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At least 199 records · Page 11

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2018

Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ambient air was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient air was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O3, over ranges from hours to days (O3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to as much as 10 µg m−3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient air. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient air and were confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed formation of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O:C up to O:C∼1.0, and then decreased as O:C increased further. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA formation was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. While measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O3, they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies, which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C=C bonds) are present in ambient air and can explain such additional SOA formation. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases during this campaign, multilinear regression analysis was performed between measured SOA formation and the concentration of gas-phase tracers representing different precursor sources. The majority of SOA-forming gases present during both seasons were of biogenic origin. Urban sources also contributed substantially in both seasons, while biomass burning sources were more important during the dry season. This study enables a better understanding of SOA formation in environments with diverse emission sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1986

Grain boundary oxidation and an analysis of the effects of pre-oxidation on subsequent fatigue life

The effects of preoxidation on subsequent fatigue life were studied. Surface oxidation and grain boundary oxidation of a nickel-base superalloy (TAZ-8A) were studied at 600 to 1000 C for 10 to 1000 hours in air. Surface oxides were identified and the kinetics of surface oxidation was discussed. Grain boundary oxide penetration and morphology were studied. Pancake type grain boundary oxide penetrates deeper and its size is larger, therefore, it is more detrimental to fatigue life than cone-type grain boundary oxide. Oxide penetration depth, a (sub m), is related to oxidation temperature, T, and exposure time, t, by an empirical relation of the Arrhenius type. Effects of T and t on statistical variation of a (sub m) were analyzed according to the Weibull distribution function. Once the oxide is cracked, it serves as a fatigue crack nucleus. Statistical variation of the remaining fatigue life, after the formation of an oxide crack of a critical length, is related directly to the statistical variation of grain boundary oxide penetration depth.

Oshida, Y.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Grain boundary oxidation and an analysis of the effects of oxidation on fatigue crack nucleation life

Oshida, Y.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Staphylococcus aureus CymR Is a New Thiol-based Oxidation-sensing Regulator of Stress Resistance and Oxidative Response

As a human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus must cope with oxidative stress generated by the human immune system. Here, we report that CymR utilizes its sole Cys-25 to sense oxidative stress. Oxidation followed by thiolation of this cysteine residue leads to dissociation of CymR from its cognate promoter DNA. In contrast, the DNA binding of the CymRC25S mutant was insensitive to oxidation and thiolation, suggesting that CymR senses oxidative stress through oxidation of its sole cysteine to form a mixed disulfide with low molecular weight thiols. The determined crystal structures of the reduced and oxidized forms of CymR revealed that Cys-25 is oxidized to Cys-25-SOH in the presence of H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. Deletion of cymR reduced the resistance of S. aureus to oxidative stresses, and the resistance was restored by expressing a C25S mutant copy of cymR. In a C25S substitution mutant, the expression of two genes, tcyP and mccB, was constitutively repressed and did not respond to hydrogen peroxide stress, whereas the expression of the genes were highly induced under oxidative stress in a wild-type strain, indicating the critical role of Cys-25 in redox signaling in vivo. Thus, CymR is another master regulator that senses oxidative stress and connects stress responses to virulence regulation in S. aureus.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

High-Temperature Oxidation of Stellite 12 Hardfacings: Effect of Mo on Characteristics of Oxide Scale

This study aims to understand the oxide scale formation on the surfaces of commercial and Mo (10 wt.%)-modified Stellite 12 hardfacings deposited on 4140 steel. For this purpose, samples of the hardfacings were isothermally oxidized in air at various temperatures in between 500 and 900 °C for 30 h. As a result of changes in the microstructure upon Mo addition, about 50% higher mass gain at all oxidation temperatures was observed. The characteristics of the developed oxide scales were examined by utilizing Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis. The oxide scale formed over Stellite 12 consisted of CoO-, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4-} and Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}-type oxides, while additionally CoMoO{sub 4}-type complex oxide was detected on Mo-modified hardfacing, more likely at the alloy–scale interface. On the basis of findings of isothermal oxidation tests, the formation mechanisms of this complex oxide imposing better wear resistance as reported in our previous studies were explained during high-temperature wear testing, i.e., dynamic oxidation conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Promoting the cleavage of C-O bonds at the interface between a metal oxide cluster and a Co(0001) support

As a first step toward the rational design of Co-based catalysts with a higher activity and selectivity, we determine how one can activate a C-O bond at the interface between a metal oxide cluster and a Co(0001) support. The hypothesis here is that the metal ions in metal oxide clusters on a Co(0001) support enhance the adsorption of CO and weaken the C-O bond strength, which can then facilitate the dissociation of the CO reactant. To test this hypothesis, we developed three computational models of Ti4O8/Co(0001), Zr4O8/Co(0001), and Mn8O8/Co(0001). We quantify the CO adsorption behavior at the interface sites between an oxide cluster and the Co(0001) support as well as the corresponding IR spectra. We correlate the computed CO stretch frequencies with their CO adsorption energies, as well as the CO stretch frequency with the C-O bond length, and related these findings to the changes in the chemical bonding in the bound CO. The interface is the most favorable site for CO adsorption. Adsorption results in an increase of the C-O bond length and a decrease in its vibrational frequency. From a chemical bonding analysis, the bond order in CO at this site drops from 3 (in the gas phase) to 1. This decrease in bond order is a necessary precursor stage for CO dissociation. The experimental measurements of the corresponding FTIR spectra support this point. The favorability of CO adsorption at the interface sites is due to an electron transfer from the metal ion in the metal oxide cluster to the O atom in CO. We establish a linear relationship between C-O bond length and CO frequency and this relationship is found to be independent of the support, type of metal oxide cluster, or the adsorption site.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Heterogeneous Catalysis↗

DOE OSTI2021

Comparative Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis of Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Oxidation at the Anode in a CO 2 Electrolysis to Ethylene System

We compare the economic viability of employing hydrogen oxidation versus water oxidation at the anode of a commercial-scale electrolysis plant that converts CO 2 to ethylene. We vary the electrolyzer capital cost, membrane lifetime, and renewable electricity price to represent a current and future market scenario. We find that anodic hydrogen oxidation with membraneless reactor design can reduce the electrolyzer capital cost by up to 48% and reduce electricity demand by at least 50% with the current underdeveloped electrolyzer market. These capital and operating cost savings could further lead to a lower ethylene production cost from anodic hydrogen oxidation than the anodic water oxidation system with hydrogen supplied at less than $\$6$ kg. In the future scenario with a fully developed electrolyzer market and cheap renewable electricity, we find that the anodic hydrogen oxidation system requires hydrogen cheaper than $0.7/kg to compete with the anodic water oxidation system. Moreover, hydrogen oxidation at the anode enables extremely low cradle-to-gate emission ethylene by utilizing negative emission hydrogen such as biomass gasification with carbon capture and sequestration, ~240% lower than ethylene produced from the wind/solar electricity-driven water oxidation system. Furthermore, this low carbon footprint ethylene can further boost the economic competitiveness for anodic hydrogen oxidation with a future carbon credit market.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

First-principles calculations of oxidation potentials of electrolytes in lithium–sulfur batteries and their variations with changes in environment

In this work, oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules in Li–sulfur (Li/S) batteries and their variations in various solvent environments are investigated using first-principles calculations in order to understand oxidative decomposition reactions of electrolytes for cathode passivation. Electrolyte solvents, Li salts, and various additives in Li/S batteries along with some Li-ion battery additives are studied. Oxidation potentials of isolated electrolyte molecules are found to be out of the operating range of typical Li/S batteries. The complexation of electrolyte molecules with Li + , salt anion, salt, S8, and pyrene alters oxidation potentials compared to those of the isolated systems. The salt anion lowers oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules by at least 4.7% while the complexes with Li + have higher oxidation potentials than the isolated molecules by at least 10.4%. S8 and pyrene, used as model compounds for sulfur and sulfur/ carbon composite cathode materials, also affect oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules, but their influence is negligible and the oxidation trends differ from those of the Li + and salt anion. Although complexations change the oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules, they are still higher than the operating voltage range of Li/S batteries, which indicates that oxidation of the studied electrolytes in Li/S batteries is not expected under ambient conditions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2016

Highly oxidized graphene oxide and methods for production thereof

A highly oxidized form of graphene oxide and methods for production thereof are described in various embodiments of the present disclosure. In general, the methods include mixing a graphite source with a solution containing at least one oxidant and at least one protecting agent and then oxidizing the graphite source with the at least one oxidant in the presence of the at least one protecting agent to form the graphene oxide. Graphene oxide synthesized by the presently described methods is of a high structural quality that is more oxidized and maintains a higher proportion of aromatic rings and aromatic domains than does graphene oxide prepared in the absence of at least one protecting agent. Methods for reduction of graphene oxide into chemically converted graphene are also disclosed herein. The chemically converted graphene of the present disclosure is significantly more electrically conductive than is chemically converted graphene prepared from other sources of graphene oxide.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Effect of CO on alcohol oxidation over commercial oxidation catalysts for control of emissions from lean-burn engines

For commercialization, alcohol-based net-zero carbon fuels in diesel-driven internal combustion engines must meet emissions standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Here, a series of aged commercial oxidation catalysts, Pt diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), Pd+Pt DOC, and Pt oxidation catalyst (Pt OC), were studied using an automated flow reactor and in situ DRIFTS techniques to investigate the impact of CO on alcohol oxidation. Surface formate and acetate intermediates were formed due to partial oxidation of methanol and ethanol, respectively. Sequential introduction of alcohol and CO experiments using in situ DRIFTS on all three catalysts showed that CO inhibited low temperature methanol oxidation. Mutual inhibition effects between CO and ethanol were observed during co-oxidation. Acetate species shifted CO oxidation to higher temperatures on Pt DOC and Pt OC, whereas CO pre-exposure inhibited acetate formation. CO oxidation occurred at lower temperatures during ethanol and CO co-oxidation on Pd+Pt DOC.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Plasma-Assisted Chemical-Looping Combustion: Low-Temperature Methane and Ethylene Oxidation with Nickel Oxide

The chemical reaction network of low-temperature plasma-assisted oxidation of methane (CH 4 ) and ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) with nickel oxide (NiO) was investigated in a heated plasma reactor through time-dependent species measurements by electron-ionization molecular beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS). Methane (ethylene) oxidation by NiO was explored in temperature ranges from 300-700 °C (300-500 °C) and 300-800 °C (300-600°C) for the plasma and non-plasma conditions, respectively. Significant enhancement of methane oxidation was observed with plasma between 400 and 500 °C, where no oxidation was observed under non-plasma conditions. For the oxidation of methane at higher temperatures three different oxidation stages were observed: I) a period of complete oxidation, II) a period of incomplete CO oxidation, and III) a period of carbon buildup. For the C 2 H 4 experiments, and unlike the CH 4 experiments, the plasma resulted in a significant amount of new intermediate oxygenated species, such as CH 2 O, CH 3 OH, C 2 H 4 O, and C 2 H 6 O. Carbon deposits were observed under both methane and ethylene conditions and verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ReaxFF simulations were performed for the oxidation of CH 4 and C 2 H 4 in a non-plasma environment. The simulated intermediates and products largely agree with the species measured in the experiments, though the predicted intermediate oxygenated species such as CH 2 O and C 2 H 6 O were not observed in experiments under non-plasma conditions. A reaction pathway analysis for CH 4 and C 2 H 4 reacting with NiO was created based on the observed species from the MBMS spectra, along with ReaxFF simulations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Interfacial Charge Transfer and Substrate-Dependent Oxidation States Drive SMSI Enhancements in Cobalt Oxide Films

Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying strong metal-support interactions in CO oxidation using model systems where noble metal crystals support reducible, monolayer-thick CoO x films. The effect of the Co oxidation state, film thickness, and substrate identity were studied in varying reaction conditions using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At low O 2 pressures, the same oxide phase forms on both Pt(111) and Au(111) surfaces. But when heated at higher O 2 pressures, the oxide phase depends on the substrate. We found that CoO x /Pt is more active for the CO oxidation reaction than CoO x /Au, even when both surfaces stabilize the same oxide phase. DFT calculations on these and related noble-metal-supported CoO x films reveal an SMSI-induced reactivity enhancement that strongly depends on the oxide film thickness and which is mediated by charge transfer between the metal and oxide. Charge transfer is also found to correlate with the reaction energy and activation barrier for CO oxidation. This effect was found to be greatest for oxide films on Pt, decreasing on other noble metal supports in the order Pt > Pd > Au > Ag, in agreement with the experiments. The role of charge transfer in the activation barriers and reaction energies provides insight into the nature of SMSI-induced catalytic activity, and suggests that the noble metal work function can serve as an indicator for the strength of SMSI effects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Iron and Arsenic Speciation During As(III) Oxidation by Manganese Oxides in the Presence of Fe(II): Molecular-Level Characterization Using XAFS, Mössbauer, and TEM Analysis

The redox state and speciation of the metalloid arsenic (As) determine its toxicity and mobility. Knowledge of biogeochemical processes influencing the As redox state is therefore important to understand and predict its environmental behavior. Many previous studies examined As(III) oxidation by various Mn-oxides, but little is known concerning environmental influences (e.g., coexisting ions) on the process. As such, in this study we investigated the mechanisms of As(III) oxidation by a poorly crystalline hexagonal birnessite (δ-MnO 2 ) in the presence of dissolved Fe(II) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The As K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) analysis revealed that, at low Fe(II) concentration (100 μM), As(V) was the predominant As species on the solid phase, whereas at higher Fe(II) concentrations (200–1000 μM), both As(III) and As(V) were sorbed on the solid phase. As K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) analysis showed an increasing As–Mn/Fe distance over time, indicating As prefers to bind with the newly formed Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides. Both As(III) and (V) adsorbed on Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides as a bidentate binuclear corner-sharing complex. Both Mössbauer and TEM-EDS investigations demonstrated that oxidized Fe(III) products formed during Fe(II) oxidation by δ-MnO 2 were predominantly ferrihydrite-, goethite-, and ferric arsenate-like compounds. However, Fe EXAFS analysis also suggested the formation of a small amount of lepidocrocite. The Mn K-edge XANES data indicated that As(III) oxidation occurs as a two electron transfer with δ-MnO 2 and that the observed Mn(III) is due to conproportionation of surface-sorbed Mn(II) with Mn(IV) in the δ-MnO 2 structure. This study reveals that the mechanisms of As(III) oxidation by δ-MnO 2 in the presence of Fe(II) are very complex, involving many simultaneous reactions, and the formation of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides plays a very important role in reducing As mobility.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2014

Cr(OH)₃(s) Oxidation Induced by Surface Catalyzed Mn(II) Oxidation

This study examined the feasibility of Cr(OH)₃(s) oxidation mediated by surface catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation under common groundwater pH conditions as a potential pathway of natural Cr(VI) contaminations. Dissolved Mn(II) (50 μM) was reacted with or without synthesized Cr(OH)₃(s) (1.0 g/L) at pH 7 – 9 under oxic or anoxic conditions. In the absence of Cr(OH)₃(s), homogeneous Mn(II) oxidation by dissolved O₂ was not observed at pH ≤ 8.0 for 50 d. At pH 9.0, by contrast, dissolved Mn(II) was completely removed within 8 d and precipitated as hausmannite. When Cr(OH)₃(s) was present, this solid was oxidized and released substantial amounts of Cr(VI) as dissolved Mn(II) was added into the suspension at pH ≥ 8.0 under oxic conditions. Our results suggest that Cr(OH)₃(s) was readily oxidized by a newly formed Mn oxide as a result of Mn(II) oxidation catalyzed on Cr(OH)₃(s) surface. XANES analysis of the residual solids after the reaction between 1.0 g/L Cr(OH)₃(s) and 204 μM Mn(II) at pH 9.0 for 22 d revealed that the product of surface catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation resembled birnessite. The rate and extent of Cr(OH)₃(s) oxidation was likely controlled by those of surface catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation as the production of Cr(VI) increased with increasing pH and initial Mn(II) concentrations. This study evokes the potential environmental hazard of sparingly soluble Cr(OH)₃(s) that can be a source of Cr(VI) in the presence of dissolved Mn(II).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

On the thermal stability of physical vapor deposited oxide-hardened nanocrystalline gold thin films

We describe a correlation between electrical resistivity and grain size for PVD synthesized polycrystalline oxide-hardened metal-matrix thin films in oxide-dilute (<5 vol. % oxide phase) compositions. The correlation is based on the Mayadas-Shatzkes (M-S) electron scattering model, predictive of grain size evolution as a function of composition in the oxide-dilute regime for 2 μm thick Au-ZnO films. We describe a technique to investigate grain boundary (GB) mobility and the thermal stability of GBs based on in situ electrical resistivity measurements during annealing experiments, interpreted using a combination of the M-S model and the Michels et al. model describing solute drag stabilized grain growth kinetics. Using this technique, activation energy and pre-exponential Arrhenius parameter values of E{sub a} = 21.6 kJ/mol and A{sub o} = 2.3 × 10{sup −17} m{sup 2}/s for Au-1 vol. % ZnO and E{sub a} = 12.7 kJ/mol and A{sub o} = 3.1 × 10{sup −18} m{sup 2}/s for Au-2 vol. % ZnO were determined. In the oxide-dilute regime, the grain size reduction of the Au matrix yielded a maximum hardness of 2.6 GPa for 5 vol. % ZnO. A combined model including percolation behavior and grain refinement is presented that accurately describes the composition dependent change in electrical resistivity throughout the entire composition range for Au-ZnO thin films. The proposed correlations are supported by microstructural characterization using transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction mapping for grain size determination.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2016

Cohesive energy and structural parameters of binary oxides of groups IIA and IIIB from diffusion quantum Monte Carlo

We have applied the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) method to calculate the cohesive energy and the structural parameters of the binary oxides CaO, SrO, BaO, Sc{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and La{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The aim of our calculations is to systematically quantify the accuracy of the DMC method to study this type of metal oxides. The DMC results were compared with local, semi-local, and hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximations as well as with experimental measurements. The DMC method yields cohesive energies for these oxides with a mean absolute deviation from experimental measurements of 0.18(2) eV, while with local, semi-local, and hybrid DFT approximations, the deviation is 3.06, 0.94, and 1.23 eV, respectively. For lattice constants, the mean absolute deviations in DMC, local, semi-local, and hybrid DFT approximations are 0.017(1), 0.07, 0.05, and 0.04 Å, respectively. DMC is a highly accurate method, outperforming the DFT approximations in describing the cohesive energies and structural parameters of these binary oxides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2018

H 2 Oxidation Electrocatalysis Enabled by Metal-to-Metal Hydrogen Atom Transfer: A Homolytic Approach to a Heterolytic Reaction

Oxidation of H2 is used in the conversion of the chemical energy of the H-H bond into electricity. Electrocatalytic oxidation of H2 typically requires that one metal bind H2, heterolytically cleave the H2, and then undergo two oxidation and two deprotonation steps. We discovered that electrocatalytic oxidation of H2 is catalyzed by a cooperative system using Cp*Cr(CO)3H and [Fe(diphosphine)(CO)3]+. A key step of the proposed mechanism is a rarely observed metal-to-metal hydrogen atom transfer from the Cr-H complex to the Fe, forming a Fe-H bond that is deprotonated and then oxidized electrochemically. The “division of chemical labor” between Cr and Fe features a reaction of the Cr complex with H2, while the Fe complex reacts at the electrode. This cooperative catalysis system does not require that either metal heterolytically cleave H2, and thereby provides a very unusual example of a homolytic reaction being a key step in a molecular electrocatalytic process.

oxidation, electrocatalysis, hydrogen↗

DOE OSTI2021

Oxide evolution on the SiC layer of TRISO particles during extended air oxidation

Tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles have been primarily developed for high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors and can be subjected to oxidizing environments for extended periods in an off-normal accident scenario. Surrogate TRISO fuel particles were oxidized in air at 1,000 or 1,100 °C for up to 120 h. Here, the oxide scale morphology and thickness were studied via scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and atomic force microscopy. TRISO particles oxidized at 1,100 °C exhibited a highly crystalline oxide scale, which led to significant cracking and irregularly shaped closed porosity, whereas those oxidized at 1,000 °C possessed a primarily amorphous oxide scale, which contained small, rounded internal pores and no larger defects. The observed phenomena deviated from the expected behavior based on models for oxide growth on flat-plate and fiber SiC. The oxidation kinetics of TRISO fuel particles in high-temperature air were investigated without mechanically deforming the surface and were analyzed with respect to oxide morphology.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗