Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “active data”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11

NGEE Arctic Data Management - status and planned activities for 2013

The open sharing of data and information among the NGEE Team, the broader scientific community, and the public is critical to meeting the scientific goals of the Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment (NGEE) Arctic project. In implementing the integrated approach, the project is generating diverse data sets from observations, experiments, and models across field plot, polygonal landform, regional, and global scales and is drawing in a wealth of existing data products collected and generated by other research organizations across the Arctic. Developing the data management infrastructure to support this approach is a significant challenge. Nonetheless, the NGEE Arctic project is committed to upholding a rigorous and high-quality data management strategy and the implementation of that strategy in an innovative, cost-effective data collection, management, distribution, and archival framework. The NGEE Arctic Data Portal will support the current research in Barrow and provide a consistent framework to support future research efforts as they expand to other regions.

Devarakonda, Ranjeet↗

HELIOSEISMOLOGY OF PRE-EMERGING ACTIVE REGIONS. I. OVERVIEW, DATA, AND TARGET SELECTION CRITERIA

This first paper in a series describes the design of a study testing whether pre-appearance signatures of solar magnetic active regions were detectable using various tools of local helioseismology. The ultimate goal is to understand flux-emergence mechanisms by setting observational constraints on pre-appearance subsurface changes, for comparison with results from simulation efforts. This first paper provides details of the data selection and preparation of the samples, each containing over 100 members, of two populations: regions on the Sun that produced a numbered NOAA active region, and a 'control' sample of areas that did not. The seismology is performed on data from the GONG network; accompanying magnetic data from SOHO/MDI are used for co-temporal analysis of the surface magnetic field. Samples are drawn from 2001-2007, and each target is analyzed for 27.7 hr prior to an objectively determined time of emergence. The results of two analysis approaches are published separately: one based on averages of the seismology- and magnetic-derived signals over the samples, another based on Discriminant Analysis of these signals, for a statistical test of detectable differences between the two populations. We include here descriptions of a new potential-field calculation approach and the algorithm for matching sample distributions over multiple variables. We describe known sources of bias and the approaches used to mitigate them. We also describe unexpected bias sources uncovered during the course of the study and include a discussion of refinements that should be included in future work on this topic.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Endpoint-based parallel data processing in a parallel active messaging interface of a parallel computer

Endpoint-based parallel data processing in a parallel active messaging interface ('PAMI') of a parallel computer, the PAMI composed of data communications endpoints, each endpoint including a specification of data communications parameters for a thread of execution on a compute node, including specifications of a client, a context, and a task, the compute nodes coupled for data communications through the PAMI, including establishing a data communications geometry, the geometry specifying, for tasks representing processes of execution of the parallel application, a set of endpoints that are used in collective operations of the PAMI including a plurality of endpoints for one of the tasks; receiving in endpoints of the geometry an instruction for a collective operation; and executing the instruction for a collective opeartion through the endpoints in dependence upon the geometry, including dividing data communications operations among the plurality of endpoints for one of the tasks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Endpoint-based parallel data processing in a parallel active messaging interface of a parallel computer

Endpoint-based parallel data processing in a parallel active messaging interface (`PAMI`) of a parallel computer, the PAMI composed of data communications endpoints, each endpoint including a specification of data communications parameters for a thread of execution on a compute node, including specifications of a client, a context, and a task, the compute nodes coupled for data communications through the PAMI, including establishing a data communications geometry, the geometry specifying, for tasks representing processes of execution of the parallel application, a set of endpoints that are used in collective operations of the PAMI including a plurality of endpoints for one of the tasks; receiving in endpoints of the geometry an instruction for a collective operation; and executing the instruction for a collective operation through the endpoints in dependence upon the geometry, including dividing data communications operations among the plurality of endpoints for one of the tasks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Enhanced descriptor identification and mechanism understanding for catalytic activity using a data-driven framework: revealing the importance of interactions between elementary steps

We report accurate identification of descriptors for catalytic activities has long been essential to the in-depth understanding of catalysis and recently to set the basis for catalyst screening. However, commonly used methods suffer from low accuracy in predictability. This study reports an enhanced approach to accurately identify the descriptors from a kinetic dataset using a machine learning (ML) surrogate model. CO hydrogenation to methanol over Cu-based catalysts was taken as a case study. Our model captures not only the contribution from individual elementary steps but also the interaction between relevant steps within a reaction network, which was found to be essential for high accuracy. As a result, six effective descriptors are identified, which are accurate enough to ensure the trained gradient boosted regression (GBR) model for good prediction of the methanol turnover frequency (TOF) over metal (M)-doped Cu(111) model surfaces (M = Au, Cu, Pd, Pt, Ni). More importantly, going beyond the purely mathematical ML model, the catalytic role of each identified descriptor can be revealed by using model-agnostic interpretation tools, which enhances the insight into the promoting effect of alloying. The trained GBR model outperforms the conventional derivative-based methods in terms of both the predictability and the mechanism understanding. It opens alternative possibilities toward accurate descriptor-based rational catalyst optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Toward Improved Regional Hydrological Model Performance Using State-Of-The-Science Data-Informed Soil Parameters

Accurate soil moisture and streamflow data are an aspirational need of many hydrologically relevant fields. Model simulated soil moisture and streamflow hold promise but models require validation prior to application. Calibration methods are commonly used to improve model fidelity but misrepresentation of the true dynamics remains a challenge. In this study, we leverage soil parameter estimates from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database and the probability mapping of SSURGO (POLARIS) to improve the representation of hydrologic processes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrological modeling system (WRF-Hydro) over a central California domain. Our results show WRF-Hydro soil moisture exhibits increased correlation coefficients ( r ), reduced biases, and increased Kling-Gupta Efficiencies (KGEs) across seven in situ soil moisture observing stations after updating the model's soil parameters according to POLARIS. Compared to four well-established soil moisture data sets including Soil Moisture Active Passive data and three Phase 2 North American Land Data Assimilation System land surface models, our POLARIS-adjusted WRF-Hydro simulations produce the highest mean KGE (0.69) across the seven stations. More importantly, WRF-Hydro streamflow fidelity also increases, especially in the case where the model domain is set up with SSURGO-informed total soil thickness. The magnitude and timing of peak flow events are better captured, r increases across nine United States Geological Survey stream gages, and the mean KGE across seven of the nine gages increases from 0.12 to 0.66. Our pre-calibration parameter estimate approach, which is transferable to other spatially distributed hydrological models, can substantially improve a model's performance, helping reduce calibration efforts and computational costs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Enhanced Hanford Low-Activity Waste Glass Property Data Development: Phase 2

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of River Protection (ORP) requested Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to support the River Protection Project vitrification in an effort to support operations upon completion of startup activities (DOE 2012). This work was performed under the PNNL project titled “ORP Glass Support Work.” One task of this project—Enhanced Hanford Waste Glass Models—is the subject of this report. A previous task focused on generating property-composition data and models for the Hanford site low-activity waste (LAW) glasses with lower waste loadings, which are relevant to the commissioning of the LAW vitrification facility. The current task has the long-term objective of expanding the Hanford site LAW glass database and property composition models for the balance of the Hanford site tank waste treatment and immobilization mission. During the balance of the mission, LAW glasses with higher waste loadings will be produced. This report presents the glass compositions and glass property data developed in Phase 2 of the enhanced Hanford LAW glass property data development effort. When this effort is complete, enhanced LAW glass property models will be developed. Section 1.1 summarizes the status of the LAW glass composition regions and waste loading constraints prior to the data development effort documented in this report. Section 1.2 summarizes the LAW Phase 2 glass composition region and test matrix. Section 1.3 documents the quality assurance program used in performing the work discussed in this report.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Inhibition of EBV-mediated membrane fusion by anti-gHgL antibodies

Herpesvirus entry into cells requires the coordinated action of multiple virus envelope glycoproteins, including gH, gL, and gB. For EBV, the gp42 protein assembles into complexes with gHgL heterodimers and binds HLA class II to activate gB-mediated membrane fusion with B cells. EBV tropism is dictated by gp42 levels in the virion, as it inhibits entry into epithelial cells while promoting entry into B cells. The gHgL and gB proteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies and potential candidates for subunit vaccine development, but our understanding of their neutralizing epitopes and the mechanisms of inhibition remain relatively unexplored. Here we studied the structures and mechanisms of two anti-gHgL antibodies, CL40 and CL59, that block membrane fusion with both B cells and epithelial cells. We determined the structures of the CL40 and CL59 complexes with gHgL using X-ray crystallography and EM to identify their epitope locations. CL59 binds to the C-terminal domain IV of gH, while CL40 binds to a site occupied by the gp42 receptor binding domain. CL40 binding to gHgL/gp42 complexes is not blocked by gp42 and does not interfere with gp42 binding to HLA class II, indicating that its ability to block membrane fusion with B cells represents a defect in gB activation. Furthermore, these data indicate that anti-gHgL neutralizing antibodies can block gHgL-mediated activation of gB through different surface epitopes and mechanisms.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Actinide, Activation Product and Fission Product Decay Data for Reactor-based Applications

The UK Activation Product Decay Data Library was first released in September 1977 as UK-PADD1, to be followed by regular improvements on an almost yearly basis up to the assembly of UKPADD6.12 in March 2013. Similarly, the UK Heavy Element and Actinide Decay Data Library followed in December 1981 as UKHEDD1, with the implementation of various modifications leading to UKHEDD2.6, February 2008. Both the data content and evaluation procedures are defined, and the most recent evaluations are described in terms of specific radionuclides and the resulting consistency of their recommended decay-data files. New versions of the UKPADD and UKHEDD libraries are regularly submitted to the NEA Data Bank for possible inclusion in the JEFF library.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Synthetic Data and Graph Generation for Modeling Adversarial Activity (Final Project Report)

The Data and Graph Generation for Modeling Adversary Activity (MAA) project developed a methodology along with scalable graph modeling and generation tools to produce realistic large-scale background activity graphs with embedded adversarial activity pathways. The technical report presents PNNL methodology, released datasets, lessons learned, and recommendations to develop graph analytic algorithms for structure-only and attributed knowledge graphs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Active multi-mode data analysis to improve fault diagnosis in AHUs

Faults in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems can lead to increased energy consumption, occupant comfort issues, and reduced equipment lifetime. Commercial fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) tools has been increasingly deployed in U.S. commercial buildings. While they are helping to achieve energy efficiency and operational reliability, there remain gaps in their fault diagnostic capabilities. The diagnostic results often contain multiple distinct candidate root causes (CRCs) or offer no insight into CRCs. This study developed a novel active rule-based multi-mode data analysis method to enhance diagnostic resolution by applying proven rule sets and additional new rules to data from multiple known operational modes. The proposed method was demonstrated using enhanced air handling unit performance assessment rule sets and validated with the simulated data of two air handling units. New metrics, namely, reduced number of CRCs and improvement ratio, were developed to quantify the improvement of fault diagnostic resolution. The validation results showed that the proposed method effectively reduced the number of CRCs in contrast to analyzing data solely for a single mode of operation. It achieved a median improvement ratio of 80% in 19 test cases.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

The value of soil respiration measurements for interpreting and modeling terrestrial carbon cycling

A recent acceleration of model-data synthesis activities has leveraged many terrestrial carbon (C) datasets, but utilization of soil respiration (RS) data has not kept pace with other types such as eddy covariance (EC) fluxes and soil C stocks. Here we argue that RS data, including non-continuous measurements from survey sampling campaigns, have unrealized value and should be utilized more extensively and creatively in data synthesis and modeling activities. We identify three major challenges in interpreting RS data, and discuss opportunities to address them. The first challenge is that when RS is compared to ecosystem respiration (RECO) measured from EC towers, it is not uncommon to find substantial mismatch, indicating one or both flux methodologies are unreliable. We argue the most likely cause of mismatch is unreliable EC data, and there is an unrecognized opportunity to utilize RS for EC quality control. The second challenge is that RS integrates belowground heterotrophic (RH) and autotrophic (RA) activity, whereas modelers generally prefer partitioned fluxes, and few models include an explicit RS output. Opportunities exist to use the total RS flux for data assimilation and model benchmarking methods rather than less-certain partitioned fluxes. Pushing for more experiments that not only partition RS but also monitor the age of RA and RH, as well as for the development of belowground RA components in models, would allow for more direct comparison between measured and modeled values. The third challenge is that soil respiration is generally measured at a very different resolution than that needed for comparison to EC or ecosystem- to global-scale models. Measuring soil fluxes with finer spatial resolution and more extensive coverage, and downscaling EC fluxes to match the scale of RS, will improve chamber and tower comparisons. Opportunities also exist to estimate RH at regional scales by implementing decomposition functional types, akin to plant functional types. We conclude by discussing the benefits that wide use of RS data will bring to model development, and database developments that will make RS data more robust, useful, and broadly available to the research community.

carbon cycle↗

Estrogen increases Nrf2 activity through activation of the PI3K pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

The actions of the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in breast cancer have been shown to include both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities which is influenced, at least in part, by the hormonal environment. However, direct regulation of Nrf2 by steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) has received only scant attention. Nrf2 is known to be regulated by its cytosolic binding protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and by a Keap1-independent mechanism involving a series of phosphorylation steps mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). Here, we report that estrogen (E2) increases Nrf2 activity in MCF7 breast cancer cells through activation of the PI3K/GSK3β pathway. Utilizing antioxidant response element (ARE)-containing luciferase reporter constructs as read-outs for Nrf2 activity, our data indicated that E2 increased ARE activity >14-fold and enhanced the action of the Nrf2 activators, tertiary butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and sulforaphane (Sul) 4 to 9 fold compared with cells treated with tBHQ or Sul as single agents. This activity was shown to be an estrogen receptor-mediated phenomenon and was antagonized by progesterone. In addition to its action on the reporter constructs, mRNA and protein levels of heme oxygenase 1, an endogenous target gene of Nrf2, was markedly upregulated by E2 both alone and in combination with tBHQ. Importantly, E2-induced Nrf2 activation was completely suppressed by the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and Wortmannin while the GSK3β inhibitor CT99021 upregulated Nrf2 activity. Confirmation that E2 was, at least partly, acting through the PI3K/GSK3β pathway was indicated by our finding that E2 increased the phosphorylation status of both GSK3β and Akt, a well-characterized downstream target of PI3K. Together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which E2 can regulate Nrf2 activity in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and suggest that patients' hormonal status through this activity may play a significant role in some therapeutic outcomes. - Highlights: • Estrogen (E2) increases Nrf2 activity in E2-responsive breast cancer cells. • ERα, but not ERβ is essential for E2-mediated stimulation of Nrf2 in MCF7 cells. • The PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway is involved in E2 stimulation of Nrf2. • E2 stimulates phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Utah FORGE: 2D and 3D Seismic Data

This set of data contains raw and Initially-processed 2D and 3D seismic data from the Utah FORGE study area near Roosevelt Hot Springs. Reprocessed versions of these data can be accessed at the linked submission in the Resources section titled "Reprocessed Seismic Reflection Data." The zipped archives numbered from 1-100 to 1001-1122 contain 3D seismic uncorrelated shot gatherers SEG-Y files. The zipped archives numbered from 1-100C to 1001-1122C contain 3D seismic correlated shot gatherers SEG-Y files. Other data have intuitive names.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

UMo Benchmark Experiment Data Needed to Support Computational and Nuclear Data Validation

Currently there are almost no benchmark experiment data available directly supporting neutronics modeling and simulation of ~20 wt.% 235U, UMo fuel contained within the Organisation for Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD NEA) international benchmark handbooks from the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) and International Reactor Physics Experiment Evaluation Project (IRPhEP). The benchmarks within these two handbooks represent the international standards used to support computational and nuclear data validation. Recent activities in nuclear data development supporting new neutronics thermal scattering cross sections for UMo fuel indicate the necessity to provide quality benchmark experiment data that can be utilized to support their validation and development. Preparation of high-integrity neutronics benchmarks from UMo experimental data will ensure proper integral testing of these cross sections, as well as serve to support computational validation of contemporary modeling and simulation software.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

University Data Management Pilot Utilizing the Nuclear Research Data System

Background In 2022, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a memo that significantly reshaped the landscape of access to federally funded research. The memo mandated that all taxpayer-funded research be made available to the public without delay upon publication, without an embargo period, superseding the 2013 OSTP public access policy. This public access policy promotes transparency and the democratization of knowledge, ensuring that the fruits of scientific endeavors funded by federal agencies could be immediately accessed and built upon by scientists, educators, students, and the public at large. To implement the requirements of the OSTP guidance and DOE Public Access Plan, the Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) has implemented public access plan guidance and has identified several areas where better data management practices would further expand public access to important nuclear energy related scientific data, reports, and other technical products. Significant NE supported efforts are already underway for data management and public access to important nuclear energy related data.1 2 To address gaps in data management practices, and improve retention and accessibility of data, NE is actively exploring enhanced data management options utilizing its high-performance computing resources administered by its Nuclear Scientific User Facility Program. A newly piloted system, the Nuclear Research Data System (NRDS) acts as a portal for data collection and dissemination. Nuclear Energy University Program Research and Development Portfolio According to Web of Science, NEUP has produced 2,345 journal publication that have been cited more than 61,000 times3 and countless conference proceedings. These publications are publicly available through OSTI.gov and in the open literature. Additional scientific and technical products including project milestones that are not publications and NEUP project final reports are vetted through OSTI.gov and released once reviewed and approved by DOE. Since 2009, NEUP has awarded close to 1,000 different R&D projects in technical areas across the NE research programs. As of June 2023, 512 NEUP reports are publicly available on OSTI. The underlying data for projects is still held at universities, and data transfer, co-location, and dissemination has not occurred in a systematic way. NEUP data is currently accessible through myriad university-based data repositories, or through direct requests to PIs. The program identified this patchwork of repositories, or often lack of publicly available data, as a significant barrier to an organized, accessible, and comprehensive solution to sharing data with the larger nuclear energy community. Approach The goal of this pilot project is to establish a pathway to a consolidated long-term repository for NEUP project data. To accomplish this goal, the pilot strives to accomplish the following objectives: Establish data collection standards, including a standard set of required supplementary information to contextualize and support raw data files. Work with the HPC group collect and upload information and to modify the NRDS system, as needed, to support a standardized approach. Resolve potential barriers to successful roll out of an expanded data collection strategy, including modifying data management plan guidelines and establishing a document and data release process that accounts for potential intellectual property and/or export control concerns. Results Overall, the pilot was successful in collecting 8,982 raw and processes data files, 220 reports, 56 calibration files, and 5,931 other supplementary documents. Supplementary documents included experimental plans, methods, journal publications and conference proceedings, milestone reports, and final reports. Figure 2 shows the number of data sets and supplementary project information provided by each project. Projects has significantly different input, depending on experimental data produced and completeness of the datasets provided.

Data collection↗

Big Data Analysis of Synchrophasor Data: Outcomes of Research Activities Supported by DOE FOA 1861

This report describes the key outcomes of research activities sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) number 1861 that was aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art in big data analytics applied to transmission-level synchrophasor measurements. The FOA resulted in eight research grants where the awardees developed machine learning and artificial intelligence tools and approaches. The commonalities in tools and approaches used by the awardees are explored, and insights gained from how the project outcomes might be operationalized are discussed. This report does not seek to comprehensively summarize all research supported by the FOA, rather it focuses on enabling the fast dissemination of major findings to the broader power systems community.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Stilbene Scintillator Detector Array and Data-Acquisition System for Active Interrogation

A large area Stilbene crystal detector array has been assembled and calibrated for use in active interrogation measurements. The array consists of 10 high-efficiency 4”x2” stilbene cells. The cells were grown by Inrad Optics using LLNL developed technology. The array can be used to detect multiple signatures of SNM items, both actively and passively. Prompt and delayed gamma rays as well as prompt and delay neutrons can be detected and counted separately. The array is coupled to the Mesytec MDPP-16 VME-based digitizer module for data acquisition. This module performs on-board pulse-shape discrimination of signals from the Stilbene crystal detectors. This data-acquisition module allows separation of neutron and gamma-ray events with a low demand on data transfer rates. In addition, the high-resolution timing (<100 ps) is suitable for correlated gamma-ray and neutron multiplicity counting. This report describes the construction and calibration of the system. We also discuss applications of the system as well as how the system is currently being utilized by end users.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗