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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Rapid Tooling for Functional Prototype of Metal Mold Processes Final Report CRADA No. TC-1032-98

Production inserts for die-casting were generally fabricated from materials with sufficient strength and· good wear properties at casting temperatures for long life. Frequently tool steels were used and machining was done with a combination of. conventional and Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) with some handwork, an expensive and time consuming process, partilly for prototype work. We proposed electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) as a process for rapid fabrication of dies. Metals, ranging from low melting point to refractory metals (Ta, Mo, etc.), would be evaporated and deposited at high rates (-2mm/hr.). Alloys could be easily evaporated and deposited if their constituent vapor pressures were similar and with more difficulty if they were not. Of course, layering of different materials was possible if required for a specific application. For example, a hard surface layer followed by a tough steel and backed by a high thermal conductivity (possibly cooled) copper layer could be fabricated. Electron-beam deposits exhibited 100% density and lull strength when deposited at a substrate (mandrel) temperature that was a substantial fraction of the deposited material's melting point. There were several materials that could have the required high temperature properties and ease of fabrication required for such a mandrel. We had successfully used graphite, machined from free formed objects with a replicator, to produce aluminum-bronze test molds. There were several parting layer materials of interest, but the ideal material depended upon the specific application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Closer Look at Fe(II) Passivation of Goethite

Our understanding of how Fe(II) reacts with Fe(III) oxides has evolved significantly based on evidence for electron transfer at the oxide-water interface and Fe(II)-catalyzed recrystallization. Recent experiments, as well as computational calculations, further suggest that defects at oxide surfaces can facilitate electron transfer. There is, however, some evidence that these processes cease after continued contact with Fe(II). Here, we explore the sustainability of these processes over longer time frames by measuring whether exposure to Fe(II) inhibits Fe(II)-goethite electron transfer, and whether this inhibition is reversible. To quantify the extent of electron transfer, we used selective isotope labeling with 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results revealed that pre-reacting goethite with Fe(II) decreases the extent of electron transfer during subsequent exposures, and that less electron transfer occurs with increasing reaction time. Similarly, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism suggest that reaction with Fe(II) consumes surface defects and forms a passivation layer, making goethite less susceptible to electron transfer. When Fe(II) is removed by either wet chemical extraction or oxidation, electron transfer is mostly restored, suggesting that inhibition of electron transfer is reversible. Our results show that in environmental systems, which are commonly subjected to transient geochemical fluctuations, electron transfer between Fe(II) and Fe oxides, and processes linked to it, are likely to be relevant beyond just short time scales.

Andrade de Notini, Luiza↗
DOE OSTI2023

Diverse electron carriers drive syntrophic interactions in an enriched anaerobic acetate-oxidizing consortium

Abstract In many anoxic environments, syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) is a key pathway mediating the conversion of acetate into methane through obligate cross-feeding interactions between SAO bacteria (SAOB) and methanogenic archaea. The SAO pathway is particularly important in engineered environments such as anaerobic digestion (AD) systems operating at thermophilic temperatures and/or with high ammonia. Despite the widespread importance of SAOB to the stability of the AD process, little is known about their in situ physiologies due to typically low biomass yields and resistance to isolation. Here, we performed a long-term (300-day) continuous enrichment of a thermophilic (55 °C) SAO community from a municipal AD system using acetate as the sole carbon source. Over 80% of the enriched bioreactor metagenome belonged to a three-member consortium, including an acetate-oxidizing bacterium affiliated with DTU068 encoding for carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and formate production, along with two methanogenic archaea affiliated with Methanothermobacter_A. Stable isotope probing was coupled with metaproteogenomics to quantify carbon flux into each community member during acetate conversion and inform metabolic reconstruction and genome-scale modeling. This effort revealed that the two Methanothermobacter_A species differed in their preferred electron donors, with one possessing the ability to grow on formate and the other only consuming hydrogen. A thermodynamic analysis suggested that the presence of the formate-consuming methanogen broadened the environmental conditions where ATP production from SAO was favorable. Collectively, these results highlight how flexibility in electron partitioning during SAO likely governs community structure and fitness through thermodynamic-driven mutualism, shedding valuable insights into the metabolic underpinnings of this key functional group within methanogenic ecosystems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Accelerator shield design of KIPT neutron source facility

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) of the United States and Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT) of Ukraine have been collaborating on the design development of a neutron source facility at KIPT utilizing an electron-accelerator-driven subcritical assembly. Electron beam power is 100 kW, using 100 MeV electrons. The facility is designed to perform basic and applied nuclear research, produce medical isotopes, and train young nuclear specialists. The biological shield of the accelerator building is designed to reduce the biological dose to less than 0.5-mrem/hr during operation. The main source of the biological dose is the photons and the neutrons generated by interactions of leaked electrons from the electron gun and accelerator sections with the surrounding concrete and accelerator materials. The Monte Carlo code MCNPX serves as the calculation tool for the shield design, due to its capability to transport electrons, photons, and neutrons coupled problems. The direct photon dose can be tallied by MCNPX calculation, starting with the leaked electrons. However, it is difficult to accurately tally the neutron dose directly from the leaked electrons. The neutron yield per electron from the interactions with the surrounding components is less than 0.01 neutron per electron. This causes difficulties for Monte Carlo analyses and consumes tremendous computation time for tallying with acceptable statistics the neutron dose outside the shield boundary. To avoid these difficulties, the SOURCE and TALLYX user subroutines of MCNPX were developed for the study. The generated neutrons are banked, together with all related parameters, for a subsequent MCNPX calculation to obtain the neutron and secondary photon doses. The weight windows variance reduction technique is utilized for both neutron and photon dose calculations. Two shielding materials, i.e., heavy concrete and ordinary concrete, were considered for the shield design. The main goal is to maintain the total dose outside the shield boundary at less than 0.5-mrem/hr. The shield configuration and parameters of the accelerator building have been determined and are presented in this paper. (authors)

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

An artificial intelligence’s interpretation of complex high-resolution in situ transmission electron microscopy data

Complicated nano- and atomic-scale processes with sub-angstrom spatial resolution and millisecond time resolution visualized by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are often highly dynamical and time consuming to analyze and interpret. Here, we report how variational autoencoders (VAEs) can provide an artificial intelligence’s interpretation of high-resolution in situ TEM data by condensing and deconvoluting complicated atomic-scale dynamics into a latent space with reduced dimensionality. We designed a VAE model with high latent dimensions capable of deconvoluting information from complex high-resolution TEM data. We demonstrate how this model, with high latent dimensions trained on atomically resolved TEM images of lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals, is able to capture movements and perturbations of periodic lattices in both simulated and real in situ TEM data. Importantly, the VAE model shows the capability of detecting and deconvoluting dynamical nanoscale physical processes, such as the rotation of crystal lattices and intra-particle ripening during the annealing of semiconductor nanocrystals.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Expedited Synthesis of Fluorine-18 Labeled Phenols. A Missing Link in PET Radiochemistry

Fluorine-18 (F-18) is arguably the most valuable radionuclide for positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging. However, while there are many methods for labeling small molecules with F-18 at aliphatic positions and on electron-deficient aromatic rings, there are essentially no reliable and practical methods to label electron-rich aromatic rings such as phenols, with F-18 at high specific activity. This is disappointing because fluorine-labeled phenols are found in many drugs; there are also many interesting plant metabolites and hormones that contain either phenols or other electron-rich aromatic systems such as indoles whose metabolism, transport, and distribution would be interesting to study if they could readily be labeled with F-18. Most approaches to label phenols with F-18 involve the labeling of electron-poor precursor arenes by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, followed by subsequent conversion to phenols by oxidation or other multi-step sequences that are often inefficient and time consuming. Thus, the lack of good methods for labeling phenols and other electron-rich aromatics with F-18 at high specific activity represents a significant methodological gap in F-18 radiochemistry that can be considered a “Missing Link in PET Radiochemistry”. The objective of this research project was to develop and optimize a series of unusual synthetic transformations that will enable phenols (and other electron-rich aromatic systems) to be labeled with F-18 at high specific activity, rapidly, reliably, and conveniently, thereby bridging this gap. Through the studies conducted with support of this project, we have substantially advanced synthetic methodology for the preparation of fluorophenols. Our progress is presented in detail in the sections below, and much has been published or presented publication; other components are being prepared for publication. In essence, we have developed a completely new method to prepare o-fluorophenols from non-aromatic precursors (diazocyclohexenones) by a novel reaction sequence that uses fluoride ion as a precursor and various activating electrophiles, and we have improved methods for the preparation of heterodiaryl iodonium salts. Both methods have been used to prepare interesting potential radiotracers. Other advances have been made in labeling dendrimeric nanoparticle structures of increasing interest for multimodal imaging and in advancing labeling through fluorosilane bonds. Thus, the progress we have made substantially fills the significant gap in PET radiochemistry that we originally identified, and it provides for the field new methodology that can be applied to a number of current challenges, including the preparation of several molecules of interest as radiotracers, such as 2-[18F]Fluoroestradiol (2-FES) and m-fluorotyrosine, which we have illustrated. These methods can be used by any skilled radiochemist interesting in preparing these agents or similar fluorine-18 labeled electron-rich arene systems of interested for PET biological imaging in the most general sense.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2022

Paw-Net: Stacking ensemble deep learning for segmenting scanning electron microscopy images of fine-grained shale samples

Segmentation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images is critical yet time-consuming for geological analyses, as it needs to differentiate the boundaries for different mineral objects to facilitate subsequent analyses, such as porosity calculation. Recently, various machine learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been explored to segment SEM images of fine-grained shale samples. However, we found that general CNNs do not yield optimal performance due to insufficient training data and imbalanced objects in SEM images. This work has revised the U-Net architecture, a popular approach for biomedical image analyses, by incorporating a loss function that addresses the imbalance issue. Furthermore, we used the ensemble learning method to train multiple models and combined the results to improve the overall performance of segmentation. We prepared 2162 sub-images from raw SEM images in our experiments and divided them into training, validation, and testing datasets. The overall results show that our method improves the average Intersection over Union (IOU) of mineral objects from 0.49 to 0.58, compared to the original U-Net model. Our method can clearly distinguish each object from others with boundaries, even in highly imbalanced images. Training our models takes less than three minutes using a single GPU, while manual labeling can take up to three hours for each image. Furthermore, the method helps geoscientists gain insights quickly and effectively by building neural network models from a small dataset of SEM images.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Efficient Treatment of Large Active Spaces through Multi-GPU Parallel Implementation of Direct Configuration Interaction

In this study, we have extended our graphical processing unit (GPU)-accelerated direct configuration interaction program to multiple devices, reducing iteration times for configuration spaces of 165 million determinants to only 3 s using NVIDIA P100 GPUs. Similar improvements in the one- and two-particle reduced density matrix formation allow for fast analytical energy gradients and electronic properties. Our parallel algorithm enables the calculation of arbitrarily large configuration spaces (limited only by available system memory), with iteration times of 13 min for an active space of 18 electrons in 18 orbitals (2.4 billion determinants) using six consumer grade NVIDIA 1080Ti GPUs. These advances enable routine molecular dynamics simulations, geometry optimizations, and absorption spectrum calculations for molecules with large configuration spaces, a task that has heretofore required massive computational effort. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of our program by generating the absorption spectrum for diphenyl acetylene at the floating occupation molecular orbital complete active space configuration interaction level of theory. Lastly, several active spaces were investigated to assess the dependence of spectral features on orbital space dimension.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Machine-learning-based, online estimation of ceramic’s microstructure upon the laser spot brightness during laser sintering

The ceramic microstructure strongly influences its properties. During manufacturing, the online monitoring of microstructure is critical to ensure the desired material properties. So far, the microstructure on the relevant scale is usually characterized offline using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is time and cost-consuming. In this work, we demonstrate a cost-effective, machine learning (ML)-based approach to simulate the SEM micrographs in real-time from the laser spot brightness. We experimentally observed a strong correlation between the laser spot brightness and the corresponding microstructure at the exact locations. The brightness values obtained from thermal emission images and the corresponding SEM micrographs were used in the training datasets. The ML algorithm was a style-based conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN). After training, the ML model could generate high-fidelity microstructure images within 0.1 seconds based on in-situ captured brightness at the laser sintering spot. We used the average grain sizes as the metric to evaluate the accuracy of the ML-predicted micrographs. Here, the ML-predicted microstructures were in good agreement, with less than 5% in difference from the real SEM images. In conclusion, we demonstrate the cost-effective, online microstructure estimation during laser sintering with a simple setup (a camera, a regular computer, and the ML model).

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using respiration quotients to track changing sources of soil respiration seasonally and with experimental warming

Developing a more mechanistic understanding of soil respiration is hampered by the difficulty in determining the contribution of different organic substrates to respiration and in disentangling autotrophic-versus-heterotrophic and aerobic-versus-anaerobic processes. Here, we use a relatively novel tool for better understanding soil respiration: the apparent respiration quotient (ARQ). The ARQ is the amount of CO 2 produced in the soil divided by the amount of O 2 consumed, and it changes according to which organic substrates are being consumed and whether oxygen is being used as an electron acceptor. We investigated how the ARQ of soil gas varied seasonally, by soil depth, and by in situ experimental warming ( +4 ° C) in a coniferous-forest whole-soil-profile warming experiment over 2 years. We then compared the patterns in ARQ to those of soil δ 13 CO 2 . Our measurements showed strong seasonal variations in ARQ, from ≈0.9 during the late spring and summer to ≈0.7 during the winter. This pattern likely reflected a shift from respiration being fueled by oxidized substrates like sugars and organic acids derived from root and root respiration during the growing season to more reduced substrates such as lipids and proteins derived from microbial necromass during the winter. This interpretation was supported by δ 13 CO 2 values, which were lower, like lipids, in the winter and higher, like sugars, in the summer. Furthermore, experimental warming significantly changed how both ARQ and δ 13 CO 2 responded to soil temperature. Wintertime ARQ and δ 13 CO 2 values were higher in heated than in control plots, probably due to the warming-driven increase in microbial activity that may have utilized oxidized carbon substrates, while growing-season values were lower in heated plots. Experimental warming and phenology change the sources of soil respiration throughout the soil profile. The sensitivity of ARQ to these changes demonstrates its potential as a tool for disentangling the biological sources contributing to soil respiration.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

An ergodic approach to polarization in eRHIC electron storage ring

Electron polarization in a storage ring is subject to two long term effects: Sokolov-Ternov polarization and depolarization by diffusion, which over a long time scale lead to an equilibrium state. Simulation-wise, this can be highly CPU time and memory consuming. Simulations aimed at determining optimal ring storage energy in an electron-ion collider use to track thousand particle bunches, for a long time - yet still short compared to depolarization time scales, due to HPC limitations. Based on considerations of ergodicity of electron bunch dynamics in the presence of synchrotron radiation, tracking a single particle instead is investigated. This allows substantial saving in teh required HPC volume, “CPU-time×Memory-allocation”. The concept is illustrated with polarization lifetime and equilibrium polarization simulations at the eRHIC electron-ion collider.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Respiratory Vinyl Chloride Reductive Dechlorination to Ethene in TceA-Expressing Dehalococcoides mccartyi

Bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes in anoxic aquifers hinges on organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoidia expressing vinyl chloride (VC) reductive dehalogenase (RDase). The tceA gene encoding the trichloroethene-dechlorinating RDase TceA is frequently detected in contaminated groundwater but not recognized as a biomarker for VC detoxification. We demonstrate that tceA-carrying Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) strains FL2 and 195 grow with VC as an electron acceptor when sufficient vitamin B 12 (B 12 ) is provided. Strain FL2 cultures that received 50 μg L –1 B 12 completely dechlorinated VC to ethene at rates of 14.80 ± 1.30 μM day –1 and attained 1.64 ± 0.11 × 10 8 cells per μmol of VC consumed. Strain 195 attained similar growth yields of 1.80 ± 1.00 × 10 8 cells per μmol of VC consumed, and both strains could be consecutively transferred with VC as the electron acceptor. Proteomic analysis demonstrated TceA expression in VC-grown strain FL2 cultures. Resequencing of the strain FL2 and strain 195 tceA genes identified non-synonymous substitutions, although their consequences for TceA function are currently unknown. The finding that Dhc strains expressing TceA respire VC can explain ethene formation at chlorinated solvent sites, where quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that tceA dominates the RDase gene pool.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electron Accelerator Shielding Design of KIPT Neutron Source Facility

The Argonne National Laboratory of the United States and the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology of the Ukraine have been collaborating on the design, development and construction of a neutron source facility at Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology utilizing an electron-accelerator-driven subcritical assembly. The electron beam power is 100 kW using 100-MeV electrons. The facility was designed to perform basic and applied nuclear research, produce medical isotopes, and train nuclear specialists. The biological shield of the accelerator building was designed to reduce the biological dose to less than 5.0e-03 mSv/h during operation. The main source of the biological dose for the accelerator building is the photons and neutrons generated from different interactions of leaked electrons from the electron gun and the accelerator sections with the surrounding components and materials. The Monte Carlo N-particle extended code (MCNPX) was used for the shielding calculations because of its capability to perform electron-, photon-, and neutron-coupled transport simulations. The photon dose was tallied using the MCNPX calculation, starting with the leaked electrons. However, it is difficult to accurately tally the neutron dose directly from the leaked electrons. The neutron yield per electron from the interactions with the surrounding components is very small, similar to 0.01 neutron for 100-MeV electron and even smaller for lower-energy electrons. This causes difficulties for the Monte Carlo analyses and consumes tremendous computation resources for tallying the neutron dose outside the shield boundary with an acceptable accuracy. To avoid these difficulties, the SOURCE and TALLYX user subroutines of MCNPX were utilized for this study. The generated neutrons were banked, together with all related parameters, for a subsequent MCNPX calculation to obtain the neutron dose. The weight windows variance reduction technique was also utilized for both neutron and photon dose calculations. Two shielding materials, heavy concrete and ordinary concrete, were considered for the shield design. The main goal is to maintain the total dose outside the shield boundary less than 5.0e-03 mSv/h during operation. The shield configuration and parameters of the accelerator building were determined and are presented in this paper. Copyright (C) 2016, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC on behalf of Korean Nuclear Society.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

TU-H-BRC-01: A New Fabrication Method for Secondary Skin Collimation Using 3D Scanner and 3D Printer

Purpose: Using secondary skin collimation (SSC) to protect the critical organ surrounding the tumors is always desirable for electron and/or ortho-voltage treatments. However, the time-consuming and labor-intensive fabrication processes of current method (manually fabricate the lead mask) restrict the general use of SSC. The aim of this study is to develop a new SSC fabrication method using 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies in order to largely decrease the human labor involvement and fabrication time, also improve the fabrication accuracy. Methods: First, the patient surface was scanned with a 3D scanner (Structure Sensor, Occipital, CO). The raw scan data was subsequently transferred to a 3D modeling software (Rhinoceros, Ver. 5.0, McNeel North America, Seattle, WA). The tumor contour was then digitized and shielding region was determined by clinicians in the same software. The corresponding SCC conformed to the skin surface was then automatically generated by the software with the proper shielding thickness. The shell of the SCC (with hollow inside) was consequently printed by a 3D printer (Lulzbot TAZ, Aleph Objects, CO) using plastic material. Finally, the hollow mold of SCC was filled up with a melted cerrobend alloy. Once the cerrobend alloy cooled down, the fabrication of SCC was accomplished. Results: The results indicated the proposed method can achieve a much shorter time on making a SCC compared with tradition fabrication method. The processes of making a skin contour model for patients have been eliminated with the new method. SCC created by the new method possessed better accuracy and better conformality to patient’s skin contours. Conclusion: In this study, we have demonstrated a new method for the SCC fabrication. It is anticipated that our method can be an alternative way to replace conventional manual-based methods for electron and/or ortho-voltage SCC fabrication. This research was supported by the Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2015H1A2A1034071), Republic of Korea.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Exploring the Photogenerated Charge Transfer Mechanism in Cu 2 O@MoS 2 Heterojunction Photocatalyst Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Both heterojunction and core–shell photocatalysts have demonstrated promising performance in photocatalytic CO 2 conversions to fuels. However, fundamental knowledge of heterojunctions in core–shell structures is highly desired to facilitate the design of future photocatalysts. By combining advanced experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the role of the Cu 2 O@MoS 2 heterojunction in photocatalytic CO 2 conversions to fuels was investigated. We discovered that the charge dynamics and electron transfer properties of Cu2O@MoS 2 photocatalysts are altered by the heterojunction and Cu 2 O underlayer due to the electron transfer from Cu 2 O to MoS 2 and the change in CO 2 adsorption strength on the hybrid catalyst surface. Consequently, more electrons can travel to the surrounding liquid environment to be consumed by CO 2 reduction. This study provides experimental and theoretical investigations of the fundamental mechanisms of heterojunction core–shell photocatalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nano-imprint gold grating as refractive index sensor

Large scale of fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures has been a challenging task due to time consuming process and requirement of expensive nanofabrication tools such as electron beam lithography system, focused ion beam system, and extreme UV photolithography system. Here, we present a cost-effective fabrication technique so called soft nanoimprinting to fabricate nanostructures on the larger sample area. In our fabrication process, a commercially available optical DVD disc was used as a template which was imprinted on a polymer glass substrate to prepare 1D polymer nano-grating. A homemade nanoimprinting setup was used in this fabrication process. Further, a label-free refractive index sensor was developed by utilizing the properties of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of a gold coated 1D polymer nano-grating. Refractive index sensing was tested by exposing different solutions of glycerol-water mixture on the surface of gold nano-grating. The calculated bulk refractive index sensitivity was found to be 751nm/RIU. We believed that our proposed SPR sensor could be a promising candidate for developing low-cost refractive index sensor with high sensitivity on a large scale.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Controlled cooling of an electronic system for reduced energy consumption

Energy efficient control of a cooling system cooling an electronic system is provided. The control includes automatically determining at least one adjusted control setting for at least one adjustable cooling component of a cooling system cooling the electronic system. The automatically determining is based, at least in part, on power being consumed by the cooling system and temperature of a heat sink to which heat extracted by the cooling system is rejected. The automatically determining operates to reduce power consumption of the cooling system and/or the electronic system while ensuring that at least one targeted temperature associated with the cooling system or the electronic system is within a desired range. The automatically determining may be based, at least in part, on one or more experimentally obtained models relating the targeted temperature and power consumption of the one or more adjustable cooling components of the cooling system.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗