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Results for “RAMAN EFFECT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

An alternative experimental approach to produce rare-earth-doped SiO{sub x} films

Rare-earth (RE) doped silicon-oxide (SiO{sub x}) films were prepared by sputtering a combined Si + RE{sub 2}O{sub 3} target with argon ions. The study comprised the neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) rare-earth species and the Si + RE{sub 2}O{sub 3} targets were obtained by partially covering a solid disc of Si with area-defined thin layers of Nd{sub 2}O{sub 3} or Sm{sub 2}O{sub 3} powders. The films were investigated by energy-dispersive x-ray, Raman scattering, optical transmission, and photo-luminescence measurements. According to the experimental results, in the as-deposited form, the films were amorphous and presented RE and oxygen concentrations that scaled with the RE{sub 2}O{sub 3} target area. Additional compositional-structural changes were obtained by thermal annealing the films under a flow of oxygen. Within these changes, one can mention: increase of oxygen concentration, optical bandgap widening, partial Si crystallization, and the development of RE-related light emission. The main aspects associated to the production and structural-optical properties of the films, as determined either by the deposition conditions or by the annealing treatments, are presented and discussed in detail.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser at 1600 nm for photoacoustic imaging application

We present a nanosecond Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser system operating at 1600 nm with a tunable repetition rate from 100 kHz to 1 MHz. A compact fiber coupled, acousto-optic modulator-based EDF ring cavity was used to generate a nanosecond seed laser at 1600 nm, and a double-cladding EDF based power amplifier was applied to achieve the maximum average power of 250 mW. In addition, 12 ns laser pulses with the maximum pulse energy of 2.4 μJ were obtained at 100 kHz. Furthermore, the Stokes shift by Raman scattering over a 25 km long fiber was measured, indicating that the laser can be potentially used to generate the high repetition rate pulses at the 1.7 μm region. Finally, we detected the photoacoustic signal from a human hair at 200 kHz repetition rate with a pulse energy of 1.2 μJ, which demonstrates that a Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser can be a promising light source for the high speed functional photoacoustic imaging.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of La and Ni codoped BiFeO{sub 3}

The codoped Bi{sub 1-x}La{sub x}Fe{sub 1-y}Ni{sub y}O{sub 3} (x = 0.0, 0.1; y = 0.0, 0.05) samples are processed by solid-state reaction route in order to study structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties. X-ray diffraction patterns of La/Ni doped samples have been performed using the rhombohedral (R3c) symmetry. Raman scattering measurement infers nine Raman active phonon modes. The substitution of Ni ion at Fe-site in BiFeO{sub 3} essentially changes the modes position i.e. all the modes are observed to shift at lower wave number. Frequency variation of the dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (tanδ) has been investigated. It decreases with increasing frequency of the applied alternating field and become constant at high frequencies signifies substantial role of interfacial polarization. The remnant polarization and coercive field for BLFO, BFNO, BLFNO are 0.08, 0.03, 0.64 μC/cm{sup 2} and 0.24, 0.22, 0.25 kV/cm, respectively. La/Ni ion doping in BFO has successfully enhanced the polarization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural, morphological and optical properties of CeO{sub 2} thin films deposited by RF sputtering

Cerium oxide (CeO{sub 2}) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by sputtering at various substrate temperatures. CeO{sub 2} films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FESEM, PL and Raman analyses. X-ray diffraction patterns of films reveal fcc cubic structure with preferential orientation along (2 2 0) crystallographic plane. SEM images show that the particles are uniformly distributed on the film surface. The films were found to be well adheared to the substrates and pin holes are not observed on the surface of the films. PL spectra exhibits a strong near band-gap-edge emission and a broad blue, green luminescence, which can be assigned to the presence of Ce and O vacancies, amorphous phases, deep level impurities and structural defects. The relative intensity between the different peaks of the bands related to defects or impurities was studied as a tool for quality control of the films. Moreover, vibrational measurements through Raman analysis were carried out and the results are discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Ag-ZnO nanostructure for ANTA explosive molecule detection

Ag/ZnO nanostructure for surface enhanced Raman scattering application in the detection of ANTA explosive molecule is demonstrated. A highly rough ZnO microstructure was achieved by rapid thermal annealing of metallic Zn film. Different thickness Ag nanostructures are decorated over these ZnO microstructures by ion beam sputtering technique. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic studies carried out over Ag/ZnO substrates have shown three orders higher enhancement compared to bare Ag nanostructure deposited on the same substrate. The reasons behind such huge enhancement are discussed based on the morphology of the sample.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Intraband Raman laser gain in a boron nitride coupled quantum well

On-centre impurity related electronic and optical properties are studied in a Boron nitride coupled quantum well. Confined energies for the intraband transition are investigated by studying differential cross section of electron Raman scattering taking into consideration of spatial confinement in a B{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N/BN coupled quantum well. Raman gain as a function of incident optical pump intensity is computed for constant well width. The enhancement of Raman gain is observed with the application of pump power. The results can be applied for the potential applications for fabricating some optical devices such as optical switches, infrared photo-detectors and electro-optical modulator.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Raman scattering mediated by neighboring molecules

Raman scattering is most commonly associated with a change in vibrational state within individual molecules, the corresponding frequency shift in the scattered light affording a key way of identifying material structures. In theories where both matter and light are treated quantum mechanically, the fundamental scattering process is represented as the concurrent annihilation of a photon from one radiation mode and creation of another in a different mode. Developing this quantum electrodynamical formulation, the focus of the present work is on the spectroscopic consequences of electrodynamic coupling between neighboring molecules or other kinds of optical center. To encompass these nanoscale interactions, through which the molecular states evolve under the dual influence of the input light and local fields, this work identifies and determines two major mechanisms for each of which different selection rules apply. The constituent optical centers are considered to be chemically different and held in a fixed orientation with respect to each other, either as two components of a larger molecule or a molecular assembly that can undergo free rotation in a fluid medium or as parts of a larger, solid material. The two centers are considered to be separated beyond wavefunction overlap but close enough together to fall within an optical near-field limit, which leads to high inverse power dependences on their local separation. In this investigation, individual centers undergo a Stokes transition, whilst each neighbor of a different species remains in its original electronic and vibrational state. Analogous principles are applicable for the anti-Stokes case. The analysis concludes by considering the experimental consequences of applying this spectroscopic interpretation to fluid media; explicitly, the selection rules and the impact of pressure on the radiant intensity of this process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Recovery of hexagonal Si-IV nanowires from extreme GPa pressure

We use Raman spectroscopy in tandem with transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory simulations to show that extreme (GPa) pressure converts the phase of silicon nanowires from cubic (Si-I) to hexagonal (Si-IV) while preserving the nanowire's cylindrical morphology. In situ Raman scattering of the longitudinal transverse optical (LTO) mode demonstrates the high-pressure Si-I to Si-II phase transition near 9 GPa. Raman signal of the LTO phonon shows a decrease in intensity in the range of 9–14 GPa. Then, at 17 GPa, it is no longer detectable, indicating a second phase change (Si-II to Si-V) in the 14–17 GPa range. Recovery of exotic phases in individual silicon nanowires from diamond anvil cell experiments reaching 17 GPa is also shown. Raman measurements indicate Si-IV as the dominant phase in pressurized nanowires after decompression. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction confirm crystalline Si-IV domains in individual nanowires. Computational electromagnetic simulations suggest that heating from the Raman laser probe is negligible and that near-hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force for the formation of hexagonal silicon nanowires.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Morphology modification of gold nanoparticles from nanoshell to C-shape: Improved surface enhanced Raman scattering

Morphology modification of nanostructures is of great interest, because it can be used to fabricate nanostructures which are hard to be done using other methods. Different from traditional lithographic technique which is slow and expensive, morphology modification is easy, cheap, and reproducible. In this paper, modification of the optical and morphological properties of a hollow gold nanoshell (HGNS) is achieved by using H{sub 2}O{sub 2} as an oxidizer. The reshaping of these nanostructures has been demonstrated as a consequence of an oxidation process in which HGNSs are dissolved by H{sub 2}O{sub 2} under the acidic conditions provided by HCl. We investigate the oxidation process by a transmission electron microscope and propose a reshaping model involving four different shapes (HGNS, HGNS with hole, gold nanoring, and C-shaped gold nanoparticle) which are corresponding to the oxidation products of HGNSs at different pH values. Besides, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of each oxidation product has been evaluated by using rhodamine 6G as the Raman active probe. It has been observed that the C-shaped gold nanoparticles which are corresponding to the oxidation products at the minimum pH value have the highest SERS activity and this result can also be interpreted by discrete-dipole approximation simulations. We demonstrate that the morphology modification of HGNSs becomes possible in a controlled manner using wet chemistry and can be used in preparation of gold nanoparticles such as HGNS with hole, gold nanoring, and C-shaped gold nanoparticle with large SERS activity. These nanostructures must have potential use in many plasmonic areas, including sensing, catalysis, and biomedicine.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Diffraction efficiency of plasmonic gratings fabricated by electron beam lithography using a silver halide film

The silver nanoparticle surface relief gratings of ∼10 μm period are fabricated using electron beam lithography on the silver halide film substrate. Morphological characterization of the gratings shows that the period, the shape, and the relief depth in the gratings are mainly dependent on the number of lines per frame, the spot size, and the accelerating voltage of electron beam raster in the SEM. Optical absorption of the silver nanoparticle gratings provides a broad localized surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region, whereas the intensity of the peaks depends on the number density of silver nanoparticles in the gratings. The maximum efficiency of ∼7.2% for first order diffraction is observed for the grating fabricated at 15 keV. The efficiency is peaking at 560 nm with ∼380 nm bandwidth. The measured profiles of the diffraction efficiency for the gratings are found in close agreement with the Raman-Nath diffraction theory. This technique provides a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticle grating structures with high diffraction efficiency having broad wavelength tuning.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Determination of band offsets at GaN/single-layer MoS{sub 2} heterojunction

We report the band alignment parameters of the GaN/single-layer (SL) MoS{sub 2} heterostructure where the GaN thin layer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on CVD deposited SL-MoS{sub 2}/c-sapphire. We confirm that the MoS{sub 2} is an SL by measuring the separation and position of room temperature micro-Raman E{sup 1}{sub 2g} and A{sup 1}{sub g} modes, absorbance, and micro-photoluminescence bandgap studies. This is in good agreement with HRTEM cross-sectional analysis. The determination of band offset parameters at the GaN/SL-MoS{sub 2} heterojunction is carried out by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy accompanying with electronic bandgap values of SL-MoS{sub 2} and GaN. The valence band and conduction band offset values are, respectively, measured to be 1.86 ± 0.08 and 0.56 ± 0.1 eV with type II band alignment. The determination of these unprecedented band offset parameters opens up a way to integrate 3D group III nitride materials with 2D transition metal dichalcogenide layers for designing and modeling of their heterojunction based electronic and photonic devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Origin of a Raman scattering peak generated in single-walled carbon nanotubes by X-ray irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing

We have found that a Raman scattering (RS) peak around 1870 cm{sup −1} was produced by the annealing of the X-ray irradiated film of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at 450 {sup o}C. The intensity of 1870-cm{sup −1} peak showed a maximum at the probe energy of 2.3 eV for the RS spectroscopy with various probe lasers. Both the peak position and the probe-energy dependence were almost identical to those of the one-dimensional carbon chains previously reported in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Consequently, we concluded that the 1870-cm{sup −1} peak found in the present study is attributed to carbon chains. The formation of carbon chains by the annealing at temperature lower than 500 {sup o}C is firstly reported by the present study. The carbon chains would be formed by aggregation of the interstitial carbons, which are formed as a counterpart of carbon vacancies by X-ray irradiation diffused on SWNT walls. The result indicates that the combination of X-ray irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing is a feasible tool for generating new nanostructures in SWNT.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Micro-stress dominant displacive reconstructive transition in lithium aluminate

It is supposed that diffusive reconstructive transitions usually take place under hydrostatic pressure or low stresses, and displacive reconstructive phase transitions easily occur at nonhydrostatic pressure. Here, by in-situ high pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction and single-crystal Raman scattering studies on lithium aluminate at room temperature, we show that the reconstructive transition mechanism is dependent on the internal microscopic stresses rather than the macroscopic stresses. In this case, even hydrostatic pressure can favor the displacive transition if the compressibility of crystal is anisotropic. During hydrostatic compression, γ-LiAlO{sub 2} transforms to δ-LiAlO{sub 2} at about 4 GPa, which is much lower than that in previous nonhydrostatic experiments (above 9 GPa). In the region where both phases coexist, there are enormous microscopic stresses stemming from the lattice mismatch, suggesting that this transition is displacive. Furthermore, the atomic picture is drawn with the help of the shear Raman modes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Efficient 1.9-μm Raman generation in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core fibre

Efficient Raman generation in a molecular hydrogenfilled hollow-core fibre having a cladding in the form of a single ring of capillaries has been demonstrated for the first time. The pump source used was a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 125 ns, and a single-pass (cavity-free) configuration was employed. The maximum average output power at 1.9 μm was 300 mW, and the differential quantum efficiency was 87%, a record level for such experiments. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

40-fs hydrogen Raman laser

40-fs first Stokes pulses at a wavelength of 1.2 μm were generated in a hydrogen SRS-converter pumped by orthogonally polarised double chirped pulses of a Ti : sapphire laser. To obtain a Stokes pulse close to a transform-limited one, a programmed acousto-optic dispersive delay line was placed between the master oscillator and regenerative amplifier. The energy efficiency of Stokes radiation conversion reached 22%. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

1-kHz-repetition-rate femtosecond Raman laser

A femtosecond Raman laser utilising compressed hydrogen is experimentally investigated under pumping by radiation from a 1-kHz-repetition-rate Ti : sapphire laser. In the regime of double-pulse pumping, the conditions are determined, which correspond to the minimal energy dispersion of Stokes pulses. The optical scheme is realised, which is capable of ensuring the long-term stability of the average power of the first Stokes component with a variation of less than 2%. The Stokes pulses are produced with a pulse duration of 60 fs and energy of 0.26 mJ at a conversion efficiency of 14%. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗