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At least 199 records · Page 11

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DOE OSTI2021

Optimal design of solar-driven electrolytic hydrogen production systems within electricity markets

Hydrogen has the potential to be a key contributor toward a low-carbon economy. Generating hydrogen by electrolysis using renewable energy is one way to support a decarbonized economy; however, its cost is not typically competitive with the carbon-emitting incumbent technology, steam methane reforming. The ability of electrolysis to integrate with electricity markets presents a unique cost reduction opportunity due to the perceived future availability of low and zero-marginal cost renewable energy sources. Additionally, as renewables, and particularly, photovoltaics are installed on the grid, they have a value deflation effect. This work evaluates solar-electrolysis configurations using a mathematical programming framework to maximize system net present value. The framework has been tested with specific weather conditions and financial mechanisms in California. Our findings indicate that a spectrum of potential cost competitive solutions is available for systems that (i) have market configurations resembling hybrid retail/wholesale, resulting in a hydrogen production cost range of US$6.2 kg-1–US$6.6 kg-1, or full wholesale market participation, reducing production cost to US$2.6 kg-1–US$3.1 kg-1, and (ii) achieve projected future cost reductions.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2020

Bench Scale Testing of Next Generation Hollow Fiber Membrane Modules

This project seeks to develop a next generation membrane material (PI-2) for application in Air Liquide’s (AL) hybrid process. Combining the cold membrane operation with an integrated CO 2 Compression and Purification Unit (CPU) significantly reduces the overall cost of CO 2 capture. The proposed work will accelerate the membrane bundle fabrication, scale-up and performance validation of this new material. The proposed novel membrane development, combined with the results of the previous Cold Membrane Project, will provide the best opportunity for AL to meet the long term development targets of the DOE with respect to timing, cost, and performance for CO 2 capture. Our previous field test program (DE-FE0013163) showed promising results for the hybrid process utilizing the existing commercial AL membrane bundles (PI-1 material). The project work has also shown the potential for significant improvements through initial laboratory tests with the novel material (PI-2). The initial PI-2 results show a step-change in membrane permeance. This will enable further reduction in the cost of CO 2 capture by reducing the number of membrane modules and associated equipment in the system. In order to capture this value, however, the new material needs to be validated by field testing of large bundles, representative of commercial production. Lastly, a comprehensive evaluation of novel hybrid processes and costs needs to be completed to ensure optimal use of this improved material performance. The current project seeks to develop this next generation membrane to TRL 5 (approximately 600 - 1,000 Nm3/h flue gas, 350 - 600 scfm, 0.2 - 0.3 MWe equivalent). Air Liquide manufacturing methodology will be applied to fabricate prototype (4”) membrane modules from PI-2 material. Once the manufacturing methods prove reliable with the new material, and performance is demonstrated in line with expectation, 6” commercial scale bundles will be fabricated. Recognizing that a low cost membrane solution by itself may not meet DOE’s LCOE target for CO 2 capture, we will also perform simulation studies of novel hybrid processes in combination with the next generation membrane technology. This approach has the best potential for exceeding the DOE targets. The best evaluation of the new commercial units will be performance testing under real flue gas at the NCCC. Finally, a rigorous TEA, which incorporates the novel process studies and field performance, will be completed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Optimizing an Integrated Renewable-Electrolysis System

Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that is used in a wide variety of chemical and industrial processes. Producing hydrogen using electrolysis can enable integration of multiple sectors including electricity, heating, and industrial sectors; however, the cost of producing hydrogen from electrolysis remains a challenge for encouraging greater adoption. With growing amounts of renewable generation on the California grid, there is downward pressure on wholesale electricity prices, particularly during the afternoon from photovoltaics (PV). These lower, or even potentially negative prices, challenge the business cases for new and existing PV plants. In addition, as the grid transitions to less flexible generation, there is greater need for system flexibility. To help improve the economics for both solar PV and hydrogen production using electrolyzers, we explore the benefit of combining PV and electrolysis systems. The optimal breakeven hydrogen production cost for six unique market participation configurations is calculated at six candidate locations where PV is already installed. The six market configurations include islanded, separated, retail, net energy metering (NEM), hybrid retail/wholesale and wholesale. Using the Revenue Operation and Device Optimization Model (RODeO) model, the optimal breakeven hydrogen price over the lifetime of the equipment is calculated. The cost includes production, storage, and compression in preparation for gaseous delivery trucks. Revenue streams include the sale of hydrogen, low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) credits, renewable electricity sold to the grid, and Renewable Energy Credits (REC). The costs included are the electricity costs, capital and fixed operation and maintenance cost (FOM) for the electrolyzer, PV, and storage and compression systems as well as taxes and financing costs. In addition, cost reductions are achieved through retail and wholesale rate optimization, by which electricity is purchased at the lowest price and sold, if possible, at the highest price. For all locations, the breakeven hydrogen production cost results show that, in the order of decreasing cost, the system configurations are islanded (highest), separated, NEM, retail, hybrid retail/wholesale, and wholesale (lowest). The resulting system design balances between the capital and maintenance cost components, the operation costs (i.e., electricity costs) and the additional market revenues. The integration of solar PV and electrolysis is shown to provide a mutually beneficial relationship. For PV, integration with electrolysis offers the potential to hedge against wholesale market price volatility, and integration with electrolysis may offer the potential to defer or avoid transmission investment to deliver power to the point-of-use and instead use it on-site. When compared with SMR without considering any renewable hydrogen premiums, this study finds that PV + Electrolysis systems with current costs are likely not competitive; however, with cost reductions for electrolysis equipment consistent with DOE projections, it was found that systems with wholesale market access would be competitive, largely on account of both low capital costs and low-cost electricity. The electrolysis units can provide greater flexibility than is required based on retail rate optimization, so there is an opportunity for a utility or CAISO to increase system flexibility with PV + Electrolysis systems in return for commensurate compensation. In this way, there are potentially several solutions that fall between the hybrid configuration and the wholesale configuration that could provide sufficient compensation for a PV + Electrolysis unit to compete with SMR while also providing greater flexibility to the grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Thermodynamic guiding principles of high-capacity phase transformation materials for splitting H 2 O and CO 2 by thermochemical looping

Here, thermochemical looping splitting of water and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with greenhouse-gas-free (GHG-free) energy has the potential to help address the Gt-scale GHG emissions challenge. Reaction thermodynamics largely contributes to the main bottlenecks of cost reduction for thermochemical looping water/CO 2 splitting cycle. Here, we analyze thermodynamic driving forces in such cycles with two-phase ternary ferrites as model systems. We find that cation configurational entropy chiefly determines the change of partial molar entropy with oxygen stoichiometry. In addition, our phase diagram analysis accurately predicts the optimal Fe ratio for maximal water/CO 2 splitting capacity in thermal reduction and in chemical reduction based cycles, underlining the significance of phase boundary positions. With chemical reduction, >10% CO 2 conversion and high oxygen exchange capacity can both be achieved. Furthermore, our reduced Gibbs free energy model illustrates critical thermodynamic factors that influence the water/CO 2 splitting capacity. Our research reveals the thermodynamic driving forces underlying the unconventional high-capacity Fe-poor ferrites, further explained via phase diagrams of Fe–Co–O, Fe–Ni–O and Fe–Mg–O. Future materials improvements can be guided by our reduced Gibbs free energy model.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2025

Modeling laser-wakefield accelerators using the time-averaged ponderomotive approximation in a Lorentz boosted frame

Future, high-fidelity simulations of multi-GeV-class laser Wakefield accelerators (LWFAs) will need to model the propagation of high-intensity laser drivers over meter-scale plasmas with high spatial and temporal resolutions, thus requiring high amounts of computational resources. Various techniques have been devised over the years to reduce the computational cost of such simulations, including the time-averaged ponderomotive approximation, and the use of the Lorentz boosted frame technique. In this paper we discuss the combination of these two computational techniques, highlighting the resulting significant reduction in the computational cost of LWFA simulations and the limitations of this approach. The combination of the two techniques can potentially become essential for the modeling of a multi-TeV, LWFA-based collider.

Laser Wakefield Acceleration↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluating the Adaptability of Reinforcement Learning Based HVAC Control for Residential Houses

Intelligent Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) control using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently gained a lot of attention due to its ability to optimally control the complex behavior of the HVAC system. However, more exploration is needed on understanding the adaptability challenges that the DRL agent could face during the deployment phase. Using online learning for such applications is not realistic due to the long learning period and likely poor comfort control during the learning process. Alternatively, DRL can be pre-trained using a building model prior to deployment. However, developing an accurate building model for every house and deploying a pre-trained DRL model for HVAC control would not be cost-effective. In this study, we focus on evaluating the ability of DRL-based HVAC control to provide cost savings when pre-trained on one building model and deployed on different house models with varying user comforts. We observed around 30% of cost reduction by pre-trained model over baseline when validated in a simulation environment and achieved up to 21% cost reduction when deployed in the real house. This finding provides experimental evidence that the pre-trained DRL has the potential to adapt to different house environments and comfort settings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2021

Assessing the Returns to Land and Greenhouse Gas Savings from Producing Energy Crops on Conservation Reserve Program Land

Using land already enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in the eastern region of the U.S. for producing energy crops for bioenergy while reducing land rental payments offers the potential for lowering the program costs, increasing returns to CRP landowners, and displacing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fossil fuels. We develop an integrated modeling approach to analyze the combination of biomass prices and CRP land rental payment reductions that can incentivize energy crop production on CRP land and its potential to increase soil carbon stocks and displace fossil fuel emissions. Here, we find that conversion of 3.4 million ha in the CRP can be economically viable at a minimum biomass price of 75 Mg –1 with full CRP land rental payment or at 100 Mg –1 with 75% of this land rental payment; this conversion can result in savings of 0.52 and 1.25 billion Mg CO 2 -eq in life-cycle emissions through the displacement of energy-equivalent fossil fuels and coal-based electricity, respectively, and an additional 0.11 billion Mg CO 2 -eq soil carbon sequestration relative to the status quo, with CRP left unharvested over the 2016–2030 period. The soil carbon debt due to the transition from unharvested CRP land to energy crops is short-lived and more than offset by the reduction in fossil fuel emissions. The net discounted benefits from producing energy crops on CRP land through a reduced need for government payments to maintain existing enrollment, higher returns to CRP landowners, and the value of the reduction in GHG emissions could be as high as 16–30 billion by using them for cellulosic biofuels to displace gasoline and 35–68 billion by displacing coal-based electricity over the 2016–2030 period if biomass prices are 75–125 Mg –1 and land rental payments are reduced by 25%.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Performance Advantaged Thermosets from Bioderived Amines: Benefits in Manufacturing, Performance, and End-of-Life

Biomass derived monomers can offer unique functionality, often in the forms of heteroatoms, that is not easily accessible by routine petrochemical routes. Importantly, many of these monomers offer the potential to replace the petrochemical monomers used in the manufacture of thermosets to enable expanded functionality and performance. In the present work, we leverage amine containing monomers that can be obtained via biological conversions in both epoxy and benzoxazine thermosets. These monomers have a wide degree of functionality available to them that augment the material properties. In the case of benzoxazines, monomers that contain both an amine and carboxylic acid are used and the presence of the carboxylic acid leads to an acceleration in cure kinetics and a dramatic reduction in cure temperature. For the epoxy thermosets, multifunctional amine monomers are used as a hardener and the properties of the resultant materials are found to scale with the spacing and identity between reactive centers. The amines can be further modified and reacted to produce a mixed network of triazines and epoxy-amines that enables the end-of-life degradation of these materials. Importantly, subsequent process analysis reveals that the use of bioderived amines can present dramatic reductions in both supply chain energy and GHG emissions while possessing a cost similar to their petrochemical counterparts. Overall, this work demonstrates the robust potential to use bioderived amines for performance advantaged properties.

bioderived monomers↗

DOE OSTI2024

Potential Adoption and Benefits of Co-Optimized Multimode Engines and Fuels for U.S. Light-Duty Vehicles

Exploring a diverse portfolio of technologies for decarbonization is crucial to understanding the potential impacts of different technological solutions and their associated environmental implications. Using high-octane, high-sensitivity biofuel blends in co-optimized multimode engines can increase engine efficiency and reduce vehicle emissions. Here, the multimode engine research focuses on the benefits of light-duty vehicle engines, which can operate in multiple modes depending on the vehicle's load. Low-temperature combustion can improve efficiency and reduce emissions (such as those from oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter) during low-load operation, while spark ignition performance is maintained in high-load operation. These advanced engines can be optimized to run on blends of biobased fuels. This analysis models scenarios for potential market adoption of co-optimized multimode vehicles fueled by three different bioblendstocks: ethanol, isopropanol, and isobutanol. An integrated modeling approach is used to forecast the energy and environmental impacts of the deployment of co-optimized multimode vehicles and fuels in the light-duty sector over the 2020-to-2050 time horizon. The multidisciplinary approach combines vehicle sales modeling, system dynamics modeling of the biorefining industry, and life cycle assessment to estimate the emissions and energy benefits. The models consider market forces such as consumer preferences for vehicle attributes, biofuel supply and demand dynamics subject to biorefinery capacity build-out and bioresource constraints, and forecasted changes to the U.S. bulk energy system over time. Market adoption of co-optimized vehicles is evaluated across a wide parameter space for incremental vehicle cost and engine efficiency improvement. This analysis reveals that the deployment of co-optimized multimode fuels and vehicles results in up to a 5% reduction in annual sector-wide life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050, relative to a business-as-usual scenario, but is also indicates environmental trade-offs, such as higher life cycle water-use. Emission benefits could potentially increase beyond 2050, as the new technologies penetrate the market and gain a foothold. Results also show that, under certain circumstances, vehicles with engines co-optimized for use with high-octane, high-sensitivity biofuel blends can be cost-competitive with conventional gasoline, while reducing GHG emissions. Our modeling results indicate that co-optimized multimode fuels and engines can be strategically leveraged in tandem with electrification to decarbonize the light-duty sector. Co-optimized vehicles could play a role in the early years of the time horizon, while electric vehicles (EVs) could become more competitive in the later years, highlighting the complementary benefits of these technologies for GHG reductions.

Oke, Doris↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Zero-Emission Process for Direct Reduction of Iron by Hydrogen Plasma in a Rotary Kiln Reactor

This project’s goal was to demonstrate a hydrogen plasma (H-plasma)-rotary kiln process for reducing iron ore to iron as part of the steel manufacturing process. The H-plasma provides a greater thermodynamic driving force for reducing iron ores than thermal processes such as the DRI process, enabling lower reaction temperatures. We estimated that our process technology can reduce energy consumption by 45% compared to the blast furnace process and ~15% compared to the DRI process. Steel manufacturing produces about 1.8 tons of CO2/ton of steel with iron ore reduction accounting for about one-third of the CO2 produced in the overall manufacturing process. We estimated our process has the potential to reduce GHG emissions from ironmaking by 35% with today’s grid and by up to 88% with a future low-carbon grid while being cost competitive with the current blast furnace route. We demonstrated reduction of hematite and magnetite rich materials at temperatures from 600 to 800°C. We achieved 90-95% metallization on 100 gr samples in batch reduction experiments in the H-plasma rotary kiln furnace at 600-650°C. Attempts to perform tests in a continuous operation mode identified problems with the ore feed mechanism. We identified solutions but there was not time nor budget to correct these for this project

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Zero-Emission Process for Direct Reduction of Iron by Hydrogen Plasma in a Rotary Kiln Reactor

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating GHG Mitigation Potential from ESPC Projects [Slides]

This report explores the impact of implemented ESPC projects on the projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions in the U.S. buildings sector, and the associated projected annual cost savings and marginal abatement costs. It is important to investigate the role that energy retrofits can play in achieving GHG emission reduction targets given the use of ESPC by public agencies to reduce emissions from energy use in addition to the historical use of ESPC to to achieve cost/energy savings and ancillary benefits (e.g., addressing deferred maintenance, aging infrastructure, etc.). The analysis draws from LBNL’s eProject Builder (ePB) database, which contains approximately 3,000 energy retrofit projects implemented by energy service companies (ESCOs), mostly energy savings performance contract (ESPC) projects. This is the first report to model GHG emission reductions from ongoing ESPC projects in the U.S public sector based on ePB project data. It is intended for policymakers, federal, state and local government officials and other potential ESPC customers, the ESCO industry, researchers, and other energy policy professionals.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Aero‐servo‐elastic co‐optimization of large wind turbine blades with distributed aerodynamic control devices

Abstract This work introduces automated wind turbine optimization techniques based on full aero‐servo‐elastic models and investigates the potential of trailing edge flaps to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of wind turbines. The Wind Energy with Integrated Servo‐control (WEIS) framework is improved to conduct the presented research. Novel methods for the generic implementation and tuning of trailing edge flap devices and their controller are also introduced. Primary flap and controller parameters are optimized to demonstrate potential maximum blade tip deflection reductions of 21 % . Concurrent design optimization (i.e., co‐design) of a novel segmented wind turbine blade with trailing edge flaps and its controller is then conducted to demonstrate blade cost savings of 5 % . Additionally, rotor diameter co‐design optimization is demonstrated to reduce the LCOE by 1.3 % without significant load increases to the tower. These results demonstrate the efficacy of control co‐design optimization using trailing edge flaps, and the entirety of this work provides a foundation for numerous control co‐design‐oriented studies for distributed aerodynamic control devices.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

A guide to performing CO 2 electrolysis in zero-gap electrolyzers

Recent advances in the technology readiness level (TRL) of low-temperature electrochemical CO 2 reduction (eCO2R) have demonstrated that the technology has potential for industrial deployment. However, industrial deployment of eCO2R still requires advances to reach cost parity with existing thermal catalytic pathways. Technoeconomic analysis of eCO2R suggests that research and development will require a decrease in both capital expenditures and operational expenditures to be cost competitive. Here, to decrease the capital expenditures of the system will require increasing the durability to >3 years, while decreasing the operational expenditures will require an increase in energy efficiency due to the cost of electricity being the driving operational cost of a unit.

Energy↗

DOE OSTI2020

Review of heat transfer enhancement techniques for single phase flows

The thermal energy exchange between a flowing fluid and its confining channel is a ubiquitous process in modern society. To enhance the fluid-to-wall or wall-to-fluid heat transfer, several techniques have been developed to maximize the contact area between the fluid and the inner wall and/or disrupt the flow to enhance circulation or induce turbulence. Deployment of channels having features capable of enhancing heat transfer enables the reduction of heat exchanger size while maintaining performance. Reduction in equipment size is critical due to the ability to minimize the required volume of costly working fluids and to mitigate potential safety concerns associated with total system fluid volume. Here, a comprehensive review of single-phase heat transfer enhancement techniques is presented. The article provides a thorough comparison by analyzing the heat transfer rate, pressure drop, and other operational aspects. Single-phase heat transfer enhancement methods are divided into active and passive techniques. Active methods such as electrohydrodynamic (EHD), magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), or mechanical motion require external power to create enhancement. Passive methods such as dimples, fins, or tape inserts do not require external input and rely only on surface modification. Although active methods are more expensive and difficult to implement compared to passive techniques, it enables active control of heat transfer augmentation. Finally, this review develops and summarizes key learning data for design optimization enabled by additive manufacturing and machine learning algorithms, helping to inform these next-generation heat exchanger design methodologies for a plethora of modern applications such as electrification of vehicles, computing, and classical industries.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Cost Estimates of Roll-to-Roll Production of Organic Light Emitting Devices for Lighting

White organic light emitting devices (WOLEDs) offerdistinct advantages as solid state lighting sources, including high energy efficiency, superior color quality,and a flexible, thin profile that can accommodate a vast array of possible fixture designs. Recent advances in device lifetime and high speed deposition suggest that mass production of WOLED panels is approaching an inflection point. To understand the tradeoffs in the volume manufacturing of WOLED lighting panels, in this work, we estimate the cost of white WOLED panel production based on vacuum and vapor phase deposition in a roll-to-roll production line envisioned to yield an annual capacity of at least 6 × 10 6 m 2 . Assuming a WOLED operating luminance at 10 klm/m 2 , we anticipate a $\$12.5$ /klm cost of a WOLED light engine that includes the cost of the current driverand packaging. With incremental reduction in material and driver costs and improved luminance, the costof WOLED lighting can be reduced to $\$6.3$ /klm in thenear term, potentially positioning WOLEDs for use innumerous premium lighting applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

Evaluating Basin-Scale Forest Adaptation Scenarios: Wildfire, Streamflow, Biomass, and Economic Recovery Synergies and Trade-Offs

Active forest management is applied in many parts of the western United States to reduce wildfire severity, mitigate vulnerability to drought and bark beetle mortality, and more recently, to increase snow retention and late-season streamflow. A rapidly warming climate accelerates the need for these restorative treatments, but the treatment priority among forest patches varies considerably. We simulated four treatment scenarios across the 3,450 km 2 Wenatchee River basin in eastern Washington, United States. We used a decision support tool (DST) to assess trade-offs and synergies within and among treatments on wildfire risk and smoke emissions, water yield and snow retention, biomass production, and economic return. Treatment scenarios emphasized prescribed burning ( BurnOnly ), biomass production ( MaxBiomass ), gap-based thinning to optimize water yield ( IdealWater ), and a principle-based restoration scenario ( RA1 ). Fire hazard, smoke emissions, and biomass production metrics were evaluated across scenarios using the Forest Vegetation Simulator, and water yields were modeled using the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model. Simulations were summarized to both patch- (10 1 –10 2 ha) and subwatershed- (10 3 –10 4 ha) scales, and treatment effects were evaluated against an untreated baseline landscape. We used logic models to rank effect sizes by scenario across metrics along a continuum between −1 (no or weak effect) to +1 (large effect). All treatments produced benefits across one or more ecosystem services and led to synergistic benefits to water yield and wildfire hazard reduction. Tradeoffs among resource benefits were clear in wilderness where reliance on prescribed burning without mechanical treatment increased costs and eliminated the potential for biomass recovery. The BurnOnly scenario improved fire risk metrics and streamflow, but effect sizes were lower compared to other treatments. IdealWater showed the strongest benefits overall, demonstrating the ability to capture multiple resource benefits through spatially explicit thinning. Our study provides a framework for integrating strategic and tactical models that evaluate tradeoffs and synergies gained through varied management approaches. We demonstrate the utility of decision support modeling to enhance management synergies across large landscapes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Total Recycling of Copper Cable Scrap and Production of Carbon Using Fast Microwave Technology

The recycling of cable scrap, particularly from discarded electrical wiring, is gaining significant attention due to the rising demand for copper and the need for sustainable management of electronic waste. Traditionally, mechanical and thermal processings have been used to recover copper and plastic from cables. However, these approaches are often energy-intensive, time-consuming, and costly in terms of equipment and labor. In this study, we present a simple and effective method for recovering materials from cable scrap using a domestic microwave oven. Cable pieces (2–2.5 cm long) were exposed to 700 W of microwave irradiation under rotation for 30 s, enabling the rapid and efficient separation of high-quality copper metal from the core wire, and activated carbon from the carbonized plastic sheath. Microwaves facilitate this process through Ohmic heating, which induces electrical resistance in the metal, generating heat that mechanically loosens the metal and carbonized plastic components. The process demonstrates high efficiency, achieving an 80% reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional processings. This fast and energy-efficient method shows strong potential for scaling up to industrial recycling, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to recover high-quality materials for further use or repurposing.

Bourlinos, Athanasios B. (ORCID:0000000256165993)↗