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At least 199 records · Page 11

The orbital light curve of PSR 1957 + 20

We make a detailed study of the optical light curve of PSR 1957 + 20. We show that the deep, smooth, and symmetrical modulation can be successfully modeled by a higl irradiated secondary. Two types of models are consistent with the data: (! a secodary close to filling its Rochhe lobe with 10%-20% of the incident flux converted to optical emission, and (2) a secondary considerably underfilling its Roche lobe, with a high degree of beaming of the neutron star flux. owever, the second model canbe rejected on the basis of current estimates of the extinction toward 1957 + 20. The proximity of the photosphere of the secondary to its Roche lobe facilitates mass loss by irradiation. Our ignorance of the (nonirradiated) luminosity of the secondary allows us to place only weak constraints on the inclination -50-80 deg. There is no evidence in the light curve for optical emission from any source in PSR 1957 + 20 other than the secondary itself.

Callanan, Paul J.↗

Lava flows in Mare Imbrium - Geologic evaluation from Apollo orbital photography

A study of Apollo photographs indicates that all Eratosthenian age mare deposits in the Imbrium basin consist of extensive lava flows from a single eruptive source region bounded by 18 to 23 N and 28 to 32 W in the south-southwest corner of the basin. It is suggested that three major eruptive periods occurred between 3.0 plus or minus 0.4 and 2.5 plus or minus 0.3 b.y. Lavas assigned to these three phases extended for 1200, 600, and 400 km, respectively, over slopes approaching 1:1000. These materials cover an area of 200,000 sq km and have a volume of perhaps 40,000 cu km. The vent source of the youngest lava phase appears to be a 20 km long, structurally controlled fissure at 22 deg 50 min N and 31 deg 20 min W. The flow heights and lengths are consistent with the lunar gravity and imply extremely high rates of lava extrusion with low viscosity of the basalt melt playing a secondary role. The location of the volcanic source region on the intersection of major ring faults from two large basins suggests a basin structural control.

Schaber, G. G.↗

Propagation and secondary production of low energy antiprotons in the atmosphere

Current theories, in which the observed antiproton component is attributed strictly to secondary production in high energy inelastic collisions of protons with the interstellar medium or the atmosphere, apparently fail to explain the relatively high p vertical intensities measured at mountain and balloon altitudes. Therefore, a more careful calculation of the theoretical secondary intensity spectra is required before more exotic sources for these excess p's can be explored. A one dimensional diffusion equation is used to calculate the expected vertical intensity of p's due only to secondary production in the atmosphere; any assumed primary p spectrum is also included. Two adjustable parameters, the inelasticity and charge exchange in nucleon-nucleus collisions, were included in the algorithm. In order to obtain an independent estimate of their values the proton vertical intensities in the atmosphere were calculated, adjusting the parameters until the curves fit the experimental proton data, and then assumed that these values were identical in antinucleon-nucleus collisions.

Bowen, T.↗

Acetone in theGlobal Troposphere: Its Possible Role as a Global Source of PAN

Oxygenated hydrocarbons are thought to be important components of the atmosphere but, with the exception of formaldehyde, very little about their distribution and fate is known. Aircraft measurements of acetone (CH3COCH3), PAN (CH3CO3NO2) and other organic species (e. g. acetaldehyde, methanol and ethanol) have been performed over the Pacific, the southern Atlantic, and the subarctic atmospheres. Sampled areas extended from 0 to 12 km altitude over latitudes of 70 deg N to 40 deg S. All measurements are based on real time in-situ analysis of cryogenically preconcentrated air samples. Substantial concentrations of these oxygenated species (10-2000 ppt) have been observed at all altitudes and geographical locations in the troposphere. Important sources include, emissions from biomass burning, plant and vegetation, secondary oxidation of primary non-methane hydrocarbons, and man-made emissions. Direct measurements within smoke plumes have been used to estimate the biomass burning source. Photochemistry studies are used to suggest that acetone could provide a major source of peroxyacetyl radicals in the atmosphere and play an important role in sequestering reactive nitrogen. Model calculations show that acetone photolysis contributes significantly to PAN formation in the middle and upper troposphere.

Singh, H. B.↗

Modeling Radiation Sources for Experimental Validation

To build on previously completed experimental work, I have been working to implement a model of our lab’s Americium-Beryllium neutron source and Ludlum detection instruments computationally to provide secondary verification of our experimental results. This has been done using the radiation transport code MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle). I have developed files to calculate the mass ratio of various composite materials that we have exposed to the radiation source, as well as the components of the detection instruments and converted all of these into geometric coordinates that define the experimental setup. Identifying the proper energy distribution and detector efficiencies as well as the correct interpretation of the detector physics have proven to be the most difficult and time-consuming challenges of the work. It is currently too early for results based on the most updated and accurate models. With this experience, the next step is to develop another source model of a proton beam to simulate exposures on other composite targets. This will be developed based on existing experimental datasets, but not used to validate them. Each of these projects will further define the radiation shielding needs for humans in space radiation environments that astronauts will someday be exposed to beyond Low Earth Orbit.

Juliana Simon↗

On the power output of some idealized source configurations with one or more characteristic dimensions

The calculation of power output from a (finite) linear array of equidistant point sources is investigated with allowance for a relative phase shift and particular focus on the circumstances of small/large individual source separation. A key role is played by the estimates found for a twin parameter definite integral that involves the Fejer kernel functions, where N denotes a (positive) integer; these results also permit a quantitative accounting of energy partition between the principal and secondary lobes of the array pattern. Continuously distributed sources along a finite line segment or an open ended circular cylindrical shell are considered, and estimates for the relatively lower output in the latter configuration are made explicit when the shell radius is small compared to the wave length. A systematic reduction of diverse integrals which characterize the energy output from specific line and strip sources is investigated.

Levine, H.↗

Rapid transition from primary to secondary crust building on the Moon explained by mantle overturn

Geochronology indicates a rapid transition (tens of Myrs) from primary to secondary crust building on the Moon. The processes responsible for initiating secondary magmatism, however, remain in debate. Here we test the hypothesis that the earliest secondary crust (Mg-suite) formed as a direct consequence of density-driven mantle overturn, and advance 3D mantle convection models to quantify the resulting extent of lower mantle melting. Our modeling demonstrates that overturn of thin ilmenite-bearing cumulates ≤ 100 km triggers a rapid and short-lived episode of lower mantle melting which explains the key volume, geochronological, and spatial characteristics of early secondary crust building without contributions from other energy sources, namely KREEP (potassium, rare earth elements, phosphorus, radiogenic U, Th). Observations of globally distributed Mg-suite eliminate degree-1 overturn scenarios. We propose that gravitational instabilities in magma ocean cumulate piles are major driving forces for the onset of mantle convection and secondary crust building on differentiated bodies.

Moon↗

Abundances of ultraheavy elements in the cosmic radiation - Results from HEAO 3

An analysis is presented that, for the first time, systematically normalizes the data from the HEAO 3 heavy nuclei experiment on the cosmic-ray abundances of all the elements heavier than germanium to that of iron. In the range of atomic number Z from 33 to 60, the analysis yields abundances of odd-even element pairs. The abundances are consistent with a cosmic-ray source having a composition similar to that of the solar system, but subject to source fractionation correlated with the first ionization potential (FIP) of each element. For Z greater than 60, the analysis yields abundances of element groups. For these heaviest nuclei, we find an enhancement of the abundance of the platinum group, elements with Z of 74-80, relative to that in propagated solar system source, and a corresponding increase in the abundance of the largely secondary elements in the 62-73 range. These abundances suggest that there is an enhancement of the r-process contribution to the source nuclei in the Z greater than 60 charge region. Over the entire region of charge, standard leaky box models of propagation satisfactorily model secondary production.

Binns, W. R.↗

The role of energetic particle precipitation in Jovian magnetospherics. I - Secondary electrons from the ionosphere of Jupiter

Escape of photoelectrons from the Jovian ionosphere produces only a meager source of thermal plasma for the inflated centrifugally unstable magnetosphere and is unable to account for the 100 eV thermal plasma temperatures of the magnetosphere. Since the Jovian magnetosphere is well populated with highly energetic electrons, the creation of secondaries and the energy degradation of the primaries precipitating into the lower ionosphere provide additional sources of magnetospheric thermal plasma as well as of the energy for further elevating the plasma temperatures in the top side ionosphere. The efficiencies with which escaping electrons are created by precipitating electrons with energies up to several MeV are computed using energetic electron transport and thermalization codes. The more energetic incident fluxes are far less efficient in creating escaping electrons than the lower energy fluxes with only 0.001% of the secondaries escaping for a 1 MeV source versus 3% for a 1 keV source. Incident fluxes of the order of 10 to 100 per sq cm per sec per eV between 100 eV and 100 keV are required to produce 50 eV escape fluxes comparable to those generated by solar EUV.

Swartz, W. E.↗

Decameter radio and white light observations of the 21 August 1973 coronal transient

The forces driving the ejecta of the coronal transient of August 21, 1973 are estimated using physical parameters derived by joint radio and white light observations. The radio emission associated with the transient was continuum in nature, and lasted for almost 5 hours. Simultaneous radio and white light measurements show that the radio source was cospatial with one of the secondary white light loops. Assuming a coronal temperature of 1,500,000 K, the results yield an approximate equality of the gas and magnetic pressures at 2.0 solar radii. It is concluded that for this transient, the gas is strongly influenced by changes in the magnetic field.

Gergely, T. E.↗

Multiple ion streams in the near vicinity of the Space Shuttle

Differential measurements of ion flow direction and energy during the third Space Shuttle mission have revealed the existence of ion streams in the near vicinity of the Orbiter at angles of attack as great as 50 deg with respect to the ram direction and typically with 10 percent of the ram current intensity. Neither the source nor the mechanism by which these secondary ion streams were created are known at present; however, it is reasonably certain that they are not of geophysical origin, but result from the interaction of the Orbiter with its environmental ionospheric plasma. The energy of the secondary streams was observed to be very close to the ion ram energy, and they were therefore not detected by a standard planar Retarding Potential Analyzer instrument. This leaves open the question as to their existence in the vicinity of orbiting spacecraft in general. Possible connections between secondary ion streams and phenomena previously observed in the vicinity of ionospheric spacecraft are mentioned.

Stone, N. H.↗

Pulse shape discrimination for background rejection in germanium gamma-ray detectors

A pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) technique is developed to reject the beta-decay background resulting from activation of Ge gamma-ray detectors by cosmic-ray secondaries. These beta decays are a major source of background at 0.2-2 MeV energies in well shielded Ge detector systems. The technique exploits the difference between the detected current pulse shapes of single- and multiple-site energy depositions within the detector: beta decays are primarily single-site events, while photons at these energies typically Compton scatter before being photoelectrically absorbed to produce multiple-site events. Depending upon the amount of background due to sources other than beta decay, PSD can more than double the detector sensitivity.

Feffer, P. T.↗

Spectral signatures of the MeV-PeV radiation from accreting neutron stars

The formation of the high-energy gamma-ray and neutrino spectrum produced by the injection of a power-law proton distribution extending up to Ep = 10 exp 16 eV in the magnetosphere of accreting neutron stars is discussed. The resulting proton spectrum is calculated in the presence of advection and cooling by interactions with the X-ray spectrum of the neutron star, leading to several components of a secondary photon spectrum extending from the MeV to the PeV range, and neutrino spectrum extending from about 0.1 TeV to 0.1 PeV. The shapes of the resulting high-energy secondary spectra depend sensitively on the accreting source's X-ray spectrum and energy density as well as the magnetic field strength involved. Detailed spectra are calculated for the specific examples of Her X-1 and Cyg X-3.

Rudak, B.↗

Sources and Transportation of Bulk, Low-Cost Lunar Simulant Materials

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has built the Lunar Surface Testbed using 200 tons of volcanic cinder and ash from the same source used for the simulant series JSC-1. This Technical Memorandum examines the alternatives examined for transportation and source. The cost of low-cost lunar simulant is driven by the cost of transportation, which is controlled by distance and, to a lesser extent, quantity. Metabasalts in the eastern United States were evaluated due to their proximity to MSFC. Volcanic cinder deposits in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona were recognized as preferred sources. In addition to having fewer green, secondary minerals, they contain vesicular glass, both of which are desirable. Transportation costs were more than 90% of the total procurement costs for the simulant material.

Rickman, D. L.↗

Kepler Planet Detection Metrics: Robovetter Completeness and Effectiveness for Data Release 25

In general, the Kepler pipeline identifies a list of Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs), which are periodic flux decrements meeting certain criteria (Jenkins, 2017). These TCEs are reviewed and those that appear consistent with astrophysically transiting or eclipsing systems are classified as Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs). Further review is given to KOIs, which are then dispositioned as Planet Candidates (PCs) or False Positive (FPs). FPs are further denoted by four major flags that indicate if the signal is Not Transit-Like (NTL), due to a Stellar Eclipse (SS; previously referred to as Significant Secondary), and/or due to contamination from a source other than the target as evidenced by a Centroid Offset (CO) oran Ephemeris Match (EM) with another object. This entire TCE review process is known as dispositioning or vetting.In the first five Kepler mission planet candidate catalogs (Borucki et al., 2011a,b; Batalha et al., 2013; Burke et al., 2014; Rowe et al., 2015), TCEs were manually examined on an individual basis and dispositioned using various plots and quantitative diagnostic tests (see e.g., Coughlin, 2017). In the sixth catalog, Mullally et al. (2015a) employed partial automation via simple parameter cuts to automatically disposition a large fraction of TCEs as not transit-like. Mullally et al. (2015a) also used an automated technique known as the centroid Robovetter (Mullally, 2017) to automatically identify some FP KOIs due to centroid offsets - a telltale signature of light contamination from another target. The remaining targets were manually dispositioned. In the seventh catalog, Coughlin et al. (2016) automated theentire dispositioning process using what is collectively known simply as the Robovetter.In the eighth and final mission catalog, Thompson et al. (2017) use a revised Robovetter to automate the dispositioning of all TCEs with an emphasis on creating a catalog suitable for accurately determining planet occurrence rates. In order to calculate accurate occurrence rates, the completeness and effectiveness of the Robovetter must be characterized. We define these terms as applied to the Robovetter, following Thompson et al. (2017), as:1. Completeness: The fraction of transiting planets detected by the pipeline that are classified as planet candidates by the Robovetter.2. Effectiveness: The fraction of false positives detected by the pipeline that are classified as false positives by the Robovetter.The remainder of this document describes products that can be used to quantitatively assess Robovetter completeness and effectiveness for an arbitrary set of Kepler stars.

Robovetter↗

Multiple Reservoirs of Volatiles in the Moon Revealed by the Isotopic Composition of Chlorine in Lunar Basalts

The isotopes of chlorine (37Cl and 35Cl) are highly fractionated in lunar samples compared to most other Solar System materials. Recently, the chlorine isotope signatures of lunar rocks have been attributed to large-scale degassing processes that occurred during the existence of a magma ocean. In this study we investigated how well a suite of lunar basalts, most of which have not previously been analyzed, conform to previous models. The Cl isotope compositions (δ37Cl (‰) = [(37Cl/35Clsample/37Cl/35ClSMOC) − 1] × 1000, where SMOC refers to standard mean ocean chloride) recorded range from ∼+7 to +14‰ (Apollo 15), +10 to +19‰ (Apollo 12), +9 to +15‰ (70017), +4 to +8‰ (MIL 05035), and +15 to +22‰ (Kalahari 009). The Cl isotopic data from the present study support the mixing trends previously reported by Boyce et al. (2015) and Barnes et al. (2016), as the Cl isotopic composition of apatites are positively correlated with bulk-rock incompatible trace element abundances in the low-Ti basalts, inclusive of low-Ti and KREEP basalts. This trend has been interpreted as evidence that incompatible trace elements, including Cl, were concentrated in the urKREEP residual liquid of the lunar magma ocean, rather than the mantle cumulates, and that urKREEP Cl had a highly fractionated isotopic composition. The source regions for the basalts were thus created by variable mixing between the mantle (Cl-poor and relatively unfractionated) and urKREEP. The high-Ti basalts show much more variability in measured Cl isotope ratios and scatter around the trend formed by the low-Ti basalts. Most of the data for lunar meteorites also fits the mixing of volatiles in their sources, but Kalahari 009, which is highly depleted in incompatible trace elements, contains apatites with heavily fractionated Cl isotopic compositions. Given that Kalahari 009 is one of the oldest lunar basalts and ought to have been derived from very early-formed mantle cumulates, a heavy Cl isotopic signature is likely not related to its mantle source, but more likely to magmatic or secondary alteration processes, perhaps via impact-driven vapor metasomatism of the lunar crust.

Mccubbin, Francis M.↗

Mirror Illumination and Spillover Measurements of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a 6 m telescope designed to map the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) simultaneously at 145 GHz, 220GHz and 280GHz, The receiver in ACT, the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera, features 1000 TES bolometers in each band, The detector performance depends critically on the total optical loading, requiring the spmover contributions from the optics to be minimal. This inspired the use of a cold Lyot stop to limit the illumination of the primary and the use of guard rings surrounding the primary and secondary reflectors. Here, we present a direct measurement of the illumination aperture for both reflectors and of the attenuation level outside the main optical path. We used a 145 GHz, 1 m W source and a chopper wheel to produce a time-varying signal with a broad heam proflle, We sampled the response of the camera for different locations of the source, placed in front and beside the primary and secondary mirrors. The aperture of the primary was measured to be 5,72 plus or minus 0,17m in diameter (95 plus or minus 3% of its geometrical size), while the aperture of the secondary yielded 2 plus or minus 0.12m in diameter. Both apertures are consistent with the optical design. Comparing to previous measurements of the beam solid angle from planet observations, we estimate an optical efficiency of 72.3 plus or minus 4,8%. We found that the attenuation outside the primary aperture was -16 plus or minus 2dB, which is below the theoretical expectations, and -22 plus or minus 1 dB outside the secondary aperture, which is consistent with simulations. These results motivated the extension of the baffles surrounding the secondary mirror, with the following reduction in detector optical loading from 2,24 pW to 188pW.

Gallardo, Patricio↗

Long-term Neutron Background Environment Measured by the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) Instrument onboard Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)

The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument onboard Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) consists of a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) and the neutron detector/electronics (DE) module. There are two 3He-proportional counters used in the DE module. One counter is surrounded with a Cd shell enclosure and measures epi-thermal neutrons with >0.4 eV. The second detector does not have a Cd shell enclosure and measures both thermal and epi-thermal neutrons. The main scientific objectives of DAN are two-fold: (1) the primary objective is to measure the bulk hydrogen abundance (in forms of water or hydrated minerals) of the sub-surface and (2) the secondary objective is to measure the background neutron environment at the surface. DAN achieves the first objective by using a pulsed 14 MeV neutron source (ACTIVE mode). Emitted neutrons undergo a series of nuclear interactions with the regolith and lose energy. The DAN DE module then measures the time profile of the neutrons returned from the regolith. Even a small amount of hydrogen, as low as 0.1 weight % in the regolith, can effectively moderate the high energy neutrons [Mitrofanov, et al., ]. The less-moderated (or epi-thermal) neutrons arrive at the detector earlier than the more-moderated (or thermal) neutrons. The shape and magnitude of neutron time profile curves after pulses can be used to estimate the depth distribution of the hydrogen content. When no neutron pulse is used (PASSIVE mode) DAN measures the neutron background environment at the Mars surface. There are two sources of the background neutrons which DAN would measure: one is secondary neutrons generated by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interactions with atmospheric and surface materials and the other is neutrons from the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) onboard MSL as a power source. The passive mode data for the first 1300 sols of the MSL mission are presented in this paper. A summary of the DAN surface operation is described by [Mitrofanov et al., 2012; Jun et al., 2013.

Tate, C.↗