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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Coherent control of refractive index in far-detuned {Lambda} systems

Enhancement and control of the index of refraction in a mixture of two three-level atomic species that form a pair of far-detuned {Lambda} schemes under two-photon resonance has been studied. We employ the density-matrix approach to properly take population relaxation into account and to describe the interaction of each {Lambda} system with the electromagnetic fields. Both {Lambda} systems are driven by a corresponding far-detuned coherent field at one atomic transition and are probed by the same weak field. In the dressed-state basis, it represents a superposition of effective two-level subsystems with the positions, widths, and amplitudes of the resonances controlled by the driving fields and allows for efficient control of the susceptibility of the total system; leading to refractive index (RI) enhancement with vanishing absorption in the absence of amplification. We analyze the experimental implementation of such a system in a cell of Rb atoms with a natural abundance of isotopes. An upper limit estimate of the RI enhancement is obtained.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Multi-scale exciton and electron transfer in multi-level donor–acceptor systems

Here, we study theoretically the noise-assisted quantum exciton (electron) transfer (ET) in bio-complexes consisting of a single-level electron donor and an acceptor which has a complicated internal structure, and is modeled by many electron energy levels. Interactions are included between the donor and the acceptor energy levels and with the protein–solvent noisy environment. Different regions of parameters are considered, which characterize (i) the number of the acceptor levels, (ii) the acceptor 'band-width', and (iii) the amplitude of noise and its correlation time. Under some conditions, we derive analytical expressions for the ET rate and efficiency. We obtain equal occupation of all levels at large times, independent of the structure of the acceptor band and the noise parameters, but under the condition of non-degeneracy of the acceptor energy levels. We discuss the multi-scale dynamics of the acceptor population, and the accompanying effect of quantum coherent oscillations. We also demonstrate that for a large number of levels in the acceptor band, the efficiency of ET can be close to 100%, for both downhill and uphill transitions and for sharp and flat redox potentials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1992

Prostaglandin E2 Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Cancellous Bone Loss in Rats

The object of this study was to determine whether prostaglandin E2, (PGE2) can prevent ovariectomy induced cancellous bone loss. Thirty-five 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. The rats in the first group were ovariectomized (OVX) while the others received sham operation (sham-OVX). The OVX group was further divided into three treatment groups. The daily doses for the three groups were 0,1 and 6 mg PGE2/kg for 90 days. Bone histomorphometric analyses were performed on double-fluorescent-labeled undecalcified proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM). We confirmed that OVX induces massive cancellous bone loss (-80%) and a higher bone turnover (+143%). The new findings from the present study demonstrate that bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency can be prevented by a low-dose (1 mg) daily administration of PGE2. Furthermore, a higher-dose (6 mg) daily administration of PGE2 not only prevents bone loss but also adds extra bone to the proximal tibial metaphyses. PGE, at the 1-mg dose level significantly increased trabecular bone area, trabecular width, trabecular node density, density of node to node, ratio of node to free end, and thus significantly decreased trabecular separation from OVX controls. At this dose level, these same parameters did not differ significantly from sham-OVX controls. However, at the 6-mg dose level PGE2, there were significant increases in trabecular bone area, trabecular width, trabecular node density, density of node to node, and ratio of node to free end, while there was significant decrease in trabecular separation from both OVX and sham-operated controls. The changes in indices of trabecular bone microanatomical structure indicated that PGE2 prevented bone loss as well as the disconnection of existing trabeculae. In summary, PGE2, administration to OVX rats decreased bone turnover and increased bone formation parameters resulting in a positive bone balance that prevented bone loss (in both lower and higher doses) and added extra bone to metaphyses of OVX rats (in higher dose). These findings support the strategy of the use of bone stimulation agents in the prevention of estrogen depletion bone loss (postmenopausal osteoporosis).

Ke, Hua Zhu↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of Born cross section of $$ {e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\Sigma}^{+}{\overline{\Sigma}}^{-} $$ at center-of-mass energies between 3.510 and 4.951 GeV

Abstract Using 24.1 fb −1 ofe + e − collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, the Born cross sections and effective form factors of the$$ {e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\Sigma}^{+}{\overline{\Sigma}}^{-} $$ e + e − → Σ + Σ ¯ − reaction are measured. The measurements are performed at center-of-mass energies ranging from 3.510 to 4.951 GeV. No significant evidence for the decay of the charmonium(-like) states,ψ(3770),ψ(4040),ψ(4160),Y(4230),Y(4360),ψ(4415), andY(4660), into a$$ {\Sigma}^{+}{\overline{\Sigma}}^{-} $$ Σ + Σ ¯ − final state is observed. Consequently, upper limits for the products of the branching fractions and the electronic partial widths at the 90% confidence level are reported for these decays.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement of the cross section of $$ {e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\Xi}^{-}{\overline{\Xi}}^{+} $$ at center-of-mass energies between 3.510 and 4.843 GeV

Abstract Usinge + e − collision data corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 12.9 fb −1 collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, the exclusive Born cross sections and the effective form factors of the reaction$$ {e}^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\Xi}^{-}{\overline{\Xi}}^{+} $$ e + e − → Ξ − Ξ ¯ + are measured via the single baryon-tag method at 23 center-of-mass energies between 3.510 and 4.843 GeV. Evidence for the decay$$ \psi (3770)\to {\Xi}^{-}{\overline{\Xi}}^{+} $$ ψ 3770 → Ξ − Ξ ¯ + is observed with a significance of 4.5σby analyzing the measured cross sections together with earlier BESIII results. For the other charmonium(-like) statesψ(4040),ψ(4160),Y(4230),Y(4360),ψ(4415), andY(4660), no significant signal of their decay to$$ {\Xi}^{-}{\overline{\Xi}}^{+} $$ Ξ − Ξ ¯ + is found. For these states, upper limits of the products of the branching fraction and the electronic partial width at the 90% confidence level are provided.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Monochromatization interaction region optics design for direct s-channel Higgs production at FCC-ee

The FCC-ee offers the potential to measure the electron Yukawa coupling via direct s-channel Higgs production, e + e − → H , at a centre-of-mass (CM) energy of ∼125 GeV. This measurement is significantly facilitated if the CM energy spread of e + e − collisions can be reduced to a level comparable to the natural width of the Higgs boson, Γ H = 4.1 MeV, without substantial loss in luminosity. Achieving this reduction in collision-energy spread is possible through the “monochromatization” concept. The basic idea is to create opposite correlations between spatial position and energy deviation within the colliding beams, which can be accomplished in beam optics by introducing a nonzero dispersion function with opposite signs for the two beams at the interaction point. Since the first proposal in 2016, the implementation of monochromatization at the FCC-ee has been continuously improved, starting from preliminary parametric studies. In this paper, we present a detailed study of the interaction region optics design for this newly proposed collision mode, exploring different potential configurations and their implementation in the FCC-ee global lattice, along with beam dynamics simulations and performance evaluations including the impact of “beamstrahlung.”

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Analysis of the influence of external biasing on Texas Helimak turbulence

We analyze alterations on the electrostatic turbulence in experiments with imposed bias to control the plasma radial electric field in Texas Helimak (K. W. Gentle and H. He, Plasma Sci. Technol. 10, 284 (2008)), a toroidal plasma device with a one-dimensional equilibrium, magnetic curvature, and shear. Comparing discharges from different biased potentials, we identify, in a roughly uniform gradient region, a continuous variation from low turbulence level and narrower frequency spectra, for negative bias, to high turbulence level and broadband spectra for positive bias. Overall, we distinguish two kinds of perturbed turbulence, classified according to their intensity, spectral, statistical, and recurrence properties. When the bias is positive, the turbulence shows enhanced and broadband spectra with non Gaussian probability distribution functions having noticeable long tails (extreme events) similar to the turbulence in tokamak scrape-off layer. On the other hand, negative bias reduces the turbulence level and decreases the spectrum widths. Also for negative bias, we found large frequency widths whenever the coupling between drift waves and the sheared plasma flow is fast enough to allow the enhancement of sidebands modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

FINE-STRUCTURE Fe II* EMISSION AND RESONANT Mg II EMISSION IN z {approx} 1 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

We present a study of the prevalence, strength, and kinematics of ultraviolet Fe II and Mg II emission lines in 212 star-forming galaxies at z {approx} 1 selected from the DEEP2 survey. We find Fe II* emission in composite spectra assembled on the basis of different galaxy properties, indicating that Fe II* emission is common at z {approx} 1. In these composites, Fe II* emission is observed at roughly the systemic velocity. At z {approx} 1, we find that the strength of Fe II* emission is most strongly modulated by dust attenuation, and is additionally correlated with redshift, star formation rate, and [O II] equivalent width, such that systems at higher redshifts with lower dust levels, lower star formation rates, and larger [O II] equivalent widths show stronger Fe II* emission. We detect Mg II emission in at least 15% of the individual spectra and we find that objects showing stronger Mg II emission have higher specific star formation rates, smaller [O II] linewidths, larger [O II] equivalent widths, lower dust attenuations, and lower stellar masses than the sample as a whole. Mg II emission strength exhibits the strongest correlation with specific star formation rate, although we find evidence that dust attenuation and stellar mass also play roles in the regulation of Mg II emission. Future integral field unit observations of the spatial extent of Fe II* and Mg II emission in galaxies with high specific star formation rates, low dust attenuations, and low stellar masses will be important for probing the morphology of circumgalactic gas.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

ESTIMATING THE DEEP SOLAR MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION USING MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS AND A DYNAMO MODEL: A VARIATIONAL APPROACH

We show how magnetic observations of the Sun can be used in conjunction with an axisymmetric flux-transport solar dynamo model in order to estimate the large-scale meridional circulation throughout the convection zone. Our innovative approach rests on variational data assimilation, whereby the distance between predictions and observations (measured by an objective function) is iteratively minimized by means of an optimization algorithm seeking the meridional flow that best accounts for the data. The minimization is performed using a quasi-Newton technique, which requires knowledge of the sensitivity of the objective function to the meridional flow. That sensitivity is efficiently computed via the integration of the adjoint flux-transport dynamo model. Closed-loop (also known as twin) experiments using synthetic data demonstrate the validity and accuracy of this technique for a variety of meridional flow configurations, ranging from unicellular and equatorially symmetric to multicellular and equatorially asymmetric. In this well-controlled synthetic context, we perform a systematic study of the behavior of our variational approach under different observational configurations by varying their spatial density, temporal density, and noise level, as well as the width of the assimilation window. We find that the method is remarkably robust, leading in most cases to a recovery of the true meridional flow to within better than 1%. These encouraging results are a first step toward using this technique to (i) better constrain the physical processes occurring inside the Sun and (ii) better predict solar activity on decadal timescales.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Statistics of internal stress fluctuations in dislocated crystals and relevance to density-based dislocation dynamics models

A statistical analysis of internal stress fluctuations, defined as the difference between the local mean stress and stress on dislocations, is presented for deforming crystals with 3D discrete dislocation systems. Dislocation realizations are generated using dislocation dynamics simulations and the associated stress field is computed as a superposition of a regularized stress field of dislocation lines within the domain of the solution and a complementary stress field computed via a finite-element boundary value problem. The internal stress fluctuations of interest are defined by an ensemble of the difference between the stress on dislocation lines and the local mean field stress in the crystal. The latter is established in a piecewise fashion over small voxels in the crystal thus allowing the difference between the local average stress and stress on segments to be easily estimated. The results show that the Schmid stress (resolved shear stress) and Escaig stress fluctuations on various slip systems sampled over a random set of points follow a Cauchy (Lorentz) distribution at all strain levels, with the amplitude and width of the distribution being dependent on the strain. Finally, the implications of the Schmid and Escaig internal stress fluctuations are discussed from the points of view of dislocation cross-slip and the dislocation motion in continuum dislocation dynamics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct estimation of the density of states for fermionic systems

Simulating time evolution is one of the most natural applications of quantum computers and is thus one of the most promising prospects for achieving practical quantum advantage. Here, we develop quantum algorithms to extract thermodynamic properties by estimating the density of states (DOS), which is a central object in quantum statistical mechanics. We introduce several key innovations that significantly improve the practicality and extend the generality of previous techniques. First, our approach allows one to estimate the DOS only for a specific subspace of the full Hilbert space. This is crucial for fermionic systems, since both canonical and grand canonical ensemble thermal equilibrium properties depend on subspaces of fixed number. Second, in our approach, by time evolving very simple, random initial states, such as randomly chosen computational basis states, we can exactly recover the DOS on average. Third, due to circuit-depth limitations, we only reconstruct the DOS up to a convolution with a Gaussian window—thus all imperfections that shift the energy levels by less than the width of the convolution window will not significantly affect the estimated DOS. For these reasons, we find the approach is a promising candidate for early quantum advantage as even short-time, noisy dynamics can yield a semiquantitative reconstruction of the DOS (convolution with a broad Gaussian window), while early fault-tolerant devices will likely enable higher-resolution DOS reconstruction through longer time evolutions. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach in representative Fermi-Hubbard and spin models and indeed find that our approach is highly robust against algorithmic errors in the time evolution and against gate noise. We further demonstrate that our approach is compatible with noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing NISQ-friendly variational techniques, introducing and leveraging a technique for variational time evolution.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluation of an event-driven 3FI ASIC for spectroscopic X-ray detection with synchrotron radiation

The novel design and evaluation on the NSLS-II beamline of the 3FI application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) bump-bonded to a simple, planar, 2D segmented silicon sensor are presented. The ASIC was developed for full-field fluorescence spectral X-ray imaging (3FI). It is a small-scale prototype that features a square array of 32 × 32 pixels, and the size of the pixels is 100 µm × 100 µm. The ASIC was implemented in a 65 nm CMOS integrated circuit fabrication process. Each pixel incorporates a charge-sensitive amplifier, a shaping filter, a discriminator, a peak detector and a sample-and-hold circuit, allowing detection of events and storage of signal amplitudes. The system operates in a frameless event-driven readout mode, outputting analog values for threshold-triggered events, allowing high-speed multi-element X-ray fluorescence data acquisition. The 3FI ASIC achieves per-channel spectrometric performance at a power consumption of only 200 µW per pixel, with nearly all dissipation confined to the analog front-end. An energy resolution is measured at the level of 308 eV full width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 8.04 keV (Cu Kα), and 138 eV FWHM at 3.69 keV (Ca Kα). This per-pixel capability makes the prototype suitable for in situ trace element microanalysis in biological and environmental studies. Moreover, the frameless architecture of the detector is designed to address limitations of conventional X-ray fluorescence microscopy, which typically requires mechanical scanning, by enabling continuous high-throughput data acquisition in future full-field implementations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-359: Measurement of Various Metrics to Determine Changes in Megavoltage Photon Beam Energy

Purpose: To examine the relationship between photon beam energy and various metrics for energy on the flattened and flattening filter free (FFF) beams generated by the Varian TrueBeam. Methods: Energy changes were accomplished by adjusting the bending magnet current ±10% from the nominal value for the 4, 6, 8, and 10 MV flattened and 6 and 10 MV FFF beams. Profiles were measured for a 30×30 cm{sup 2} field using a 2D ionization chamber array and a 3D water Scanner which was also used to measure PDDs. For flattened beams we compared several energy metrics; PDD at 10 cm depth in water (PDD(10)); the variation over the central 80% of the field (Flat); and the average of the highest reading along each diagonal divided by the CAX value, diagonal normalized flatness (FDN). For FFF beams we examined PDD(10), FDN, and the width of a chosen isodose level in a 30×30 cm{sup 2} field (W(d%)). Results: Changes in PDD(10) were nearly linear with changes in energy for both flattened and FFF beams as were changes in FDN. Changes in W(d%) were also nearly linear with energy for the FFF beams. PDD(10) was not as sensitive to changes in energy compared to the other metrics for either flattened or FFF beams. Flat was not as sensitive to changes in energy compared to FDN for flattened beams and its behavior depends on depth. FDN was the metric that had the highest sensitivity to the changes in energy for flattened beams while W(d%) was the metric that had highest sensitivity to the changes in energy for FFF beams. Conclusions: The metric FDN was found to be most sensitive to energy changes for flattened beams, while the W(d%) was most sensitive to energy changes for FFF beams.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection Methods for Advanced Microscale X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Analysis of Critical Elements (Final Report)

This project is developing High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection (HERFD) X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Spectroscopy (XAFS) at the hard X-ray microprobe beamline at GSECARS beamline 13-ID-E, at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. This enhancement will improve sensitivity and spectral interpretation limitations of conventional XAFS which uses energy dispersive solid-state detectors (SSD) to measure the total fluorescence yield (TFY-XAFS). By using high-quality Si and Ge crystal analyzers to select X-ray fluorescence (XRF) from specific emission lines, background signals from other elements or X-ray scattering that can paralyze SSDs can be nearly eliminated, improving the sensitivity to the oxidation and chemical state of dilute species even though the solid angle of the analyzers is relatively small. Furthermore, by using analyzers of low-strain Si or Ge, the energy selection can be smaller than the natural widths of the core electron level. We are particularly interested in applying these enhanced sensitivities to Lanthanide series of rare-earth elements, which are typically at concentrations at or below 10 ppm, and where spectral overlaps with the 3rd row transition metals degrade sensitivity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1974

Effects of intrinsic region width in Si/Li/ p-i-n diodes

Description of certain effects related to the width of the intrinsic region produced in a silicon p-i-n diode by lithium ion drifting. It is found that for wider intrinsic regions at large forward biases there is a larger ohmic drop across the region and a correspondingly smaller current. Moreover, the recovery time decreases with increasing intrinsic region width. Conversely, the decay phase time increases with increasing intrinsic region width and with increasing current levels.

Harman, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Directivity and spacing for the antenna elements

The optimum design choice for the MST radar antenna was considered. The following factors are required: directivity and gain; beam width and its symmetry; sidelobe levels, near and wide angle; impedance matching; feeder network losses; polarization diversity; steerability; cost effectiveness; and maintainability. The directivity and related beam forming aspects of various antenna elements and directivity aspects when such elements are formed into an array are discussed. Array performance for important variables, in particular, the spacing of the elements is considered.

Koshy, V. K.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Measurement of the characteristic X ray of oxygen and other ultrasoft X rays using mercuric iodide detectors

This letter reports the detection and resolution of the characteristic X-ray of oxygen at 523 eV and other ultrasoft X-rays (photons energy less than 1 keV) using radiation detectors fabricated from the compound semi-insulator mercuric iodide (HgI2). These detectors are capable of operation at room ambient but in these experiments were slightly cooled using a Peltier element to 0 C. A pulsed light feedback preamplifier with a Peltier element cooled (to -30 deg) first stage field-effect transistor was used to amplify signals from the detector. Overall system noise level was 185 eV (full width at half-maximum) limited by the temperature of the first stage field-effect transistor. With optimal cooling of this element the characteristic X-ray of carbon at 282 eV should be measurable. These results would seem to be important in measurement of biological samples in electron column instruments.

Iwanczyk, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Archival research on absorption lines in violently star-forming galaxies

A computerized analysis of a starburst model is discussed. The model proposes that the absorption line equivalent width should scale with the level of star forming activity. Archival International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) data on IUE spectra of luminous blue galaxies were compared with previous IUE observations of extragalactic HII regions and low luminosity galaxies. The comparisons are summarized and causes for offsets are discussed.

Gallagher, J. S.↗