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Remote sensing of biomass burning

The following represents a comprehensive summary of significant accomplishments over the duration of the grant. In the field of publications, I published one journal article, two conference proceedings, and two chapters in scholarly books. In the field of conference presentations, JOVE allowed me to present six papers at local, national, and international scientific meetings. In the field of outreach, JOVE support has allowed me to incorporate astronaut photography into meteorology classes which involved 900 students over five years. I also wrote an editorial for our local daily newspaper, 'The Kearny Hub.' Lastly, JOVE support has permitted a lasting collaboration with my NASA colleague, K. P. Lulla. We are engaged in finishing a book titled 'Global Fire: At the End of the Millenium'.

Glasser, Marvin↗

ASK Magazine

Academy of Program and Project Leadership (APPL) and ASK Magazine helps NASA managers and project teams accomplish today's missions and meet tomorrow's challenges by providing performance enhancement services and tools, supporting career development programs, sponsoring knowledge sharing events and publications, and creating opportunities for project management collaboration with universities, professional associations, industry partners, and other government agencies. ASK Magazine grew out of APPL's Knowledge Sharing Initiative. The stories that appear in ASK are written by the best of the best project managers, primarily from NASA, but also from other government agencies and industry. These stories contain genuine nuggets of knowledge and wisdom that are transferable across projects. Who better than a project manager to help another project manager address a critical issue on a project? Big projects, small projects - they're all here in ASK. Please direct all inquiries about ASK Magazine editorial policy to Todd Post, EduTech Ltd., 8455 Colesville Rd., Suite 930, Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 585-1030; or email to tpost@edutechltd.com.

Laufer, Alexander↗

Journal of Gravitational Physiology, Volume 13, No. 1

At the outset, the Journal published one issue in 1994. The first number comprised the Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, held in Barcelona, Spain in October 1993. The Proceedings of the previous 14 Annual Meetings appeared as supplements to The Physiologist from 1979 to 1993. Each year, one issue of the Journal is devoted to the Annual Meeting Proceedings, and up to four more issues are comprised of full-length research papers. Additionally, Supplement Issues are considered by the Editorial Board as they are submitted. The Journal is published for the International Society for Gravitational Physiology by the Galileo Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit public benefit corporation. This issue, the first number of 2006, comprises the Proceedings of the joint meeting of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology s 27th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting, held in Osaka, Japan 23- 28 April, 2006. The Journal of Gravitational Physiology invites the submission of original experimental or observational papers on subjects in the field of gravitational physiology. Review articles, theoretical papers and historical or biographical articles will also be solicited by the Editor for publication. The wide scientific span of the Journal rests on physiology as its keystone. Gravitational physiology is considered to include the effects of changes in the magnitude and directions of the gravitational force environment on cells and physiological systems and behavior of humans, animals and plants. The effects of weightlessness during space flight, high sustained G forces and chronic acceleration, vibration, impact and the various forms of simulated weightlessness are also included, as well as is consideration of the evolutionary consequences of gravity and the role of gravity in the manifestation of scale effects in animals and plants.

Fuller, Charles A.↗

Eastern European Science Needs Sweeping Changes

Sir - Two years ago your Editorial "Eastern Promise" (vol. 426, p.369, 2003) and the News Feature "Dreaming on Danube" (vol. 427, p.94-95,2004) as well as several subsequent correspondence letters (vol. 427, pp. 196 and 677, vol. 428, p.17) touched on the situation and potential growth in scientific research in the former Soviet block countries. I would like to revisit this topic. Right now the facts are sobering: while the average GNP per capita in those countries is a few times lower than the average for the rest of Europe, their average university ranking is another order of magnitude poorer (in the latest ARWU, of the first 123 European universities only 4, and that in the second half of the list only, are from the former Soviet block). That situation calls for drastic measures. Pumping extra money into the system would change little. The only real hope is in a new generation of young dynamic scientists setting the pace for academic life. That requires selection and promotion of the best of the best. Unfortunately much of the old guard, who is not up to scientific challenges of today and who attained their positions and influence under the old regime (often due to other than professional qualifications) resist any real changes. I believe that a major change for better could be achieved by implementation into law two key requirements: transparency and competitiveness. That means a transparency of every scientist achievements (particularly in terms of publications), and wide open and fair competition for academic positions. Those two conditions should be complemented by implementation of the position of academic ombudsman (to encourage/facilitate open discussions), special grant opportunities for young scientists, and transparency of the process of awarding research grants. I, as well as a number of my colleagues concerned with the future of science and higher education in Poland, discussing many important academic issues at the Independent Academic Forum (an Association with a non-commercial website, http://www.naukaedukacia. tubaza.pl/, with tens of thousands of visits last year), strongly believe that the above postulated changes in the academic environment would lead to a major improvement in the quality and standing of scientific research and higher education in Poland and other post-communist countries (which suffer similar problems). It is symptomatic that the voice of at least hundreds of the most active and usually younger scientists heard at our NFA forum is totally ignored by the old establishment and their decision making representatives who "know better". Major political and legislative decisions are called for. We are doing our best to press for such changes.

Palosz, Witold↗

Issues Regarding the Assimilation of Cloud and Precipitation Data

This is the authors' response to a set of criticisms regarding a previously published work. It briefly addresses the main criticisms. In particular, it explains why some papers identified as having some fundamental flaws were referenced in the original work without detailed exposition of those flaws. It also explains why parts of the conclusion criticized as being contradictory are, in fact, not. It further highlights the need for more publishing of scientific criticisms. In the December 2007, special issue of the Journal of Atmospheric Sciences devoted to the Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Observations, the authors published an article summarizing the many critical issues that render observations of cloud and precipitation difficult to analyze. Essentially, these include the inaccuracies of both current instruments and the relationships between what is actually observed (infrared or microwave energy detected at the altitude of the satellite) to what is desired (e.g., estimates of cloud drop sizes or rain rates) and the chaotic nature of atmospheric behavior and the complex mathematics describing it. The paper also included recommendations for future research and brief descriptions of many previous works concerning the subject. One reader is now attempting to publish a criticism of that paper. Her three complaints are that there was insufficient explanation of the identification of some cited works as being fundamentally flawed, that as a review the paper should have referenced some works additional to those it did, and that two recommendations were contradictory. Each of these complaints is addressed briefly in this response. First we explain why a brief list of works cited in our paper were identified as "flawed" with only a brief explanation. The design and conduct of the experiments reported in those papers violate well-established fundamentals such that, once the errors are recognized, their interpretations are no longer supported. Unfortunately, over the years, no researchers have bothered to publish criticisms of those papers, such that there are now too many to address in any single paper not devoted to that purpose. Yet, those papers are so often cited that we could not simply ignore them. Furthermore, if we had cited them without warning our readers regarding their flaws, we would have perpetrated a great disservice. In our response, however, we do offer further explanation of why some details, neglected in these papers, are critical to proper scientific evaluation. Neither did we offer insufficient references. Although we intentionally did not claim to be a "review' paper, we did cite 100 papers. That number is approximately 5 times the usual amount cited in journal articles. Although we only referenced few papers published after 2005, that was because our manuscript was submitted in January 2006, with its final, editorially-reviewed form in June 2006. We therefore could not reference papers published after this date. The problem here is that our paper was "in press" for 18 months. Finally, we explain that a careful reading of our paper reveals that our recommendations are not contradictory. Essentially, although we recommend 2 very distinct research approaches, these are complimentary and either alone is insufficient to accelerate progress. In conclusion, we recommend that the scientific community expends greater effort in publishing careful scientific criticisms so that others do not face the same dilemma we did. Likely this requires some reward system for doing so.

Errico, Ronald M.↗

Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), Version 3.0

The Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) has been used by astronomers for over 30 years as a data interchange and archiving format; FITS files are now handled by a wide range of astronomical software packages. Since the FITS format definition document (the "standard") was last printed in this journal in 2001, several new features have been developed and standardized, notably support for 64-bit integers in images and tables, variable-length arrays in tables, and new world coordinate system conventions which provide a mapping from an element in a data array to a physical coordinate on the sky or within a spectrum. The FITS Working Group of the International Astronomical Union has therefore produced this new Version 3.0 of the FITS standard, which is provided here in its entirety. In addition to describing the new features in FITS, numerous editorial changes were made to the previous version to clarify and reorganize many of the sections. Also included are some appendices which are not formally part of the standard. The FITS standard is likely to undergo further evolution, in which case the latest version may be found on the FITS Support Office Web site at http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/, which also provides many links to FITS-related resources.

Pence, W. D.↗

A Third-Generation Evidence Base for Human Spaceflight Risks

NASA's Human Research Program seeks to understand and mitigate risks to crew health and performance in exploration missions center dot HRP's evidence base consists of an Evidence Report for each HRP risk center dot Three generations of Evidence Reports 1) Review articles + Good content - Limited authorship, infrequent updates 2) Wikipedia articles + Viewed often, very open to contributions - Summary of reviews, very few contributions 3) HRP‐controlled wiki articles + Incremental additions to review articles with editorial control

Kundrot, Craig E.↗

Transforming the "Valley of Death" into a "Valley of Opportunity"

Transitioning technology from research to operations (23 R2O) is difficult. The problem's importance is exemplified in the literature and in every failed attempt to do so. Although the R2O gap is often called the "valley of death", a recent a Space Weather editorial called it a "Valley of Opportunity". There are significant opportunities for space weather organizations to learn from the terrestrial experience. Dedicated R2O organizations like those of the various NOAA testbeds and collaborative "proving ground" projects take common approaches to improving terrestrial weather forecasting through the early transition of research capabilities into the operational environment. Here we present experience-proven principles for the establishment and operation of similar space weather organizations, public or private. These principles were developed and currently being demonstrated by NASA at the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) and the Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center. The AMU was established in 1991 jointly by NASA, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) and the National Weather Service (NWS) to provide tools and techniques for improving weather support to the Space Shuttle Program (Madura et al., 2011). The primary customers were the USAF 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) and the NWS Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG who provided the weather observing and forecast support for Shuttle operations). SPoRT was established in 2002 to transition NASA satellite and remote-sensing technology to the NWS. The continuing success of these organizations suggests the common principles guiding them may be valuable for similar endeavors in the space weather arena.

Jedlovec, Gary J.↗

Chemical and Thermodynamic Properties at High Temperatures: A Symposium

This book contains the program and all available abstracts of the 90' invited and contributed papers to be presented at the TUPAC Symposium on Chemical and Thermodynamic Properties at High Temperatures. The Symposium will be held in conjunction with the XVIIIth IUPAC Congress, Montreal, August 6 - 12, 1961. It has been organized, by the Subcommissions on Condensed States and on Gaseous States of the Commission on High Temperatures and Refractories and by the Subcommission on Experimental Thermodynamics of the Commission on Chemical Thermodynamics, acting in conjunction with the Organizing Committee of the IUPAC Congress. All inquiries concerning participation In the Symposium should be directed to: Secretary, XVIIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, National Research Council, Ottawa, 'Canada. Owing to the limited time and facilities available for the preparation and printing of the book, it has not been possible to refer the proofs of the abstracts to the authors for checking. Furthermore, it has not been possible to subject the manuscripts to a very thorough editorial examination. Some obvious errors in the manuscripts have been corrected; other errors undoubtedly have been introduced. Figures have been redrawn only when such a step was essential for reproduction purposes. Sincere apologies are offered to authors and readers for any errors which remain; however, in the circumstances neither the IUPAC Commissions who organized the Symposium, nor the U. S. Government Agencies who assisted in the preparation of this book can accept responsibility for the errors.

Walker, Raymond F.↗

Appreciation of the 2015 JGR Space Physics Peer Reviewers

The Editors of the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics are deeply indebted to the many people among the research community that serve this journal through peer review. The journal could not exist without the time and effort invested by the community through this voluntary activity, providing expert evaluations and thoughtful assessments of the work of others. In 2015, the journal had 1506 scientists contribute to the process with at least one peer review, for a total of 3575 reviews completed, including additional reviews of resubmitted manuscripts. There were 277 reviewers that contributed four or more reports in 2015. The average number of reviews per referee in 2015 was, therefore, 2.4. Note that the total number of manuscript final decisions (i.e., accept or reject) for Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) Space Physics was 1147 in 2015. Of this, 774 were accepted and 373 were declined, for an acceptance rate of 67% last year. If the 1334 "revision" decisions are included in the tally, then the total number of decisions made in 2015 was 2481. Working out the arithmetic, it means that on average, a manuscript gets about 1.2 revision decisions before a final accept-or-reject decision. This explains the ~3.1 average number of reviews per manuscript throughout each paper's lifetime in the submission-revision editorial process. We are pleased and happy that the research community is willing and able to devote their resources toward this service endeavor. We appreciate each and every one of you that helped maintain the high quality of papers in JGR Space Physics last year. We look forward to another excellent year working with all of you through the year ahead.

Liemohn, Michael W.↗

Relevance of the American Statistical Society's Warning on P-Values for Conjunction Assessment

On March 7, 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) issued an online editorial paper on the "context, process, and purpose of p-values." According to the paper, "the statement articulates in non-technical terms a few select principles that could improve the conductor interpretation of quantitative science, according to widespread consensus in the statistical community." This "consensus" statement was accompanied by 21 "commentaries" expressing a diversity of opinions among the panel of experts ASA convened. In the present work, we express our view that the ASA p-value warning has relevance to the space object Conjunction Assessment (CA) community.

p-values↗

The Health Risks of Extraterrestrial Environments (THREE) 2019 Annual Report

THREE is an encyclopedic website (http://three.jsc.nasa.gov) about the space radiation environment and its health risks to humans. The goal for the site is threefold: 1. to serve as a starting point for researchers new to either space, radiation, or both; 2. to serve as a source of useful information for established investigators; 3. to serve as a teaching tool for students; and, 4. to serve as a NASA reference source on all scientific aspects of space radiation and health. THREE is funded by the Space Radiation (SR) Element within NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP). The THREE Editorial Board is responsible for oversight of the content and policies for the website. The website is hosted by the NASA Johnson Space Center.

Schimmerling, Walter↗

Exploring the Complexities of Drug Formulation Selection, Storage, and Shelf-Life for Exploration Spaceflight

Medications have been a part of space travel dating back as far as the Apollo missions. Currently, medical kits aboard the ISS contain medications and supplies to help crew members cope with a variety of possible medical events. NASA reported that 1,867 medical events occurred from 1981 to 1998 on space shuttle flights, STS-1 to STS-89; 498 out of the 508 crewmembers on those flights reported experiencing a medical event other than space motion sickness. In 2000, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a committee of experts, Committee on Creating a Vision for Space Medicine during Travel beyond Earth Orbit, to examine the issues surrounding astronaut health and safety for long duration space missions. The primary theme of the committee’s final report is that there is not enough known about the risks to human health during long-duration missions beyond Earth’s orbit and ways to effectively mitigate those risks in an environment of deep space. In 2014, the IOM convened the Committee on Ethics Principles and Guidelines for Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflights and released a report emphasizing the importance of prevention, mitigation, and treatment of major risks to human health during exploration spaceflight. NASA’s Human Research Program has organized five distinct categories of spaceflight hazards summarized by the acronym “RIDGE” (Space Radiation, Isolation and Confinement, Distance from Earth, Gravity fields, and Hostile/Closed Environments) that astronauts may encounter during exploration spaceflight. From those hazards, NASA further derived 30 of the most critical human health and performance risks, including limits to medical care resulting from pharmaceutical degradation. As we prepare for more distant exploration missions to Mars and beyond, risk management planning for astronaut healthcare should include the assembly of a medication formulary that is comprehensive enough to prevent or treat anticipated medical events, remains safe and chemically stable, and retains sufficient potency to last for the duration of the mission. The present editorial will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding innovative formulary optimization strategies, pharmaceutical stability assessment techniques, and storage and packaging solutions that could enhance drug safety and efficacy for future exploration spaceflight missions.

drug degradation risk assessment↗

Comment Response for the Draft Combined TREAT-LOC & SATS Integral LOCA Experiment Plan

This document provides a detailed description of comments and responses, to the Advanced Fuel Campaign (AFC) loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) experiment plan draft document shared in April 2022. Comments were provided from reviewers from U.S. nuclear fuel vendors, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) all provided comments after solicitation. All comments have been carefully considered and responded to accordingly. Editorial and clarification comments are excluded from this writeup, but all have been addressed directly in the text of the revised plan document.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Towards in-situ certification of additively manufactured parts: the vital roles of physics-based and data-driven models

Certifying additively manufactured (AM) parts in-situ at the completion of a build is an enticing prospect, as it can help reduce the high costs associated with post-build testing and evaluation. However, achieving this goal presents significant challenges that may keep it aspirational for the foreseeable future. Nonetheless, incremental progress can pave the way forward. A critical aspect of in-situ certification involves continuous quality checking due to the random nature of the AM process and the difficulties in detecting defects or anomalies once layers are built over. While real-time in-situ monitoring strategies assisted by machine learning (ML) play a pivotal role in auditing part quality, they must ideally be supported by real-time (or near real-time) adaptive process control enabled by ML-assisted decision-making. By analyzing in-situ monitoring data in real-time (or near real- time) to dynamically adjust manufacturing parameters, such intervention can ensure AM parts are built to meet stringent certification standards. This can be achieved virtually by using high-fidelity performance models for the physical testing and evaluation tasks. In this short editorial, we discuss the key contributions made by data-driven and physics-based models in providing intelligence to the monitoring and process control tasks underpinning in-situ certification and in the simulation of the build’s performance under test and service conditions. While our focus lies in metal AM, the concepts discussed here are also relevant to other AM processes.

: In-situ monitoring↗

ASME Design Code Rule Changes for Nuclear Graphite

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler Pressure and Vessel Code (ASME BPVC) Section III, Division 5, Article HHA-3000 outlines graphite core component and graphite core assembly design guidelines. Graphite core components are defined as ?components manufactured from graphite that are installed to form a graphite core assembly within the reactor pressure vessel of a high temperature, graphite moderated fission reactor.? (p. 413) Graphites? inherent defect distributions do not allow for deterministic material reliability. Rather, graphite has variable strength distributions which change by grade. Article HHA-3000 outlines two semi-probabilistic methods, the full and simplified assessments, which set design load limit targets for each of three component structural reliability classes. The Design Task Group was officially recognized as a specialized task group within ASME November of 2023, though we?ve been collaborating since 2022. The purpose of the Design Task Group is to correct, clarify, and make HHA-3000 function as intended. The Design Task Group will sunset once we?ve achieved our objectives. The Design Task Group was specifically told to not write new Code. While there may be more precise and more accurate methods to determine reliability targets, the current methods are conservative, relatively simple to implement, and have thus far been considered satisfactory for setting design reliability targets. Much of the ground-work to write proposal files and background documents for records to make the changes needed to achieve our objective have been completed. The Design Task Group has documented much of their work through papers, presentations, and memorandums. Three memorandums in which INL team members had substantial contributions are found in the Appendices: FEA Modeling for the Baseline Program, Evaluating the Effects on Margin of Updating the Threshold and Shape Parameters in the Full Assessment, and Interpretations of the Full and Simplified Assessments in ASME BPVC. Most of the on-going work to achieve the Design Task Group?s objective will be addressing comments on existing records and moving records through the balloting process. The Design Task Group met bi-weekly mostly through the end of FY2023. Since February 2024, the Design Task Group has mostly been completed with solving and documenting the technical issues associated with the assessments. Unless new tasks are identified, the remaining work of the Design Task Group will be political and editorial.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Thank You Earth's Future Reviewers in 2019

AGU's open-access transdisciplinary science journal Earth's Future continued to grow in size and stature in 2019, with ~40% acceptance rate for ~280 new submissions that were evaluated by a similar number of external reviewers; their names are listed here.

editorial↗

60 Years and Beyond of Reviews of Geophysics

Reviews of Geophysics is an AGU journal, first established in February 1963. It is a hybrid open access invitation-only journal that publishes comprehensive review articles across various disciplines within the Earth and Space Sciences. The selection criteria are rigorous and many submissions are declined without review. The journal is the highest ranked in the fields of Geochemistry and Geophysics, with a high Journal Impact Factor (JIF 2021 = 24.9), which is indicative of its high visibility and influence within the scientific community. The journal's published review papers, beyond a mere summary of literature, provide crucial context for current work, and establish the framework for comprehensive understanding of research progress, challenges, and interconnections between different communities, so that research may be appreciated by a broad audience. Finally, we emphasize the importance of publishing studies that provide a comprehensive overview and synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a field, especially in the case of geophysics, where knowledge is rapidly developing, increasing and becoming more specialized.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗