This grant involved three objectives for producing high specific activity radionuclides using reactor and accelerator technologies that would find use in medical, industrial and research applications. There was a strong emphasis in all projects to develop and train staff and students in all aspects of targetry, reactor and accelerator production, separation of radionuclides from enriched target material, and evaluating the specific activity of the product radionuclides. An additional objective was training of students (undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral) in all aspects of radiochemistry.
Blood pressure measuring system for separating and separately recording dc signal and an ac signal Patent
Blood pressure measuring system for separately recording dc and ac pressure signals of Korotkoff sounds
Development of forward and aft separation bolts for the NASA Space Shuttle solid rocket booster separation system
A program is underway to design, develop, fabricate, and qualify large high-load forward and aft separation bolts for the Space Shuttle; the bolts will serve as attachment between two solid rocket boosters and the external tank. This paper reviews bolt development, with emphasis on the scaling of components, the use of high strength maraging steel for the internal components, and the use of lead as a hydraulic fluid.
Electron mass enhancement and magnetic phase separation near the Mott transition in double-layer ruthenates
Here, we present a detailed investigation of the specific heat of Ca 3 (Ru 1-x M x ) 2 O 7 (M = Ti, Fe, Mn) single crystals. Depending on the dopant and doping level, three distinct regions are present: a quasitwo-dimensional metallic state with antiferromagnetic (AFM) order formed by ferromagnetic bilayers (AFM-b), a Mott insulating state with G-type AFM order (G-AFM), and a localized state with a mixed AFM-b and G-AFM phase. Our specific heat data provide deep insights into the Mott transitions induced by Ti and Mn doping. We observed not only an anomalous large mass enhancement, but also an additional term in the specific heat, i.e., C ∝ T 2 , in the localized region. The C ∝ T 2 term is most likely due to long-wavelength excitations with both FM and AFM components. A decrease in the Debye temperature is observed in the G-type AFM region, indicating lattice softening associated with the Mott transition.
Diagrammatic Separation of Different Crystal Structures of A2BX4 Compounds without Energy Minimization: A Pseudopotential Orbital Radii Approach
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