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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson into $b\bar{b}$ and missing transverse momentum in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for the exotic decay of the Higgs boson (H) into a $b\bar{b}$ resonance plus missing transverse momentum is described. The search is performed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using 139 fb -1 of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The search targets events from $ZH$ production in an NMSSM scenario where H → $\tilde{χ}^0_2\tilde{χ}^0_1$, with $\tilde{χ}^0_2$ → a$\tilde{χ}^0_1$, where a is a light pseudoscalar Higgs boson and $\tilde{χ}^0_{1,2}$ are the two lightest neutralinos. The decay of the a boson into a pair of b-quarks results in a peak in the dijet invariant mass distribution. The final-state signature consists of two leptons, two or more jets, at least one of which is identified as originating from a b-quark, and missing transverse momentum. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations and upper limits are set on the product of cross section times branching ratio for a three-dimensional scan of the masses of the $\tilde{χ}^0_2\tilde{χ}^0_1$ and a boson.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Two-point sum-rules in three-dimensional Yang-Mills theory

We compute the stress-tensor two-point function in three-dimensional Yang-Mills theory to three-loops in perturbation theory. Using its calculable shape at high momenta, we test the notion that its Borel transform is saturated at low energies by the lowest glueball state(s). This assumption provides relatively stable estimates for the mass of the lightest glueball that we compare with lattice simulations. We also provide estimates for the coupling of the lightest glueball to the stress tensor. Along the way, we comment on the extent that such estimates are non-rigorous. Lastly, we discuss the possibility of applying the sum-rule analysis to two-point functions of higher-spin operators and obtain a crude approximation for the glueball couplings to these operators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantitative near-field water–air spray measurements at elevated pressures by neutron radiography imaging

Extensive experimental research on high-pressure spray has been conducted for decades to deepen our understanding and optimize its use in transportation, aviation, and propulsion applications; however, the near-field and in-nozzle flow characteristics are not fully understood. Dense near-field spray is among the most challenging diagnostic tasks since light is severely scattered and diffused by the liquid droplets and columns. In this work, the near-field spray and in-nozzle flow characteristics of an aeration nozzle at elevated pressures were characterized by neutron radiography imaging at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor. Neutron imaging benefits via strong penetration depths for some metals (i.e., aluminum, lead, and steel) and is sufficiently sensitive to detection of light elements, especially for hydrogen-based molecules, due to the large incoherent scattering cross section of neutrons. Both two-dimensional snapshots of the near-field spray and a three-dimensional tomographic scan of the nozzle geometry and in-nozzle water were obtained. This work provides new quantitative characterization of practical metal nozzle geometry for accurate boundary conditions, internal flow patterns inside the nozzle, and high-pressure spray flows. In conclusion, the findings may be used to improve performance and operating conditions of transportation vehicles and propulsion systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Data Mining and Visualization of High-Dimensional ICME Data for Additive Manufacturing

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) methods combining CALPHAD with process-based simulations can produce rich, high-dimensional data for alloy and process design. In ICME methods for metallurgical applications, the visualization and interpretation of such high-dimensional data has previously been through heat maps represented in 2 or 3 dimensions. While such an approach is ideal when one variable is varied at a time, in the case of high-dimensional data with multiple variables varied simultaneously, as is the case in additive manufacturing, interpreting the trends through two- or three-dimensional heat maps becomes challenging. Here, we propose a strategy of mixed visual data mining and quantitative analysis for high-dimensional metallurgical and process data using high-throughput thermodynamic calculations. Two case studies show the application of the proposed approach. The first case study investigated the effects of feedstock chemistry on the δ ferrite formation in 316L stainless steel powders used for binder jet additive manufacturing. The second case study linked Scheil–Gulliver calculations to a process model for dissimilar joining of aluminum alloys 5356 and 6111 during laser hot-wire additive manufacturing. Both cases contained thousands of calculated data points, showcasing the utility of visual data analysis through parallel coordinate plotting, Pearson correlation coefficient matrices, and scatter matrices compared to traditional process maps. These visualization techniques can be extended to many additive manufacturing problems to capture process–structure–property relationships for additively manufactured components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Geometry and entanglement in the scattering matrix

A formulation of nucleon–nucleon scattering is developed in which the S-matrix, rather than an effective-field theory (EFT) action, is the fundamental object. Spacetime plays no role in this description: the S-matrix is a trajectory that moves between RG fixed points in a compact theory space defined by unitarity. This theory space has a natural operator definition, and a geometric embedding of the unitarity constraints in four-dimensional Euclidean space yields a flat torus, which serves as the stage on which the S-matrix propagates. Trajectories with vanishing entanglement are special geodesics between RG fixed points on the flat torus, while entanglement is driven by an external potential. The system of equations describing S-matrix trajectories is in general complicated, however the very-low-energy S-matrix –that appears at leading-order in the EFT description– possesses a UV/IR conformal invariance which renders the system of equations integrable, and completely determines the potential. In this geometric viewpoint, inelasticity is in correspondence with the radius of a three-dimensional hyperbolic space whose two-dimensional boundary is the flat torus. This space has a singularity at vanishing radius, corresponding to maximal violation of unitarity. The trajectory on the flat torus boundary can be explicitly constructed from a bulk trajectory with a quantifiable error, providing a simple example of a holographic quantum error correcting code.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

SIDIS-RC EvGen: A Monte-Carlo event generator of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering with the lowest-order QED radiative corrections

SIDIS-RC EvGen is a C++ standalone Monte-Carlo event generator for studies of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes at medium to high lepton beam energies. In particular, the generator contains binary and library components for generating SIDIS events and calculating cross sections for unpolarized or longitudinally polarized beam and unpolarized, longitudinally or transversely polarized target. The structure of the generator incorporates transverse momentum-dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions, whereby we obtain multi-dimensional binned simulation results, which will facilitate the extraction of important information about the three-dimensional nucleon structure from SIDIS measurements. In order to build this software, we have used recent elaborate QED calculations of the lowest-order radiative effects, applied to the leading order Born cross section in SIDIS. Here, in this paper, we provide details on the theoretical formalism as well as the construction and operation of SIDIS-RC EvGen, e.g., how we handle the event generation process and perform multi-dimensional integration. We also provide example programs, flowcharts, and numerical results on azimuthal transverse single-spin asymmetries.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Semi Transparent Three-Dimensional Macroporous Quaternary Oxynitride Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

Semi transparent three-dimensional macroporous (3DM) photoanodes based on quaternary oxynitrides have the potential to simultaneously realize superior light harvesting and efficient charge transfer in a tandem photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. A 3DM CaTaO 2 N photoanode was prepared for the first time on a GaN/Al 2 O 3 substrate via a chemical route, and it exhibits a high transmittance of >60% in the wide solar spectrum and a photoresponse onset at −0.3 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (V RHE ) under simulated solar illumination. In particular, a plateau photocurrent density of 0.21 mA cm –2 was achieved at a low potential of 0.4 V RHE , which was 1.6-fold and more than 50-fold higher than a two-dimensional macroporous (2DM) CaTaO 2 N/GaN/Al 2 O 3 photoanode and a conventional particle-based CaTaO 2 N/GaN/Al 2 O 3 photoanode, respectively. The bicontinuous, interconnected pore structure within this 3DM film can improve charge carrier separation and collection by reducing the average diffusion distance for minority carriers toward the electrolyte. Optical measurements and simulations verified the enhanced sunlight harvesting in the 3DM photoanode, which was ascribed to the concentrated distribution of the electric field and multiple scattering. Furthermore, this study provides guidance for future synthesis of highly efficient semitransparent 3DM quaternary oxynitride-based photoanodes for a tandem PEC device.

Layers↗
DOE OSTI2026

Exfoliation of Cu-Containing Poly(triazine imide): From Three-Dimensional to Two-Dimensional Particle Morphology

Controlling the morphological parameters of extended covalent organic frameworks remains challenging and represents an important yet often elusive metric of consideration. Typically, carbon nitride materials possess local ordering but remain largely amorphous in terms of their long-range order and orientation. This study probes the synthesis of a crystalline carbon nitride, poly(triazine imide) lithium bromide which possesses an atomically-precise extended structure, and demonstrates its exfoliation into a two-dimensional hexagonal sheet-like morphology. Furthermore, a previously unreported carbon nitride material, poly(triazine imide) copper bromide, or PTI-CuBr, was developed through an additional flux-assisted cation-exchange process and is shown to retain its internal Cu cations during solvothermal exfoliation. Characterization by dynamic light scattering and high-angle annular dark-field scanning electron microscopy reveals the morphological changes and captures the high aspect ratio of the thin carbon nitride sheets with <10 nm thickness while maintaining hundreds of nm in width. Additional characterization by energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that the Cu:Br:N molar ratio was maintained within the extended layers throughout the exfoliation process. This top-down synthesis approach differs from typical methods that isolate thin sheets for subsequent metal−cation coordination and illustrates the importance of maintaining oxygen-free conditions to minimize copper clustering. Thus, this new approach is demonstrated to provide a consistent and more homogeneous occupancy of the PTI pore spaces throughout the carbon nitride framework.

Exfoliation↗
DOE OSTI2023

Controlling the Self-Assembly of DNA Origami Octahedra via Manipulation of Inter-Vertex Interactions

Recent studies have demonstrated novel strategies for the organization of nanomaterials into three-dimensional (3D) ordered arrays with prescribed lattice symmetries using DNA-based self-assembly strategies. In one approach, the nanomaterial is sequestered into DNA origami frames or “material voxels” and then coordinated into ordered arrays based on the voxel geometry and the corresponding directional interactions based on its valency. While the lattice symmetry is defined by the valency of the bonds, a larger-scale morphological development is affected by assembly processes and differences in energies of anisotropic bonds. To facilely model this assembly process, we investigate the self-assembly behavior of hard particles with six interacting vertices via theory and Monte Carlo simulations and exploration of corresponding experimental systems. We demonstrate that assemblies with different 3D crystalline morphologies, but the same lattice symmetry can be formed depending on the relative strength of vertex-to-vertex interactions in orthogonal directions. We observed three distinct assembly morphologies for such systems: cube-like, sheet-like, and cylinder-like. A simple analytical theory inspired by well-established ideas in the areas of protein crystallization, based on calculating the second virial coefficient of patchy hard spheres, captures the simulation results and thus represents a straightforward means of modeling this self-assembly process. To complement the theory and simulations, experimental studies were performed to investigate the assembly of octahedral DNA origami frames with varying binding energies at their vertices. In conclusion, x-ray scattering confirms the robustness of the formed nanoscale lattices for different binding energies, while both optical and electron microscopy imaging validated the theoretical predictions on the dependence of the distinct morphologies of assembled state on the interaction strengths in the three orthogonal directions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Haldane topological spin-1 chains in a planar metal-organic framework

Haldane topological materials contain unique antiferromagnetic chains with symmetry-protected energy gaps. Such materials have potential applications in spintronics and future quantum computers. Haldane topological solids typically consist of spin-1 chains embedded in extended three-dimensional (3D) crystal structures. Here, we demonstrate that [Ni(μ-4,4'-bipyridine)(μ-oxalate)] n (NiBO) instead adopts a two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) structure of Ni 2+ spin-1 chains weakly linked by 4,4'-bipyridine. NiBO exhibits Haldane topological properties with a gap between the singlet ground state and the triplet excited state. The latter is split by weak axial and rhombic anisotropies. Several experimental probes, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, variable-temperature powder neutron diffraction (VT-PND), VT inelastic neutron scattering (VT-INS), DC susceptibility and specific heat measurements, high-field electron spin resonance, and unbiased quantum Monte Carlo simulations, provide a detailed, comprehensive characterization of NiBO. Vibrational (also known as phonon) properties of NiBO have been probed by INS and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating the absence of phonons near magnetic excitations in NiBO, suppressing spin-phonon coupling. The work here demonstrates that NiBO is indeed a rare 2D-MOF Haldane topological material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A two-dimensional type I superionic conductor

Superionic conductors (SICs) possess liquid-like ionic diffusivity in the solid state, finding wide applicability from electrolytes in energy storage to materials for thermoelectric energy conversion. Type I SICs (e.g., AgI, Ag 2 Se, etc.) are defined by a first-order transition to the superionic state and have so far been found exclusively in three-dimensional crystal structures. Here, we reveal a two-dimensional type I SIC, α-KAg 3 Se 2 by scattering techniques and complementary simulations. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the superionic Ag + ions are confined to sub-nanometre sheets, with the simulated local structure validated by experimental X-ray powder pair-distribution-function analysis. Finally, we demonstrate that the phase transition temperature can be controlled by chemical substitution of the alkali metal ions that comprise the immobile charge-balancing layers. Our work thus extends the known classes of SICs and will facilitate the design of new materials with tailored ionic conductivities and phase transitions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Exploring the chemical dynamics of phenanthrene (C 14 H 10 ) formation via the bimolecular gas-phase reaction of the phenylethynyl radical (C 6 H 5 CC) with benzene (C 6 H 6 )

The exploration of the fundamental formation mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial for the understanding of molecular mass growth processes leading to two- and three-dimensional carbonaceous nanostructures (nanosheets, graphenes, nanotubes, buckyballs) in extraterrestrial environments (circumstellar envelopes, planetary nebulae, molecular clouds) and combustion systems. While key studies have been conducted exploiting traditional, high-temperature mechanisms such as the hydrogen abstraction–acetylene addition (HACA) and phenyl addition–dehydrocyclization (PAC) pathways, the complexity of extreme environments highlights the necessity of investigating chemically diverse mass growth reaction mechanisms leading to PAHs. Employing the crossed molecular beams technique coupled with electronic structure calculations, we report on the gas-phase synthesis of phenanthrene (C 14 H 10 )—a three-ring, 14π benzenoid PAH—via a phenylethynyl addition–cyclization–aromatization mechanism, featuring bimolecular reactions of the phenylethynyl radical (C 6 H 5 CC, X 2 A 1 ) with benzene (C 6 H 6 ) under single collision conditions. The dynamics involve a phenylethynyl radical addition to benzene without entrance barrier leading eventually to phenanthrene via indirect scattering dynamics through C 14 H 11 intermediates. The barrierless nature of reaction allows rapid access to phenanthrene in low-temperature environments such as cold molecular clouds which can reach temperatures as low as 10 K. Furthermore, this mechanism constitutes a unique, low-temperature framework for the formation of PAHs as building blocks in molecular mass growth processes to carbonaceous nanostructures in extraterrestrial environments thus affording critical insight into the low-temperature hydrocarbon chemistry in our universe.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Designing the stripe-ordered cuprate phase diagram through uniaxial-stress

The ability to efficiently control charge and spin in the cuprate high-temperature superconductors is crucial for fundamental research and underpins technological development. Here, we explore the tunability of magnetism, superconductivity and crystal structure in the stripe phase of the cuprate La 2-x Ba x CuO 4 , with x = 0.115 and 0.135, by employing temperature-dependent (down to 400 mK) muon-spin rotation and AC susceptibility, as well as X-ray scattering experiments under compressive uniaxial stress in the CuO 2 plane. A sixfold increase of the 3-dimensional (3D) superconducting critical temperature T c and a full recovery of the 3D phase coherence is observed in both samples with the application of extremely low uniaxial stress of 0.1 GPa. This finding demonstrates the removal of the well-known 1/8-anomaly of cuprates by uniaxial stress. On the other hand, the spin-stripe order temperature as well as the magnetic fraction at 400 mK show only a modest decrease under stress. Moreover, the onset temperatures of 3D superconductivity and spin-stripe order are very similar in the large stress regime. However, a substantial decrease of the magnetic volume fraction and a full suppression of the low-temperature tetragonal structure is found at elevated temperatures, which is a necessary condition for the development of the 3D superconducting phase with optimal T c . Our results evidence a remarkable cooperation between the long-range static spin-stripe order and the underlying crystalline order with the three-dimensional fully coherent superconductivity. Overall, these results suggest that the stripe- and the SC order may have a common physical mechanism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of Soil Properties and Input Motion on Site Amplification Using Validated Nonlinear Soil Model

Here, three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear site response analyses are conducted using finite element models of actual soil profiles from ten nuclear power plant (NPP) sites in the United States to investigate the effects of soil properties and input motions on site amplification. The modeling approach developed in this study combines several novel elements, such as 3-D analysis (including vertical motions), nonlinear inelastic behavior of soil (strain-dependent shear modulus reduction and hysteretic damping), formulation of nonreflecting boundary conditions at the base, and generation of realistic outcrop ground motions for specific sites. All these elements of the modeling approach are first validated using actual data from five earthquakes at three downhole array stations recorded in the Kiban-Kyoshin network (KiK-net), Japan. The same approach is then used to develop site models of ten NPP sites in the United States and corresponding ground motions that are spectrally matched to the site hazard spectra. Eight sets of three-component input motions are used in the study and are categorized on the basis of presence or absence of a near-field pulse in the seed ground motions used for spectral matching. It is found that all sites retain a definite site amplification function regardless of the input motion, provided that the seed motion is spectrally matched to the site hazard spectra. The magnitude of site amplification and frequencies at which they occur depend upon soil properties, particularly the shear wave velocity profile and the constitutive relationship (strain-dependent shear modulus reduction and hysteretic damping) of soil. Amplification of spectral acceleration in the vertical direction (up-down motion) is found to be just as much as, if not more than, the amplification in the horizontal direction. Peak shear strain is found to be about 20% larger for near-field motions compared to far-field motions whereas maximum horizontal site amplification for far-field motions is found to be consistently larger than that of near-field motions, even though the differences between the two remain within the scatter resulting from individual ground motions.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Near-field radiative heat transfer between irregularly shaped dielectric particles modeled with the discrete system Green's function method

Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between irregularly shaped dielectric particles made of SiO 2 and morphology characterized by Gaussian random spheres is studied. Particles are modeled using the discrete system Green's function (DSGF) approach, which is a volume integral numerical method based on fluctuational electrodynamics. This method is applicable to finite, three-dimensional objects, and all system interactions are defined independent of thermal excitation by a generalized system Green's function. The DSGF method is deemed suitable to model NFRHT between irregularly shaped particles after verification against the analytical solution for chains of two and three SiO 2 spheres. The NFRHT results reveal that geometric irregularity in particles leads to a reduction of the total conductance from that of comparable perfect spheres at vacuum separation distances smaller than the particle size, a regime in which NFRHT is a surface phenomenon. At vacuum separation distances larger than the particle size, NFRHT becomes a volumetric process, and the total conductance between irregularly shaped particles converges to that of comparable perfect spheres. Spectral analysis reveals, however, that particle irregularity leads to damping and broadening of resonances at all separation distances, thereby highlighting the importance of the DSGF method for spectral engineering in the near field. The reduced spectral coherence when particle size is larger than the vacuum separation distance is attributed to coupling of surface phonon-polaritons within the randomly generated, distorted particle features. For particle size smaller than the vacuum separation distance, resonance broadening and damping are linked with the multiple localized surface phonon modes supported by the composite spherical harmonic morphologies of the Gaussian random spheres. In conclusion, this paper has direct implications for thermal management of packed particle systems, with applications in radiative property control, electronics, energy conversion, and nanomanufacturing.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fragile 3D Order in V 1 - x Mo x O 2

The metal-to-insulator transition in rutile VO2 has proven uniquely difficult to characterize because of the complex interplay between electron correlations and atomic structure. Here, we report the discovery of the sudden collapse of three-dimensional order in the low-temperature phase of V1-xMoxO2 at x = 0.17 and the emergence of a novel frustrated two-dimensional order at x = 0.19, with only a slight change in electronic properties. Single crystal diffuse x-ray scattering reveals that this transition from the 3D M1 phase to a 2D variant of the M2 phase results in long-range structural correlations along symmetry-equivalent (11L) planes of the tetragonal rutile structure, yet extremely short-range correlations transverse to these planes. These findings suggest that this two dimensionality results from a novel form of geometric frustration that is essentially structural in origin.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quasi-one-dimensional Ising-like antiferromagnetism in the rare-earth perovskite oxide TbScO 3

The rare-earth perovskite TbScO 3 has been widely used as a substrate for the growth of epitaxial ferroelectric and multiferroic thin films, while its detailed low-temperature magnetic properties were rarely reported. In this paper, we performed detailed magnetization, specific heat, and single crystal neutron scattering measurements, along with the crystalline electric field calculations to study the low-temperature magnetic properties of TbScO 3. All our results suggest the magnetic Tb 3+ has an Ising-like pseudo-doublet ground state at low temperatures. Due to the constrain of local point symmetry, these Tb 3+ Ising moments are confined in the ab plane with a tilt angle of φ=±48° to the a axis. In zero field, the system undergoes an antiferromagnetic phase transition at T N =2.53 K, and forms a G x A y noncollinear magnetic structure below T N . Here, we find the dipole-dipole interactions play an important role to determine the magnetic ground state, which are also responsible for the quasi-one-dimensional magnetism in TbScO 3 . The significant anisotropic diffuse scatterings further confirm the quasi-one-dimensional magnetism along the c axis. The magnetic phase diagram with the field along the easy b axis is well established. In addition to the G x A y antiferromagnetic state, there is an exotic field-induced phase emerged near the critical field B c ≃0.7 T, where three-dimensional magnetic order is suppressed but strong one-dimensional correlations may still exist.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Low-dimensional metal–organic frameworks: a pathway to design, explore and tune magnetic structures

Here, the magnetic structure adopted by a material relies on symmetry, the hierarchy of exchange interactions between magnetic ions and local anisotropy. A direct pathway to control the magnetic interactions is to enforce dimensionality within the material, from zero-dimensional isolated magnetic ions, one-dimensional (1D) spin-chains, two-dimensional (2D) layers to three-dimensional (3D) order. Being able to design a material with a specific dimensionality for the phenomena of interest is non-trivial. While many advances have been made in the area of inorganic magnetic materials, organic compounds offer distinct and potentially more fertile ground for material design. In particular magnetic metal–organic frameworks (mMOFs) combine magnetism with non-magnetic property functionality on the organic linkers within the structural framework, which can further be tuned with mild perturbations of pressure and field to induce phase transitions. Here, it is examined how neutron scattering measurements on mMOFs can be used to directly determine the magnetic structure when the magnetic ions are in a 2D layered environment within the wider 3D crystalline framework. The hydrated formate, in deuterated form, Co(DCOO) 2 ·2D 2 O, which was one of the first magnetic MOFs to be investigated with neutron diffraction, is reinvestigated as an exemplar case.

magnetism↗