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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2004

Advanced Electrical Materials and Components Being Developed

All aerospace systems require power management and distribution (PMAD) between the energy and power source and the loads. The PMAD subsystem can be broadly described as the conditioning and control of unregulated power from the energy source and its transmission to a power bus for distribution to the intended loads. All power and control circuits for PMAD require electrical components for switching, energy storage, voltage-to-current transformation, filtering, regulation, protection, and isolation. Advanced electrical materials and component development technology is a key technology to increasing the power density, efficiency, reliability, and operating temperature of the PMAD. The primary means to develop advanced electrical components is to develop new and/or significantly improved electronic materials for capacitors, magnetic components, and semiconductor switches and diodes. The next important step is to develop the processing techniques to fabricate electrical and electronic components that exceed the specifications of presently available state-of-the-art components. The NASA Glenn Research Center's advanced electrical materials and component development technology task is focused on the following three areas: 1) New and/or improved dielectric materials for the development of power capacitors with increased capacitance volumetric efficiency, energy density, and operating temperature; 2) New and/or improved high-frequency, high-temperature soft magnetic materials for the development of transformers and inductors with increased power density, energy density, electrical efficiency, and operating temperature; 3) Packaged high-temperature, high-power density, high-voltage, and low-loss SiC diodes and switches.

Schwarze, Gene E.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Commercial Building Planning and Retrofitting Strategy for Grid Services

The increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) plays an important role in improving energy consumption efficiency. In September 2020, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved Order 2222 which opens wholesale electricity markets to small capacity DERs. The benefit of this new FERC Order 2222 is that DERs, such as rooftop solar panels and batteries, will be able to participate in regional electricity markets and provide grid services. Meanwhile, the planning and operation strategies of DERs are facing new challenges to account for the impact of the wholesale market with numerous uncertainty factors. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new planning and retrofitting model for long-term commercial buildings that considers both DER investment and market participation. Specifically, we explore the capability of implementing DERs for grid services. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated using real-world data. Simulation results also validate that participating in grid services can significantly increase revenues through appropriate building energy management and shorten the payback period of DER investments.

building energy management↗
DOE OSTI2022

Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Distributed Energy Resources System Testbed using IEEE 2030.5 Standard

IEEE 2030.5 standard is drawing special attention among communication protocols for smart inverters and distributed energy resources (DER). Moreover, California Rule 21 mandates new DER must be ready to communicate to a host utility using the IEEE 2030.5 standard. Therefore, development of an effective real-time simulation method for managing DER using IEEE 2030.5 network is crucial. This paper presents a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) DER system testbed using the IEEE 2030.5 standard. The proposed real-time co-simulation testbed consists of a DER physical system simulation using OP AL-RT real-time simulator and a cyber system simulation including DER gateways and a DER management system (DERMS) cloud server. Custom-built client and server programs are developed to meet the compliant with IEEE 2030.5-2018 standard and implemented in the DER gateways and a DERMS server, respectively. Furthermore, the feasibility of the proposed testbed for DER systems is validated by experiments.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1989

Space Station Freedom power management and distribution design status

The design status of the power management and distribution electric power system for the Space Station Freedom is presented. The current design is a star architecture, which has been found to be the best approach for meeting the requirement to deliver 120 V dc to the user interface. The architecture minimizes mass and power losses while improving element-to-element isolation and system flexibility. The design is partitioned into three elements: energy collection, storage and conversion, system protection and distribution, and management and control.

Javidi, S.↗
NASA NTRS2002

A Systems Model for Power Technology Assessment

A computer model is under continuing development at NASA Glenn Research Center that enables first-order assessments of space power technology. The model, an evolution of NASA Glenn's Array Design Assessment Model (ADAM), is an Excel workbook that consists of numerous spreadsheets containing power technology performance data and sizing algorithms. Underlying the model is a number of databases that contain default values for various power generation, energy storage and power management and distribution component parameters. These databases are actively maintained by a team of systems analysts so that they contain state-of-art data as well as the most recent technology performance projections. Sizing of the power subsystems can be accomplished either by using an assumed mass specific power (W/kg) or energy (Wh/kg) or by a bottoms-up calculation that accounts for individual component performance and masses. The power generation, energy storage and power management and distribution subsystems are sized for given mission requirements for a baseline case and up to three alternatives. This allows four different power systems to be sized and compared using consistent assumptions and sizing algorithms. The component sizing models contained in the workbook are modular so that they can be easily maintained and updated. All significant input values have default values loaded from the databases that can be over-written by the user. The default data and sizing algorithms for each of the power subsystems are described in some detail. The user interface and workbook navigational features are also discussed. Finally, an example study case that illustrates the model's capability is presented.

Hoffman, David J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Model-Predictive Hierarchical-Control Framework for Aggregating Residential DERs to Provide Grid Regulation Services

This paper develops a hierarchical control frame-work to aggregate and to manage behind-the-meter distributed energy resources (DERs), which will be ubiquitous in future distribution systems. In the proposed framework, firstly, each controller in the hierarchy determines the flexibility of the DERs such that the obtained flexibility is feasible with respect to its operational purview. For example, the operational purview of a home energy management system may only consider consumer comfort preferences, while that for an aggregator or a grid controller may consider network voltage management as well. Based on the feasible flexibility, optimal setpoints for the DERs is then determined by the hierarchical controllers to help the distribution power network in voltage regulation, coordination issues with existing transmission-level conventional generators, etc. Therefore, the proposed strategy, which is based on model-predictive control, can be effectively utilized by the distribution network to coordinate several DERs to provide grid regulation services. Numerical simulations performed on the IEEE 37-bus test system demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.

behind-the-meter↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Model-Predictive Hierarchical-Control Framework for Aggregating Residential DERs to Provide Grid Regulation Services

This paper develops a hierarchical control frame-work to aggregate and to manage behind-the-meter distributed energy resources (DERs), which will be ubiquitous in future distribution systems. In the proposed framework, firstly, each controller in the hierarchy determines the flexibility of the DERs such that the obtained flexibility is feasible with respect to its operational purview. For example, the operational purview of a home energy management system may only consider consumer comfort preferences, while that for an aggregator or a grid controller may consider network voltage management as well. Based on the feasible flexibility, optimal setpoints for the DERs is then determined by the hierarchical controllers to help the distribution power network in voltage regulation, coordination issues with existing transmission-level conventional generators, etc. Therefore, the proposed strategy, which is based on model-predictive control, can be effectively utilized by the distribution network to coordinate several DERs to provide grid regulation services. Numerical simulations performed on the IEEE 37-bus test system demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cybersecurity and Distributed Energy Resources

This fact sheet addresses cybersecurity for distributed energy resources (DERs) and identifies best practices in cybersecurity governance, technical management of cyber-physical systems, and physical security.

cybersecurity↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantification of Load Flexibility in Residential Buildings Using Home Energy Management Systems

With increasing penetration of renewable energy resources, the flexibility of operating behind-the-meter (BTM) resources plays a key role in enhancing grid reliability and resilience. Residential buildings with home energy management systems (HEMS) can provide desired flexibility for the distribution system operator (DSO) while considering customer comfort and preferences. This paper discusses a methodology to quantify the flexibility of BTM resources of residential buildings using HEMS. First, we propose a model predictive control framework to formulate the flexibility band comprising nominal, upper, and lower demand profiles. Second, the paper proposes a dispatch method for HEMS to compute the control signals for each BTM resource (e.g., air conditioner, water heater, home battery system) upon receiving a flexibility service request from the DSO. The case study provides insight into the flexibility provided at the whole-home level with different user preferences and seasons. The results demonstrate that HEMS is capable of providing flexibility service at the request of the DSO while delivering primary services to the building occupants.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Load Shedding for Voltage Regulation With Probabilistic Agent Compliance

With the increased observability and controllability of distribution systems, the share of behind-the-meter systems is trending upwards rapidly. As a consequence, the impact of human behaviors on system performance can no longer be ignored and should be reflected in the energy management system models. In this paper, we discuss the problem of distribution system voltage control by active power curtailment where the agent compliance of the load curtailment signal is probabilistic. We discuss the modeling of the optimal voltage control problem with probabilistic agent compliance as a chance-constrained optimization problem, its tractable safe approximation using convex restriction, and a scenario-based mixed-integer reformulation as well as the associated solution method based on augmented Lagrangian method. The numerical simulation on IEEE test system validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in obtaining high-quality feasible load curtailment signal with low computational cost, which makes it a viable tool for real time decision making.

augmented Lagrangian method↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrated Transmission-and-Distribution System Modeling of Power Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Directions

Integrated transmission-and-distribution (T&D) modeling is a new and developing method for simulating power systems. Interest in integrated T&D modeling is driven by the changes taking place in power systems worldwide that are resulting in more decentralized power systems with increasingly high levels of distributed energy resources. Additionally, the increasing role of the hitherto passive energy consumer in the management and operation of power systems requires more capable and detailed integrated T&D modeling to understand the interactions between T&D systems. Although integrated T&D modeling has not yet found widespread commercial application, its potential for changing the decades-old power system modeling approaches has led to several research efforts in the last few years that tried to (i) develop algorithms and software for steady-state and dynamic modeling of power systems and (ii) demonstrate the advantages of this modeling approach compared with traditional, separated T&D system modeling. In this paper, we provide a review of integrated T&D modeling research efforts and the methods employed for steady-state and dynamic modeling of power systems. We also discuss our current research in integrated T&D modeling and the potential directions for future research. This paper should be useful for power systems researchers and industry members because it will provide them with a critical summary of current research efforts and the potential topics where research efforts are needed to further advance and demonstrate the utility of integrated T&D modeling.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Segmented Energy Routing for a Modular AC/DC Hybrid System

This article presents a modular ac/dc system with both distributed and centralized power ports for energy router (ER) applications. In each module of the described system, photovoltaic (PV) power generation units, battery-type energy storage (ES) units, and critical loads are connected to the cascaded H-bridge (CHB)-organized medium-voltage (MV) dc links, with fully distributed low-voltage (LV) dc power ports. Copies of modules share the centralized load bus and interact with an MV ac grid in parallel. Hybrid power port (HPO) assigns flexibility to the system but makes energy routings a necessity for stable operation. In this article, a segmented energy management strategy for the HPO-ER is proposed. In terms of the grid-side power transferring, the system ratings are intentionally designed to match significant power imbalance. Focally, a segmented energy management strategy is proposed to realize fully autonomous energy routing involving MV ac grid, distributed PV generations, distributed battery storages, and LV load. The system is proven to be stable using the derived impedance-based model considering the interaction between power blocks. The feasibility of the topology and control strategy is also verified through software simulation, laboratorial hardware prototype experiment, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimal Transactive Energy Trading of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations With On-Site PV Generation in Constrained Power Distribution Networks

This paper presents a two-level transactive energy market framework, that enables energy trading among electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). At the lower level, the discharging capability of EVs and on-site PV generation are leveraged by individual EVCS for participating in the transactive trading with their peers. Once the lower-level trading is completed, EVCSs trade energy at the upper level through the power grid network managed by the distribution system operator (DSO). The upper-level market is cleared while satisfying the power distribution network constraints. A cooperative game-based model is proposed to model the energy trading among EVCSs. To this end, the asymmetric Nash bargaining method is applied to allocate the grand coalition's payoff to each EVCS at the upper-level market, while a weighted proportional allocation method is used to allocate individual EVCS's payoff to its respective EVs at the lower-level market. In this work, the upper-level market formulation is further decomposed into two subproblems representing an energy scheduling and trading subproblem which maximizes EVCS payoffs, and a bargaining subproblem which allocates EVCS payoffs. The effectiveness of the proposed framework for incentivizing transactive trades among EVs and EVCSs is validated in case studies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Evolving U.S. Distribution System: Technologies, Architectures, and Regulations for Realizing a Transactive Energy Marketplace

As pockets of the U.S. experience growing penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs), the traditional practices underpinning distribution system regulation, operation, and management are evolving. The challenges and opportunities that DERs pose are driving stakeholders across the United States to reconsider regulatory goals, utility business models, ratemaking, and grid architectures. This report reviews the evolution of the U.S. distribution system from the advent of the utility-as-regulated-monopoly business model to the technological and regulatory shifts happening. The report concludes with a discussion of transactive energy systems and summarizes some of the leading RD&D happening in this field.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hierarchical, Grid-Aware, and Economically Optimal Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Realistic Distribution Systems

Renewable portfolio standards are targeting high levels of variable solar photovoltaics (PV) in electric distribution systems, which makes reliability more challenging to maintain for distribution system operators (DSOs). Distributed energy resources (DERs), including smart, connected appliances and PV inverters, represent responsive grid resources that can provide flexibility to support the DSO in actively managing their networks to facilitate reliability under extreme levels of solar PV. This flexibility can also be used to optimize system operations with respect to economic signals from wholesale energy and ancillary service markets. Here, we present a novel hierarchical scheme that actively controls behind-the-meter DERs to reliably manage each unbalanced distribution feeder and exploits the available flexibility to ensure reliable operation and economically optimizes the entire distribution network. Each layer of the scheme employs advanced optimization methods at different timescales to ensure that the system operates within both grid and device limits. The hierarchy is validated in a large-scale realistic simulation based on data from the industry. Simulation results show that coordination of flexibility improves both system reliability and economics, and enables greater penetration of solar PV. Discussion is also provided on the practical viability of the required communications and controls to implement the presented scheme within a large DSO.

distribution network↗
DOE OSTI2025

An Introduction to the Federated Architecture for Secure and Transactive Distributed Energy Management Solutions (FAST-DERMS)

Deployment and capability of distributed energy resources (DER) in power systems is growing rapidly. These resources present an opportunity for low-cost provision of energy and grid services. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission recently provided rulings to enable market participation of these distribution-connected resources, but the prevailing strategies for their management may not scale well to meet future needs. This paper introduces the Federated Architecture for Secure and Transactive Distributed Energy Management Solutions (FAST-DERMS) which was designed to address this need. In it we describe the architectural features of the approach, and a reference controls implementation employing a hierarchical coordination that includes stochastic optimization, model predictive control, and a simple real-time management scheme. Sample results from simulation show firm transmission-level service provision measured at the distribution substation.

grid architecture↗