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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

A temperature profile diagnostic for radiation waves on OMEGA-60

Predicting and matching radiation wave propagation with computational models has proven difficult. Information provided by experiments studying radiation flow has been limited when only radiation breakout is measured. We have developed the COAX (co-axial) diagnostic platform to provide spatial temperature profiles of a radiation wave through low density foams as a more detailed constraint for simulations. COAX uses a standard, laser-driven OMEGA-60 halfraum to drive radiation down a titanium-laden silicon oxide foam. Point-projection X-ray absorption spectroscopy perpendicular to the radiation flow measures the spatial profile of titanium ionization. The spectroscopic measurement utilizes a broadband capsule backlighter. Imaging and streak spectroscopy are used to characterize the size and spectrum of this source. Radiography provides an additional constraint by capturing the developing shock as the radiation flow becomes subsonic. The DANTE diagnostic is used to measure the halfraum temperature. Here, we provide a spectroscopic analysis of COAX data to determine temperature, and we describe experimental sources of uncertainty. The temperature is obtained by comparison to multi-temperature synthetic spectra post-processed from radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. Quantitative comparison between data and synthetic spectra generated from temperature profiles at relevant simulation times enable determination of a peak temperature of 114 ± 8 eV at 265 ± 22.4 μm from the halfraum. This represents an improvement over the temperature uncertainties of previous radiation flow experiments. Further refinements to the spectroscopic analysis could achieve ±4 eV. The combination between space-resolved spectroscopy and radiography enables us to determine the distance from the halfraum of both the radiation front and the shock front at the time of measurement. For the example shown in this paper the radiation front position is 600–630 μm at 3.43 ± 0.16 ns and the shock front position is 633 μm at 3.3 ± 0.24 ns.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Shock initiation of low density polymer bonded explosive LX-14: A study of two morphologies

A series of six shock initiation experiments have been carried out on low density LX-14 powder in order to simulate a shock insult on the heavily damage polymer bonded explosive, LX-14. Two distinct morphologies were studied (tap density molding powder and machined swarf), both at the same density of 0.942 g/cm 3 , or 50.1% theoretical maximum density. The purpose of these experiments was to provide data to help make an assessment of the effects that damage has on the material sensitivity to a planar shock. This was achieved primarily by providing shock sensitivity data in the form of a Pop plot, and also reactants equation of state data, which aids in the determination of input conditions for both the experiments performed in this work and also future experiments of this material type. The experiments were of a cut-back format, consisting of four sample heights on each shot and diagnosed with optical velocimetry. The experiments were carried out at the Technical Area 40 Chamber 9 gas gun facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the LX-14 targets were subjected to Al 6061 and Oxygen Free High Conductivity copper impactors launched to velocities up to 2.14 km/s. Time corrected reactive growth wave profiles are presented in this paper along with the derivation of the following Hugoniot parameters for this explosive, where the molding powder and machine swarf are represented by the following linear equations, respectively, U s = 1.64 (±0.64)u p + 2.25 (±0.49) and U s = 0.87 (±.0.60)u p + 4.08 (±0.49). The results show that the steady increase in shock sensitivity with increasing void fraction reaches an inflection point beyond which the shock sensitivity begins to decease. This inflection point lies between 65% and 50% of the theoretical maximum density of the LX-14. In both cases, the damaged LX-14 was not as sensitive as expected, with a relative shock sensitivity of the molding powder being less than the pressed LX-14, and the machined swarf having a shock sensitivity that is comparable to pressed LX-14.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sound speed measurements in shock-compressed cemented Tungsten carbides at pressures up to 100 GPa

To gain insights into thermodynamic states attained during shock compression of cemented tungsten carbide with 3.7 wt.% cobalt binder, we present results of longitudinal sound (release wave) speed measurements and their analysis at peak stresses up to 100 GPa (volumetric compression ratio ~ 15%). The sound speeds are determined using front-surface impact and release-wave overtake plate impact experimental configurations using laser interferometry. The measured sound speed data along with estimates for bulk sound speeds obtained using the fourth-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS and thermodynamics are used to determine the longitudinal moduli and shear moduli of shocked tungsten carbide at the various peak compression states attained in the experiments. Here, the longitudinal sound speeds were found to increase linearly with volume compression ratio from 6.97 ± 0.010 km/s at ambient conditions to 8.26 ± 0.156 km/s at a volume compression ratio of ~ 15%. The corresponding longitudinal elastic moduli also increase nearly linearly with the volume compression ratio but remain consistently lower than their theoretical predictions based on continuum models with no damage. Also, the sensitivity of shear moduli to pressure, as predicted by the Steinberg-Guinan model, is reduced substantially and the shear moduli of cemented WC with 3.7 wt.% Co remains nearly constant at ~ 310 GPa at the various peak compression stress states investigated in the present study.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Shock melting and the hcp-bcc phase boundary of Mg under dynamic loading

The high-temperature and high-pressure response of magnesium has been investigated through shock-release experiments performed up to shock melting. The longitudinal and bulk sound speeds of Mg are reported along the Hugoniot from 25 to 56 GPa and used to determine the elastic properties and Grüneisen parameter. The hexagonal close-packed (hcp)–body-centered cubic (bcc) phase transition is marked by a reduction in the determined shear wave speed. Thermal softening is observed to begin between 40 and 44 GPa, with incipient melt at 55.5 GPa, in close agreement with previous diffraction measurements under laser shock loading. Examination of the release profiles showed that two different responses were observed, depending on the peak stress. When plotted in a stress-energy phase diagram, the two responses are observed to form separate lines that intersect the static hcp-bcc phase transition and incipient melt. The results indicate that the hcp-bcc transition occurs on the Hugoniot at 28.4 GPa and place the hcp-bcc-liquid triple point ~20 GPa. In conclusion, a multiphase equation of state is developed which places the melt boundary below the previously reported static measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Shock-ramp analysis test problem

Quasi-isentropic (ramp) compression is now a well-established experimental method and so are the analysis techniques to give Lagrangian sound speed, pressure, and density along the sample material's isentrope. A shock followed by ramp compression is a natural extension to investigate, for example, shock melt and refreeze on compression, or isentropes of states off the Hugoniot or principal isentrope. In practice, graded-density impactors produce initial shocks, compression by shaped laser pulses may be unable to produce a smooth pressure increase from zero, and incidental perturbations on the drive pulse may also give rise to shocks, so robust shock-ramp analysis methods will be needed. Appropriate analysis methods are needed for shock-ramp experiments, based on those for quasi-isentropic compression, and these require validation. This paper describes three different analyses of a shock-ramp test problem, including an assessment of their estimated errors. The methods tested were based on hydrodynamic characteristics or integration backward in space. All methods gave the known Lagrangian sound speed to within ~1%, and pressure and volume to within less than 2% and 1%, demonstrating that the analysis methods of isentropic compression experiments can be confidently extended to the analysis of shock and ramp compression.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

A study of velocity, temperature, and density in the plasma generated by laser-induced breakdowns

The paper presents velocity measurements of shock-induced flow field, leading to vortex generation and plasma deformation in air. Femtosecond-laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) velocimetry was performed at the times Δt = 3, 20, 50, and 100 µs post laser-induced breakdown. Emissions over Δt = 3–10 µs showed the propagations of the initially elliptic shock, transitioning into a spherical front. The shock emanated along the laser axis causes the flow outward, and then the pressure gradient generated by the rarefaction wave drives the inward flow at later moments, with the velocity magnitude approaching a steady-state value of 40 m s -1 . Temporal velocity evolution was compared with non-self-similar solutions behind the propagating shock, which are sensitive to the size of the energy deposition, and the use of the measured initial plasma diameter reproduced the experiment. There establishes a region of uniform velocity around 35 m s -1 in the air-flow running through the plasma, which triggers the roll-up of the plasma surface by a large-scale vortex, providing the detail of flow field evolution from the shock propagation to the plasma deformation. A collective Thomson scattering and hybrid fs/ps pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) were also performed to gain insight into the high-temperature plasma. An effective electron–ion recombination rate of 2 x 10 -12 cm 3 s -1 was measured at Δt = 0.5–10 µs, during a dynamic plasma expansion and compression. When the shock resides close to the plasma at Δt = 0.5–1 µs, the temperature distributions were found to follow the similarity law.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Turbulence generation by shock interaction with a highly nonuniform medium

An initially planar shock wave propagating into a medium of nonuniform density will be perturbed, leading to the generation of postshock velocity perturbations. Using numerical simulations we study this phenomenon in the case of highly nonuniform density (order-unity normalized variance, $\sigma_\rho/\bar{\rho}\sim1$) and strong shocks (shock Mach numbers $\bar{M}_s\gtrsim10$). This leads to a highly disrupted shock and a turbulent postshock flow. We simulate this interaction for a range of shock drives and initial density configurations meant to mimic those which might be presently achieved in experiments. Theoretical considerations lead to scaling relations, which are found to reasonably predict the postshock turbulence properties. The turbulent velocity dispersion and turbulent Mach number are found to depend on the preshock density dispersion and shock speed in a manner consistent with the linear Richtymer-Meshkov instability prediction. We also show a dependence of the turbulence generation on the scale of density perturbations. The postshock pressure and density, which can be substantially reduced relative to the unperturbed case, are found to be reasonably predicted by a simplified analysis that treats the extended shock transition region as a single normal shock.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

X-ray diffraction measurements and pressure determination in nanosecond compression of solids up to 600 GPa

X-ray diffraction measurements under laser-driven dynamic compression now allow us to investigate the atomic structure of matter at TPa pressures and thousands of degree temperatures with broad implications for condensed matter physics, planetary science and astronomy. Furthermore, pressure determination in these experiments often relies on velocimetry measurements coupled with modeling that requires accurate knowledge of the optical and thermo-mechanical properties of a window material, resulting in significant systematic uncertainty. Here we demonstrate different approach applicable to X-ray diffraction experiments under quasi-isentropic ramp-compression based on the use of in-situ pressure calibrants, similar to the methods often adopted in static-compression experiments with diamond anvil cells. Focusing on experiments using a diamond window, we discuss challenges and mitigation strategies for the novel approach. Our study, in addition to providing new structural information of 5 metals up to hundreds of GPa, provides validation to the currently used methods based on time-resolved measurement of the diamond free-surface velocity, and reveals that the use of in-situ calibrants enables a factor of four reduction in the pressure uncertainty in these experiments.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Stress field measurements using quantitative schlieren

Quantitative schlieren analysis is extended here to optically transparent solids in quasi-static and dynamic experiments to measure stress distributions. The quasi-static experiments in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) compared refraction angles and stress gradients calculated from schlieren images to the analytical Flamant solution of a line load on a half-space. The quantitative schlieren measurements of the stress field in the thin sample with a load compared well to the analytical solution. The analysis method was then extended to explosive induced shock waves in PMMA. The explosive induced response of PMMA was experimentally studied using high-speed schlieren to visualize the shock propagation in conjunction with Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) to record surface velocity histories. The stress state estimated from the schlieren images was compared to the stress calculated from the PDV measurements. High-speed imaging limitations caused the shock wave to not be fully resolved in the images, but was resolved in the PDV measurement. The stress state behind the shock calculated from the high-speed images followed a similar trend to the stress calculated from the PDV measurements.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strength of porous α-SiO 2 in a shock loaded environment: Calibration via Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and validation via Mach lens

The strength of brittle porous media is of concern in numerous applications, for example, earth penetration, crater formation, and blast loading. Thus, it is of importance to possess techniques that allow for constitutive model calibration within the laboratory setting. The goal of the current work is to demonstrate an experimental technique allowing for strength assessment of porous media subjected to shock loading, which can be implemented into pressure-dependent yield surfaces within numerical simulation schemes. As a case study, the deviatoric response of distended α-SiO 2 has been captured in a tamped Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) environment at a pressure regime of 4–10 GPa. Hydrocode simulations were used to interpret RMI experimental data, and a resulting pressure-dependent yield surface akin to the often employed modified Drucker–Prager model was calibrated. Simulations indicate that the resulting jet length generated by the RMI is sensitive to the porous media strength, thereby providing a feasible experimental platform capable of capturing the pressurized granular deviatoric response. Furthermore, in efforts to validate the RMI-calibrated strength model, a set of Mach-lens experiments was performed and simulated with the calibrated pressure-dependent yield surface. Excellent agreement between the resulting Mach-lens length in experiment and simulation provides additional confidence to the RMI yield-surface calibration scheme.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Novel method to control explosive shock sensitivity: Formulations, experiments and modeling

The microstructure of a heterogeneous high explosive (HE) affects its shock initiation sensitivity and detonation performance. Alteration of the void content and/or void structure (i.e., bulk heating or mechanical damage) therefore changes the shock initiation behavior. Controlling and predicting the change in shock sensitivity after an HE has undergone microstructural changes addresses an important and challenging goal for the design and understanding of novel energetic material formulations. In this study, we aimed to develop HE systems to precisely tune shock sensitivity by a thermal treatment prior to use. Specifically, we incorporated a small fraction (1 wt% or less) of thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs) during the formulation process of various plastic-bonded explosives (PBX). TEMs typically consist of a thermoplastic acrylonitrile shell (10-50 µm diameter), which encapsulates an inert low boiling hydrocarbon. Upon heating, the TEMs expand as the shell softens while the hydrocarbon gasifies, increasing the internal pressure and expanding the particle by as much as 120 vol% (irreversibly). Here, we present our progress on shock sensitivity comparisons of HE formulations doped with TEMs after heating and expansion. Experiments, using Composition C-4 thermally cycled to 120°C, showed an increase in shock sensitivity. Additionally, mesoscale modeling revealed that the TEM itself does not act as a hotspot, but instead has a secondary effect on the response of nearby voids. We conclude that TEMs indeed do provide a method to tune shock sensitivity. Further, our results emphasize the non-uniformity of shock waves at the mesoscale, and that upstream defects influence the reactivity of downstream defects.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-shock design tools in double shell models

The essence of the project was to implement a program in python that demonstrated certain models put forth by fusion physicists. Across the time spent at Los Alamos National Laboratory, much was spent programming. Though fundamentally programmatical in nature, the task contained considerable difficulty hid within mathematically deriving and manipulating the models while maintaining data discretization. The result of solving these complications gave invaluable experience in applied mathematics. The final product, a piece of lengthy code, ended up having the full range of desired capabilities, with plans for more. Given the laser power history from a pulse shot on NIF, Omega, or any other Inertial Confinement Fusion facility, the code maps the terrain of radiation temperature inside the hohlraum throughout the period of the shot. Additionally, shock wave convergence prediction was implemented as additional capability. As the name of the project suggests, this tool acts as a compass of direction for researchers designing laser power profiles. Further development of this tool will undoubtedly assist in the research conducted on single and double-shell indirect ICF, consequently expanding the capabilities of operating stewardship over the national nuclear stockpile.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Density reconstruction in convergent high-energy-density systems using x-ray radiography and Bayesian inference

X-ray radiography is a technique frequently used to diagnose convergent high-energy-density (HED) systems, such as inertial confinement fusion implosion, and provides unique information that is not available through self-emission measurements. In this work, we investigate the scope and limits of that information using a radiography simulation combined with the Bayesian inference workflow. The accuracy of density reconstruction from simulated radiographs of spherical implosions driven with 27 kJ laser energy is assessed, including the increase or decrease in accuracy due to the addition of Lagrangian marker layers, Poisson noise, and improved prior information. This work is the first to present the full uncertainty distributions inferred from radiography analysis in HED systems and demonstrates the importance of constructing the full posterior probability density, as opposed to a point estimate, due to the modal structure of the likelihood surface introduced by typical experimental noise sources. This general methodology can be used both for robust analysis of radiographic data and for an improved design of radiography experiments by modeling the full experimental system.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Explosively driven Richtmyer–Meshkov instability jet suppression and enhancement via coupling machine learning and additive manufacturing

The ability to control the behavior of fluid instabilities at material interfaces, such as the shock-driven Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, is a grand technological challenge with a broad number of applications ranging from inertial confinement fusion experiments to explosively driven shaped charges. In this work, we use a linear-geometry shaped charge as a means of studying methods for controlling material jetting that results from the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. A shaped charge produces a high-velocity jet by focusing the energy from the detonation of high explosives. The interaction of the resulting detonation wave with a hollowed cavity lined with a thin metal layer produces the unstable jetting effect. By modifying the characteristics of the detonation wave prior to striking the lined cavity, the kinetic energy of the jet can be enhanced or reduced. Modifying the geometry of the liner material can also be used to alter jetting properties. We apply optimization methods to investigate several design parameterizations for both enhancing or suppressing the shaped-charge jet. This is accomplished using 2D and 3D hydrodynamic simulations to investigate the design space that we consider. We also apply new additive manufacturing methods for producing the shaped-charge assemblies, which allow for the experimental testing of complicated design geometries obtained through computational optimization. We present a direct comparison of our optimized designs with experimental results carried out at the High Explosives Application Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wedding Cake Experiments Design and Data Packages (V.2)

This report documents the design and data for four related experiments known as the Wedding Cake shots. It is a revised version of LA-UR-17-28352. The basic designs of these four shots are the same. A high-explosive plane-wave lens launches a flyer towards an acceptor material with a smaller diameter. This acceptor is either another piece of high-explosive or a piece of polyethylene. A detonation or shock wave propagates through this material and launches a second flyer. The velocities of both flyers are recorded using Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV). The overall shape of the shots is reminiscent of a tiered wedding cake and, consequently, these shots are know as the Wedding Cake shots. Details of the shot assembly are shown in the Wedding Cake Assembly Drawing and component drawings that accompany this report.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2020

Shock initiation of cyclotol (75/25) at both ambient temperature and 70 °C

Here, six shock initiation experiments have been carried out to study the shock sensitivity and develop the unreacted Hugoniot for the Cyclotol composition 75/25 %wt RDX/TNT. The experiments were carried out both at ambient temperature, and elevated to 70 °C, close to the TNT melt temperature of 80 °C. Two sets of three experiments were fired at nominal pressures of 4.1, 6.0 and 7.7 GPa. Comparison has been made to the previously studied (80/20 %wt RDX/TNT) composition and analysis shows that the five percent decrease in RDX content has resulted in a significant increase in shock sensitivity. The increase in initial temperature has yielded an unexpectedly small increase in shock sensitivity, particularly relative to the effects of the compositional change. Wave profiles will be presented, along with a discussion of the unreacted Hugoniot and relative sensitivities presented in the Pop plot.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

From Interstellar Cloud to Star to Laboratory: Frontier HEDP Studies of Magnetized Colliding Plasma Flows with Strong Radiative Cooling (Final Report)

High-speed flows of gas are the norm in astrophysics where exploding stars, winds from the regions around black holes and streams of galactic material create “supersonic flows”. As the flows collide, strong shock waves are formed where gas is compressed and heated. The regions behind these shock waves are of great interest to scientists. New stars can form in these shock regions in the context of galaxies. In the context of planets like our Earth, the shocks waves come from the interaction of the solar wind with our planets’ magnetic field causing Aurora and placing astronauts and satellites in jeopardy. Thus, understanding supersonic flows of magnetized plasmas is essential for progress in many fields of astronomy and space physics (relevant to planets and the Earth). Remarkably, we can also create these kinds of flows in the laboratory using Z-pinches and laser driven experiments that include magnetic fields. The exploration of these forms of “High Energy Density Physics” (HEDP) flows is also critical in order to achieve Inertial Confinement Fusion, which is a step towards developing a sustainable source of Fusion energy.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of sub‐mm cylindrical voids on detonation performance in PBX 9501

Abstract Internal features of varying scale and geometry are always present in explosives systems. Below a critical length, dependent on the explosive, these features can operate as a driving force for energy concentration and reaction, known as hotspots. At larger length scales, internal features result in jetting and detonation wave shaping, allowing for bulk work to be done by the explosive as is seen in shape charges. To date, a large volume of work has been performed to simulate hotspot ignition and large‐scale wave shaping. However, little experimental data exists on the effects of features in intermediate length scales, 0.1 to 1 millimeter. It has been observed in many tests that these small‐scale features can influence the high explosive (HE) performance and in some cases cause substantial damage to adjacent systems. This work provides quantitative data on the effects of machined voids moderately above more typical hotspot lengths, 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter, in PBX 9501 pressed to 1.785 g cm −3 ±2.5 mg cm −3 . Streak imaging was used to visualize void collapse, jet velocity, re‐initiation time, and wave shape evolution. Delay in detonation front propagation time was found to be linearly dependent on the void diameter and jet velocity was found to be independent within the tested range and resolution. Cut‐back experiments were used to investigate wave shape distortion and evolution downstream of the void, showing consistent growth and decay shapes across all void sizes. Simulations using CTH, a hydrocode by Sandia National Laboratory, were used to investigate void collapse showing agreement with the trends of experimental results but yielded inaccurate wave shape development delay values. Both simulation and experimental results identified several re‐initiation mechanisms with jetting and subsequent double shocking of localized HE being the dominant mechanisms for the void sizes that were studied.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗