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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2002

Ree in Shergottite Augites and Whole Rocks

Redox variations have been reported among the shergottites. Eu and Gd partitioning experiments designed for the LEW86010 angrite, to infer a range of fo2 for the shergottites have been used. Fo2 using equilibria between Fe-Ti oxides have been inferred. There is fairly good agreement between the Fe-Ti oxide determinations and the estimates from Eu anomalies in terms of which meteorites are more or less oxidized. The Eu anomaly technique and the Fe-Ti oxide technique both essentially show the same trend, with Shergotty and Zagami being the most oxidized and QUE94201 and DaG 476 being the most reduced. Thus, the variation in fo2 appears to be both real and substantive. However, although the redox trends indicated by the two techniques are similar, there is as much as a two log unit offset between the results. One explanation for this offset is that the Eu calibration used for the shergottites was actually designed for the LEW86010 angrite, a silica-undersaturated basalt whose pyroxene (diopside) compositions are rather extreme. To correct this, a set of experiments on the redox relationship of Eu partitioning relative to Sm and Gd for pyroxene and melt compositions more relevant to Martian meteorites were conducted. We have taken the experimentally determined relationship between D (sup Augite/melt) (Sm,Eu,Gd) and fO2 and applied it to augite Eu and Gd data for the basaltic Shergottites of as well as previously unreported augite Sm data.

Musselwhite, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS2002

REE in Shergottite Augites and Whole Rocks

Redox variations have been reported among the shergottites. Eu and Gd were used in partitioning experiments designed for the LEW86010 angrite, to infer a range of fO2 for the shergottites. Inferred fO2 using equilibria between Fe-Ti oxides was used. There is fairly good agreement between the Fe- Ti oxide determinations and the estimates from Eu anomalies in terms of which meteorites are more or less oxidized. The Eu anomaly technique and the Fe-Ti oxide technique both essentially show the same trend, with Shergotty and Zagami being the most oxidized and QUE94201 and DaG 476 being the most reduced. Thus, the variation in fO2 appears to be both real and substantive. However, although the redox trends indicated by the two techniques are similar, there is as much as a two log unit offset between the results of presented. One explanation for this offset is that the Eu calibration used for the shergottites was actually designed for the LEW86010 angrite, a silica-undersaturated basalt whose pyroxene (diopside) compositions are rather extreme. To correct this, a set of experiments were conducted on the redox relationship of Eu partitioning relative to Sm and Gd for pyroxene and melt compositions more relevant to Martian meteorites. We have taken the experimentally determined relationship between (Sm,Eu,Gd) and fO2 and applied it to augite Eu and Gd data for the basaltic Shergottites as well as previously unreported augite Sm data.

Musselwhite, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Oxygen Fugacity of the Martian Mantle From Pyroxene/Melt Partitioning of REE

This study is part of an ongoing effort to calibrate the pyroxene/melt REE oxybarometer for conditions relevant to the martian meteorites. Redox variations have been reported among the shergottites. Wadhwa used the Eu and Gd augite/melt partitioning experiments of McKay, designed for the LEW86010 angrite, to infer a range of fo2 for the shergottites. Others inferred fo2 using equilibria between Fe-Ti oxides. There is fairly good agreement between the Fe-Ti oxide determinations and the estimates from Eu anomalies in terms of which meteorites are more or less oxidized. The Eu anomaly technique and the Fe-Ti oxide technique both essentially show the same trend, with Shergotty and Zagami being the most oxidized and QUE94201 and DaG 476 being the most reduced. Thus, the variation in fo2 appears to be both real and substantive. However, although the redox trends indicated by the two techniques are similar, there is as much as two log unit offset between the results of three researchers. One explanation for this offset is that the Eu calibration used for the shergottites was actually designed for the LEW86010 angrite, a silica-undersaturated basalt whose pyroxene (diopside) compositions are rather extreme. To correct this, experiments have been conducted on the redox relationship of Eu partitioning relative to Sm and Gd for pyroxene/melt compositions more relevant to Martian meteorites. We report here preliminary results for experiments on pigeonite/melt partitioning as a function of fO2.

Musselwhite, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Special Session: Oxygen in the Solar System, I

The Special Session: Oxygen in the Solar System, I, included the following reports:Oxygen in the Solar System: Origins of Isotopic and Redox Complexity; The Origin of Oxygen Isotope Variations in the Early Solar System; Solar and Solar-Wind Oxygen Isotopes and the Genesis Mission; Solar 18O/17O and the Setting for Solar Birth; Oxygen Isotopes in Early Solar System Materials: A Perspective Based on Microbeam Analyses of Chondrules from CV Carbonaceous Chondrites; Insight into Primordial Solar System Oxygen Reservoirs from Returned Cometary Samples; Tracing Meteorites to Their Sources Through Asteroid Spectroscopy; Redox Conditions Among the Terrestrial Planets; Redox Complexity in Martian Meteorites: Implications for Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets; Implications of Sulfur Isotopes for the Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen; Oxygen in the Outer Solar System; and On the Oxidation States of the Galilean Satellites: Implications for Internal Structures.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2000

Sugars as the optimal biosynthetic carbon substrate of aqueous life throughout the universe

Our previous analysis of the energetics of metabolism showed that both the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids from sugars, and the fermentation of organic substrates, were energetically driven by electron transfer reactions resulting in carbon redox disproportionation (Weber, 1997). Redox disproportionation--the spontaneous (energetically favorable) direction of carbon group transformation in biosynthesis--is brought about and driven by the energetically downhill transfer of electron pairs from more oxidized carbon groups (with lower half-cell reduction potentials) to more reduced carbon groups (with higher half-cell reduction potentials). In this report, we compare the redox and kinetic properties of carbon groups in order to evaluate the relative biosynthetic capability of organic substrates, and to identify the optimal biosubstrate. This analysis revealed that sugars (monocarbonyl alditols) are the optimal biosynthetic substrate because they contain the maximum number of biosynthetically useful high energy electrons/carbon atom while still containing a single carbonyl group needed to kinetically facilitate their conversion to useful biosynthetic intermediates. This conclusion applies to aqueous life throughout the Universe because it is based on invariant aqueous carbon chemistry--primarily, the universal reduction potentials of carbon groups.

NASA Center ARC↗
NASA NTRS1997

Changes in soluble sugar, starch, and alcohol dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to N2 diluted atmospheres

Proper exchange of atmospheric gases is important for normal root and shoot metabolism in plants. This study was conducted to determine how restricted air supply affects foliar carbohydrates, while using the marker enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to report on the oxygenation status of the rootzone. Fourteen-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants grown singly in 7-ml tubes containing agarified nutrient medium were placed in coupled Magenta vessels and exposed for six days to either ambient air or one of six different air/nitrogen dilutions. Redox potential of the agar medium was measured immediately after harvesting and freezing leaf tissue, and then root systems were quickly extracted from the agar and frozen for subsequent analyses. Redox potential measurements indicated that this series of gas mixtures produced a transition from hypoxia to anoxia in the root zones. Root ADH activity increased at higher rates as the redox potential neared anoxic levels. In contrast, ADH mRNA expression quickly neared its maximum as the medium became hypoxic and showed little further increase as it became anoxic. Foliar carbohydrate levels increased 1.5- to 2-fold with decreased availability of metabolic gases, with starch increasing at higher concentrations of air than soluble carbohydrate. The results serve as a model for plant performance under microgravity conditions, where absence of convective air movement prevents replenishment of metabolic gases.

NASA Discipline Plant Biology↗
NASA NTRS2006

Geochemistry of Pallasite Olivines and the Origin of Main-Group Pallasites

Main-group pallasites (PMG) are mixtures of iron-nickel metal and magnesian olivine thought to have been formed at the core-mantle boundary of an asteroid [1]. Some have anomalous metal compositions (PMG-am) and a few have atypically ferroan olivines (PMG-as) [2]. PMG metal is consistent with an origin as a late fractionate of the IIIAB iron core [2]. Most PMG olivines have very similar Fe/Mg ratios, likely due to subsolidus redox reaction with the metal [3]. In contrast, minor and trace elements show substantial variation, which may be explained by either: (i) PMG were formed at a range of depths in the parent asteroid; the element variations reflect variations in igneous evolution with depth, (ii) the pallasite parent asteroid was chemically heterogeneous; the heterogeneity partially survived igneous processing, or (iii) PMG represent the core-mantle boundaries of several distinct parent asteroids [4, 5]. We have continued doing major, minor and trace elements by EMPA and INAA on a wider suite of PMG olivines, and have begun doing precise oxygen isotope analyses to test these hypotheses. Manganese is homologous with Fe(2+), and can be used to distinguish between magmatic and redox processes as causes for Fe/Mg variations. PMG olivines have a range in molar 1000*Mn/Mg of 2.3-4.6 indicating substantial igneous fractionation in olivines with very similar Fe/Mg (0.138-0.148). The Mg-Mn-Fe distributions can be explained by a fractional crystallization-reduction model; higher Mn/Mg ratios reflect more evolved olivines while Fe/Mg is buffered by redox reactions with the metal. There is a positive association between Mn/Mg and Sc content that is consistent with igneous fractionation. However, most PMG olivines fall within a narrow Mn/Mg range (3.0-3.6), but these show a substantial range in Sc (1.00-2.29 micro-g/g). Assuming fractional crystallization, this Sc range could have resulted from approx.65% crystallization of an ultramafic magma. This is inconsistent with formation at the core-mantle boundary of a single asteroid [4]. One alternative is that the PMG are fragments of several asteroids, and these could have had different initial Sc contents, Mn/Mg and differences in igneous history. Our preliminary O isotope data and those of [6, 7] do not support this, although the coverage of PMG olivines is incomplete. The PMG-as Springwater is not easily fit in any scenario. Its olivine has among the highest Mn/Mg suggesting it is one of the most evolved, but the lowest Sc content suggesting it is the least evolved. The O isotopic composition of Springwater olivine is the same as that of other PMG. Thus there is no indication that it represents a distinct parent asteroid. Our preliminary O isotopic data favor a single PMG parent asteroid. In this case, the olivines are more likely melt-residues, and that the parent asteroid was initially heterogeneous in chemical, but not isotopic, composition.

Mittlefehldt, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Sugars as the Optimal Biosynthetic Carbon Substrate of Aqueous Life throughout the Universe

Our previous analysis of the energetics of metabolism showed that both the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids from sugars, and the fermentation of organic substrates, were energetically driven by electron transfer reactions resulting in carbon redox disproportionation (Weber 1997). Redox disproportionation -- the spontaneous (energetically favorable) direction of carbon group transformation in biosynthesis -- is brought about and driven by the energetically downhill transfer of electron pairs from more oxidized carbon groups (with lower half-cell reduction potentials) to more reduced carbon groups (with higher half-cell reduction potentials). In this report, we compare the redox and kinetic properties of carbon groups in order to evaluate the relative biosynthetic capability of organic substrates, and to identify the optimal biosubstrate. This analysis revealed that sugars (monocarbonyl alditols) are the optimal biosynthetic substrate because they contain the maximum number of biosynthetically useful .high energy electrons/carbon atom , while still containing a single carbonyl group needed to kinetically facilitate their conversion to useful biosynthetic intermediates. This conclusion applies to aqueous life throughout the Universe because it is based on invariant aqueous carbon chemistry -- primarily, the universal reduction potentials of carbon groups.

Weber, Arthur L.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Late Effects of Heavy Ion Irradiation on Ex Vivo Osteoblastogenesis and Cancellous Bone Microarchitecture

Prolonged spaceflight causes degeneration of skeletal tissue with incomplete recovery even after return to Earth. We hypothesize that heavy ion irradiation, a component of Galactic Cosmic Radiation, damages osteoblast progenitors and may contribute to bone loss during long duration space travel beyond the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere. Male, 16 week old C57BL6/J mice were exposed to high LET (56 Fe, 600MeV) radiation using either low (5 or 10cGy) or high (50 or 200cGy) doses at the NASA Space Radiation Lab and were euthanized 3 - 4, 7, or 35 days later. Bone structure was quantified by microcomputed tomography (6.8 micron pixel size) and marrow cell redox assessed using membrane permeable, free radical sensitive fluorogenic dyes. To assess osteoblastogenesis, adherent marrow cells were cultured ex vivo, then mineralized nodule formation quantified by imaging and gene expression analyzed by RT PCR. Interestingly, 3 - 4 days post exposure, fluorogenic dyes that reflect cytoplasmic generation of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (DAF FM Diacetate or CM H2DCFDA) revealed irradiation (50cGy) reduced free radical generation (20-45%) compared to sham irradiated controls. Alternatively, use of a dye showing relative specificity for mitochondrial superoxide generation (MitoSOX) revealed an 88% increase compared to controls. One week after exposure, reactive oxygen/nitrogen levels remained lower(24%) relative to sham irradiated controls. After one month, high dose irradiation (200 cGy) caused an 86% decrement in ex vivo nodule formation and a 16-31% decrement in bone volume to total volume and trabecular number (50, 200cGy) compared to controls. High dose irradiation (200cGy) up regulated expression of a late osteoblast marker (BGLAP) and select genes related to oxidative metabolism (Catalase) and DNA damage repair (Gadd45). In contrast, lower doses (5, 10cGy) did not affect bone structure or ex vivo nodule formation, but did down regulate iNOS by 0.54 - 0.58 fold. Thus, both low and high doses of heavy ion irradiation cause time dependent, adaptive changes in redox state within marrow cells but only high doses (50, 200cGy) inhibit osteoblastogenesis and cause cancellous bone loss. We conclude space radiation has the potential to cause persistent damage to bone marrow derived stem and progenitor cells for osteoblasts despite adaptive changes in cellular redox state.

Tran, Luan Hoang↗
NASA NTRS2014

Chromium Oxidation State in Planetary Basalts: Oxygen Fugacity Indicator and Critical Variable for Cr-Spinel Stability

Cr is a ubiquitous and relatively abundant minor element in basaltic, planetary magmas. At the reduced oxidation states (<FMQ) of many planetary basalts Cr is present in melts as both divalent and trivalent forms. The ratio of trivalent to divalent Cr present in the melt has many consequences for the stability and Cr concentration of magmatic phases such as spinel, clinopyroxene, and olivine. However, understanding the Cr valence in quenched melts has historically been plagued with analytical issues, and only recently has reliable methodology for quantifying Cr valence in quenched melts been developed. Despite this substantial difficulty, the pioneering works of Hanson and Jones and Berry and O'Neill provided important insights into the oxidation state of Cr in in silicate melts. Here we present a series of 1-bar gas mixing experiments performed with a Fe-rich basaltic melt in which have determined the Cr redox ratio of the melt at over a range of fO2 values by measuring this quantity in olivine with X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). The measured Cr redox ratio of the olivine phenocrysts can be readily converted to the ratio present in the conjugate melt via the ratio of crystal-liquid partition coefficients for Cr3+ and Cr2+. We have applied these results to modeling Cr spinel stability and Cr redox ratios in a primitive, iron-rich martian basalt.

Bell, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Dose- and Ion-Dependent Effects in the Oxidative Stress Response to Space-Like Radiation Exposure in the Skeletal System

Exposure to space radiation may pose a risk to skeletal health during subsequent aging. Irradiation acutely stimulates bone remodeling in mice, although the long-term influence of space radiation on bone-forming potential (osteoblastogenesis) and possible adaptive mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized exposure to ionizing radiation impairs osteoblastogenesis in an ion-type specific manner, with low doses capable of modulating expression of redox-related genes. 16-week old, male, C57BL6/J mice were exposed to low linear-energy-transfer (LET) protons (150 mega electron volts per nucleon) or high-LET (sup 56) Fe ions (600 mega electron volts per nucleon) using either low (5 or 10 centigrays) or high (50 or 200 centigrays) doses at NASAs Space Radiation Lab at Brookhaven National Lab (NSRL/BNL). Tissues were harvested 5 weeks or 1 year after irradiation and bones were analyzed by microcomputed tomography for cancellous microarchitecture and cortical geometry. Marrow-derived, adherent cells were grown under osteoblastogenic culture conditions. Cell lysates were analyzed for select groups by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) during the proliferative phase or the mineralizing phase, and differentiation was analyzed by imaging mineralized nodules (percentage surface area). Representative genes were selected for expression analyses, including cell proliferation (PCNA, Cdk2, p21, p53), differentiation (Runx2, Alpl, Bglap), oxidative metabolism (Catalase, GPX, MnSOD, CuZnSOD, iNos, Foxo1), DNA-damage repair (Gadd45), or apoptosis (Caspase 3). As expected, a high dose (200 centigrays), but not low doses, of either (sup 56) Fe or protons caused a loss of cancellous bone volume per total volume. Marrow cells produced mineralized nodules ex vivo regardless of radiation type or dose; (sup 56) Fe (200 centigrays) inhibited median nodule area by more than 90 percent at 5 weeks and 1 year post-irradiation, compared to controls. At 5 weeks post exposure, irradiation with protons or (sup 56) Fe caused few changes in gene expression levels during osteoblastogenesis, although a high dose of (sup 56) Fe (200 centigrays) increased levels of Catalase and Gadd45. In addition, supplementing cell culture media with SOD protected marrow-derived osteoprogenitors from the damaging effects of exposure to low-LET ((sup 137) Cs gamma) if irradiated in vitro, but had limited protective effects on high-LET (sup 56) Fe-exposed cells. In sum, exposure of mice to either protons or (sup 56) Fe at a relatively high dose (200 cGy) caused persistent bone loss, whereas only high-LET (sup 56) Fe increased expression of redox-related genes and inhibited osteoblastogenesis, albeit to a limited extent. We conclude that high-LET irradiation impaired osteoblastogenesis and regulated steady-state gene expression of select redox-related genes during osteoblastogenesis, which may contribute to persistent bone loss.

ionizing radiation↗
NASA NTRS2017

Electrochemical Detection of the Molecules of Life

All forms of life on Earth contain cellular machinery that can transform and regulate chemical energy through metabolic pathways. These processes are oxidation-reduction reactions that are performed by four key classes of molecules: flavins, nicotinamaides, porphyrins, and quinones. By detecting the electrochemical interaction of these redox-active molecules with an electrode, a method of differentiating them by their class could be established and incorporated into future life-detecting missions. This body of work investigates the electrochemistry of ubiquitous molecules found in life and how they may be detected. Molecules can oxidise or reduce the surface of an electrode - giving or receiving electrons - and these interactions are represented by changes in current with respect to an applied voltage. This relationship varies with: electrolyte type and concentration, working electrode material, the redox-active molecule itself, and scan rate. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and anthraquinone are all molecules found intracellularly in almost all living organisms. An organism-synthesised extracellular redox-active molecule, Plumbagin, was also selected as part of this study. The goal of this work is to detect these molecules in seawater and assess its application in searching for life on Ocean Worlds.

astrobiolog↗
NASA NTRS2018

Late Effects of Heavy-Ion Irradiation on Ex Vivo Osteoblastogenesis and Cancellous Bone Microarchitecture

Prolonged spaceflight causes degeneration of skeletal tissue with incomplete recovery even after return to Earth. We hypothesize that heavy-ion irradiation, a component of Galactic Cosmic Radiation, damages osteoblast progenitors and may contribute to bone loss during long duration space travel beyond the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere. Male, 16 week-old C57BL6/J mice were exposed to high-LET (56-Fe, 600MeV) radiation using either low (5 or 10cGy) or high (50 or 200cGy) doses at the NASA Space Radiation Lab and were euthanized 3-4, 7, or 35 days later. Bone structure was quantified by microcomputed tomography (6.8 μm pixel size) and marrow cell redox assessed using membrane permeable, free radical-sensitive fluorogenic dyes. To assess osteoblastogenesis, adherent marrow cells were cultured ex vivo, then mineralized nodule formation quantified by imaging and gene expression analyzed by RT-PCR. Interestingly, 3-4 days post-exposure, fluorogenic dyes that reflect cytoplasmic generation of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (DAF-FM Diacetate or CM-H2DCFDA) revealed irradiation (50cGy) reduced free radical generation (20-45%) compared to sham-irradiated controls. Alternatively, use of a dye showing relative specificity for mitochondrial superoxide generation (MitoSOX) revealed an 88% increase compared to controls. One week after exposure, reactive oxygen/nitrogen levels remained lower (24%) relative to sham-irradiated controls. After one month, high dose irradiation (200 cGy) caused an 86% decrement in ex vivo nodule formation and a 16-31% decrement in bone volume to total volume and trabecular number (50, 200cGy) compared to controls. High dose irradiation (200cGy) up-regulated expression of a late osteoblast marker (BGLAP) and select genes related to oxidative metabolism (Catalase) and DNA damage repair (Gadd45). In contrast, lower doses (5, 10cGy) did not affect bone structure or ex vivo nodule formation, but did down-regulate iNOS by 0.54-0.58 fold. Thus, both low- and high-doses of heavy-ion irradiation cause time-dependent, adaptive changes in redox state within marrow cells but only high doses (50, 200cGy) inhibit osteoblastogenesis and cause cancellous bone loss. We conclude space radiation has the potential to cause persistent damage to bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells for osteoblasts despite adaptive changes in cellular redox state.

LATE EFFECTS OF HEAVY-ION IRRADIATION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating the Molecular Response in Irradiated Yeast in Support of the BioSentinel CubeSat Mission

The BioSentinel CubeSat mission is NASA’s first deep space bioscience mission scheduled to fly as a secondary payload onboard Artemis I. BioSentinel seeks to understand the impacts of deep space radiation on living organisms using the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or budding yeast. In recent years, the BioSentinel team has conducted ground-based investigations into the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on budding yeast to better understand spaceflight data. One investigation focuses on the impacts of radiation on budding yeast metabolics using the redox dye alamarBlue, an indicator that will also be used onboard BioSentinel. In this investigation, we have observed metabolic changes in both wild-type and in mutant yeast cells deficient in DNA repair. The focus of our research is to support the ongoing investigation into the molecular mechanisms that explain these observed changes. To do this, we first conducted preliminary research into the metabolic processes of S. cerevisiae to identify any potential vulnerabilities to radiation. We then conducted a statistical kinetic analysis on past experimental metabolic data, in addition to an analysis of data from a multisensor metabolic rig experiment. Ultimately, we identified numerous redox-related changes with increasing doses of radiation in both wild-type and mutant cells. These findings highlight the mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC) as a potential candidate process to account for these observed changes. Specifically, we are focused on the electron carriers of the ETC, including NADH and FADH2, given their participation in numerous redox mechanisms. We propose future experiments, including NADH assays, an investigation into the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, and investigations into other ETC complexes.

BioSentinel↗
NASA NTRS2021

A persistently low level of atmospheric oxygen in Earth’s middle age

Resolving how Earth surface redox conditions evolved through the Proterozoic Eon is fundamental to understanding how biogeochemical cycles have changed through time. The redox sensitivity of cerium relative to other rare earth elements and its uptake in carbonate minerals make the Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) a particularly useful proxy for capturing redox conditions in the local marine environment. Here, we report Ce/Ce* data in marine carbonate rocks through 3.5 billion years of Earth’s history, focusing in particular on the mid-Proterozoic Eon (i.e., 1.8 – 0.8 Ga). To better understand the role of atmospheric oxygenation, we use Ce/ Ce* data to estimate the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen (pO2) through this time. Our thermodynamics-based modeling supports a major rise in atmospheric oxygen level in the aftermath of the Great Oxidation Event (~ 2.4 Ga), followed by invariant pO2 of about 1% of present atmospheric level through most of the Proterozoic Eon (2.4 to 0.65 Ga).

Xiao-Ming Liu↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Stress-Activated Positive Holes (O− in a Matrix of O2–) Cause DNA Damage in Surface-Dwelling Organisms: Unveiling Mutation-Induced Secrets of Nature

Peroxy defects consist of pairs of tightly bonded oxygen anions in the –1 valence state such as in O3X/OO\YO3 with X, Y = Si4+, Al3+ etc. They commonly occur in igneous, metamorphic and many sedimentary rocks. When such rocks are stressed by tectonic forces, peroxy defects break up, releasing highly mobile electronic charge carriers: defect electrons in the O2– sublattice, i.e. unbound O–, known as “positive holes”, h•. The h• can flow out of stressed rock volumes, spreading far and wide, causing electric currents and electrochemical reactions. This study explores how the h• impact the electron flow in the electron transport chain (ETC) of organisms on the surface of rocks such as gabbro and granite. We found that, by forming hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, the h• disrupt the in vivo coordination of reduction-oxidation reactions that are essential for the timing of the redox cycle. Our observations show that stress activation of h• delays the sprouting of certain plant seeds and impedes the growth of yeast cultures, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The h• induce mutations and affect plant development as evidenced by reduced stem length and leaf size. At the same time, the h• serve as a source of abiotic oxidation, capable of forming various organic compounds in situ. Through the generation of radical species that create new carbon-carbon bonds the h• facilitate the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons and other organic molecules essential to life, including porphyrins. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between positive holes, redox timing, and biological processes, revealing their significant role in influencing the growth and development of organisms in tectonically stressed crustal environments. Understanding these effects enhances our broader comprehension of redox biology and the influence of environmental factors on cellular development in natural settings.

astrobiology↗
NASA NTRS1975

Cost and size estimates for an electrochemical bulk energy storage concept

Preliminary capital cost and size estimates were made for a titanium trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride redox-flow-cell electric power system. On the basis of these preliminary estimates plus other important considerations, this electrochemical system emerged as having great promise as a bulk energy storage system for power load leveling. The size of this system is less than two per cent of that of a comparable pumped hydroelectric plant. The estimated capital cost of a 10 MW, 60- and 85-MWh redox-flow system compared well with that of competing systems.

Warshay, M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A system using solid ceramic oxygen electrolyte cells to measure oxygen fugacities in gas-mixing systems

Details are given for the construction and operation of a 101.3 kN/sq m (1 atmosphere) redox control system. A solid ceramic oxygen electrolyte cell is used to monitor the oxygen fugacity in the furnace. The system consists of a vertical quench, gas mixing furnace with heads designed for mounting the electrolyte cell and with facilities for inserting and removing the samples. The system also contains the high input impedance electronics necessary for measurements, a simplified version of a gas mixing apparatus, and devices for experiments under controlled rates of change relative to temperature and redox state. The calibration and maintenance of the system are discussed.

Williams, R. J.↗