Results for “data shift” — Page 11

DOE OSTI2025

NANT Site - Radar Wind Profiler / Derived Data Reformatted

A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data are typically sampled and averaged hourly or sub-hourly (15-min) and usually have 60-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz system. Both a high-resolution, lower height coverage mode and a low-resolution, higher height coverage mode are used to collect the data.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radar - 449MHz - North Bend, OR (OTH) - Reviewed Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radar - 449MHz - Forks, WA (FKS) - Reviewed Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radar - 449MHz - Astoria, OR (AST) - Reviewed Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radar - 449MHz - North Bend, OR (OTH) - Raw Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Radar - 449MHz - Astoria, OR (AST) - Raw Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radar - 449MHz - Forks, WA (FKS) - Raw Data

**Winds.** A radar wind profiler measures the Doppler shift of electromagnetic energy scattered back from atmospheric turbulence and hydrometeors along 3-5 vertical and off-vertical point beam directions. Back-scattered signal strength and radial-component velocities are remotely sensed along all beam directions and are combined to derive the horizontal wind field over the radar. These data typically are sampled and averaged hourly and usually have 6-m and/or 100-m vertical resolutions up to 4 km for the 915 MHz and 8 km for the 449 MHz systems. **Temperature.** To measure atmospheric temperature, a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is used in conjunction with the wind profile. These data typically are sampled and averaged for five minutes each hour and have a 60-m vertical resolution up to 1.5 km for the 915 MHz and 60 m up to 3.5 km for the 449 MHz. **Moments and Spectra.** The raw spectra and moments data are available for all dwells along each beam and are stored in daily files. For each day, there are files labeled "header" and "data." These files are generated by the radar data acquisition system (LAP-XM) and are encoded in a proprietary binary format. Values of spectral density at each Doppler velocity (FFT point), as well as the radial velocity, signal-to-noise ratio, and spectra width for the selected signal peak are included in these files. Attached zip files, *449mhz-spectra-data-extraction.zip* and *449mhz-moment-data-extraction.zip*, include executables to unpack the spectra, (GetSpectra32.exe) and moments (GetMomSp32.exe), respectively. Documentation on usage and output file formats also are included in the zip files.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Pressure tuning of structural and magnetic transitions in EuAg 4 As 2

We report temperature-dependent measurements of ambient-pressure specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, anisotropic resistivity, and thermal expansion as well as in-plane resistivity under pressure up to 20.8 kbar on single crystals of EuAg 4 As 2 . Based on thermal expansion and in-plane electrical transport measurements at ambient pressure this compound has two, first-order, structural transitions in the 80–120 K temperature range. Ambient-pressure specific heat, magnetization, and thermal expansion measurements show a cascade of up to seven transitions between 8 and 16 K associated with the ordering of the $Eu^{2+}$ moments. In-plane electrical transport is able to detect the more prominent of these transitions, at 15.5, 9.9, and 8.7 K, as well as a weak feature at 11.8 K at ambient pressure. Pressure-dependent electrical transport data show that the magnetic transitions shift to higher temperatures under pressure, as does the upper structural transition, whereas the lower structural transition is suppressed and ultimately vanishes. A jump in resistivity, associated with the upper structural transition, decreases under pressure with an extrapolated disappearance (or a change of sign) by 30–35 kbar. In the 10–15 kbar range a kink in the pressure dependency of the upper structural transition temperature as well as the high- and low-temperature in-plane resistivities suggests that a change in the electronic structure may occur in this pressure range. The results are compared with the literature data for EuAg 4 As 2 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2026

SPRUCE FT-ICR MS, Bulk Chemistry, and Mass Loss from Litter Decomposition Study in Experimental Plots, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, 2015-2017

This dataset contains molecular, bulk chemical, and mass loss measurements from a litter decomposition study at the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental site within the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA. This site is in a Sphagnum spp. ombrotrophic bog forest. Litterbags were deployed into the peat in September 2015 across three warming levels (+0, +4.5, and +9°C) under ambient and elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂ - +500 ppm) and retrieved after roughly 0.5, 1, and 2 years of field incubation (2015-09-23 to 2017-08-02). Litterbags containing six peatland litter types: black spruce needles (Picea mariana - SPL), spruce fine roots (SPR), Sphagnum angustifolium (ANG), Sphagnum magellanicum (MAG), Labrador tea leaves (Rhododendron groenlandicum - LTL), and Labrador tea roots (LTR). Molecular composition of water-soluble organic matter extracts was characterized using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) at 9.4 Tesla, operated in negative ion mode with electrospray ionization, providing molecular formula assignments and compound-class distributions across the decomposition time series. Bulk chemical characterization included elemental analysis (percent carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to quantify functional group composition. Litter mass loss was tracked gravimetrically at each retrieval interval, expressed as percent mass remaining relative to initial dry mass for each litter type and treatment combination. These data are valuable for understanding how vegetation shifts driven by increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature in peatlands alter litter inputs and organic matter stabilization trajectories, with implications for projecting and modeling peatland carbon cycling. This dataset contains two data files in comma-separated value (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: two data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

decomposition↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Role of Electron Localization in Covalency and Electrochemical Properties of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Following the fundamental research conducted by J. B. Goodenough, the important role of electron localization induced by elemental substitution is studied. The size and electron negativity of host and substituting ions are two important factors in tuning material properties such as local structure and transition metal (TM) oxygen covalency. However, another factor, electron localization, which is widely studied in catalyst research but largely overlooked for battery materials, deserves systematic studies. A combined investigation using synchrotronbased X-ray spectroscopy and theoretical calculations is carried out on the Li-Co-Mn-O model system in which the substituting cation Mn 4+ , with its 3d 3 electronic structure, is used as a promoter for electron localization. Results indicate that electron localization greatly influences the Co - O bond by making it less covalent, which increases the delithiation voltage. It is also found that during charge/discharge, electron localization tends to make TM K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) spectra show a more “rigid shift” behavior while electron delocalization makes the XANES exhibit a “shape change.” It clearly explains why the K-edge XANES data of some TM oxides show no “rigid shift” while the nominal valence states changed. This work highlights the importance of electron localization with guidance for XANES interpretation.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Extended experimental inferential structure determination method in determining the structural ensembles of disordered protein states

Proteins with intrinsic or unfolded state disorder comprise a new frontier in structural biology, requiring the characterization of diverse and dynamic structural ensembles. Here we introduce a comprehensive Bayesian framework, the Extended Experimental Inferential Structure Determination (X-EISD) method, which calculates the maximum log-likelihood of a disordered protein ensemble. X-EISD accounts for the uncertainties of a range of experimental data and back-calculation models from structures, including NMR chemical shifts, J-couplings, Nuclear Overhauser Effects (NOEs), paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs), residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), hydrodynamic radii (R h ), single molecule fluorescence Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We apply X-EISD to the joint optimization against experimental data for the unfolded drkN SH3 domain and find that combining a local data type, such as chemical shifts or J-couplings, paired with long-ranged restraints such as NOEs, PREs or smFRET, yields structural ensembles in good agreement with all other data types if combined with representative IDP conformers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

The Future of a Myriad of Accelerated Biodiscoveries Lies in AI‐Powered Mass Spectrometry and Multiomics Integration

The intersection of modern artificial intelligence (AI) and mass spectrometry (MS) is set to transform the MS‐based “omics” research fields, particularly proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and glycomics, enabling advancements across a wide range of domains, from health to environment and industrial biotechnology. Beginning with an overview of key challenges inherent in MS software pipelines, this personal perspective explores how AI‐driven solutions can address them to enhance data processing, integration and interpretation. It proposes a paradigm shift in molecular identification and quantitation algorithms, leveraging AI to enable holistic interpretation of MS‐based multiomics data. While centered on MS‐based omics, this holistic AI‐driven paradigm is also critical for connecting dynamic biochemical changes to genomics and transcriptomics contexts, reinforcing the integrative value of MS in multiomics research. Ultimately, this AI‐driven approach could enhance efficiency, accuracy, and molecular breadth of coverage, deepening our systems‐level understanding of biological processes and accelerating a myriad of biodiscoveries.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Utilization of an Advanced Sensor network to determine fuel heating value and Real-Time net unit heat rate during transient operation

Coal-fired utility boilers are being increasingly used as variable electricity generation to resolve the imbalance in the energy market from the expansion of intermittent renewable energy. The frequent transient operation required to meet residual energy demand has created a challenge for coal-fired units to operate efficiently. This work utilizes an advanced sensor network (ASN) to calculate net unit heat rate (NUHR) of a coal-fired boiler in real time through combustion calculations and statistical correlations to provide the tools for optimizing dynamic operation. Real-time heating values that were necessary to determine fuel input energy to calculate accurate NUHR were found using both fundamental and data-driven methods. Real-time NUHR shows distinct shifts that reflect changes in process conditions that will improve the ability to optimize transient operation. Data-driven heating value correlations had 24% lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the fundamental combustion calculation approach when compared to daily retrospective proximate analysis. Furthermore, the data-driven method RMSE improved by 7% with the inclusion of ASN data. Future work is to validate by comparing unit performance with and without the inclusion of NUHR as a control parameter for the dynamic neural network.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Brachiopod δ 11 B Record Across the Carboniferous-Permian Climate Transition

In this work, we present the δ 11 B of well-preserved brachiopod fossils coupled with geochemical modeling to examine how seawater boron responded to abrupt and dynamic climate changes in the Late Paleozoic. The Late Carboniferous, a time of major coal formation and glacioeustatic sea level changes, is characterized by relatively stable brachiopod δ11B of 15–17‰, similar to values seen in modern brachiopods. Brachiopod δ 11 B dropped by ~5‰ in the early Permian and then restabilized at a new value of 10‰ within a few million years. Mass balance models of seawater δ 11 B reproduced the overall trends in our brachiopod data but failed to capture the large drop in δ11B in the early Permian. Published seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and δ 44 / 40 Ca data based on brachiopod shells also shift to lower values in the early Permian, suggesting a common control on all three seawater isotope systems. The Permian terrestrial record of evaporites and eolian deposits suggests a prolonged reduced delivery of dissolved weathering products to the ocean, accounting for the change in seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. This reduced weathering, in turn, led to increased atmospheric CO 2 and lowered seawater pH, which may have significantly decreased major removal mechanisms for seawater calcium and boron leading to declines in both isotope systems. We propose that boron removal via coprecipitation in carbonates and adsorption onto clay minerals was significantly diminished due to a reduction in the availability of the borate aqueous species caused by lowered seawater pH.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Structural analysis of a new carotenoid-binding protein: the C-terminal domain homolog of the OCP

Abstract The Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) is a water-soluble protein that governs photoprotection in many cyanobacteria. The 35 kDa OCP is structurally and functionally modular, consisting of an N-terminal effector domain (NTD) and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD); a carotenoid spans the two domains. The CTD is a member of the ubiquitous Nuclear Transport Factor-2 (NTF2) superfamily (pfam02136). With the increasing availability of cyanobacterial genomes, bioinformatic analysis has revealed the existence of a new family of proteins, homologs to the CTD, the C-terminal domain-like carotenoid proteins (CCPs). Here we purify holo-CCP2 directly from cyanobacteria and establish that it natively binds canthaxanthin (CAN). We use small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to characterize the structure of this carotenoprotein in two distinct oligomeric states. A single carotenoid molecule spans the two CCPs in the dimer. Our analysis with X-ray footprinting-mass spectrometry (XFMS) identifies critical residues for carotenoid binding that likely contribute to the extreme red shift (ca. 80 nm) of the absorption maximum of the carotenoid bound by the CCP2 dimer and a further 10 nm shift in the tetramer form. These data provide the first structural description of carotenoid binding by a protein consisting of only an NTF2 domain.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Superconductivity in single crystals of ZrP 1.27 Se 0.73

Results are reported for single crystals of the PbFCl-type layered compound ZrP 1.27 Se 0.73 that were produced using the iodine vapor transport method. Electrical transport, magnetization, and heat capacity measurements reveal disordered metallic behavior and the occurrence of bulk superconductivity, with a transition temperature (T c ) of 7.1 K and an anisotropic orbitally limited upper critical field. 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements provide additional microscopic information, where the line shape, Knight shift, and spin-lattice relaxation data are consistent with the superconductivity originating from the corrugated Zr-P(2c)/Se plane. This suggests that the superconductivity first forms in the corrugated plane and the bulk superconductivity eventually occurs via coupling between the square planar layers. These data also show that either there are multiple superconducting gaps or there is a single gap that does not fully open across the entire Fermi surface. Finally, these results clarify the superconducting state in this material and will enable further measurements that require single-crystal specimens.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2024

New Structures in the J / ψ J / ψ Mass Spectrum in Proton-Proton Collisions at s = 13 TeV

A search is reported for near-threshold structures in the J / ψ J / ψ invariant mass spectrum produced in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV from data collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 135 fb − 1 . Three structures are found, and a model with quantum interference among these structures provides a good description of the data. A new structure is observed with a local significance above 5 standard deviations at a mass of 6638 − 38 + 43 ( stat ) − 31 + 16 ( syst ) MeV . Another structure with even higher significance is found at a mass of 6847 − 28 + 44 ( stat ) − 20 + 48 ( syst ) MeV , which is consistent with the X ( 6900 ) resonance reported by the LHCb experiment and confirmed by the ATLAS experiment. Evidence for another new structure, with a local significance of 4.7 standard deviations, is found at a mass of 7134 − 25 + 48 ( stat ) − 15 + 41 ( syst ) MeV . Results are also reported for a model without interference, which does not fit the data as well and shows mass shifts up to 150 MeV relative to the model with interference. © 2024 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration 2024 CERN

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Strain-modulated anisotropic electronic structure in superconducting RuO 2 films

The binary ruthenate, RuO 2 , has been the subject of intense interest due to its itinerant antiferromagnetism and strain-induced superconductivity. The strain mechanism and its effect on the microscopic electronic states leading to the normal and superconducting state, however, remain undisclosed. Here, we investigate highly strained epitaxial (110) RuO 2 films using polarization-dependent oxygen K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Through the detection of pre-edge peaks arising from O:2p - Ru:4d hybridization, we uncover the effects of epitaxial strain on the orbital/electronic structure near the Fermi level. Our data show robust strain-induced shifts of orbital levels and a reduction of hybridization strength. Furthermore, we reveal a pronounced in-plane anisotropy of the electronic structure along the [110] / [1$\bar{1}$0] directions naturally stemming from the symmetry-breaking epitaxial strain of the substrate. The B 2g symmetry component of the epitaxially enforced strain breaks a sublattice degeneracy, resulting in an increase of the density of states at the Fermi level (E F ), possibly paving the way to superconductivity. Finally, these results underscore the importance of the effective reduction from tetragonal to orthorhombic lattice symmetry in (110) RuO 2 films and its relevance towards the superconducting and magnetic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗