Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Microwave ablation at 915 MHz vs 2.45 GHz: A theoretical and experimental investigation

Purpose: The relationship between microwave ablation system operating frequency and ablation performance is not currently well understood. The objective of this study was to comparatively assess the differences in microwave ablation at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz. Methods: Analytical expressions for electromagnetic radiation from point sources were used to compare power deposition at the two frequencies of interest. A 3D electromagnetic-thermal bioheat transfer solver was implemented with the finite element method to characterize power deposition and thermal ablation with asymmetrical insulated dipole antennas (single-antenna and dual-antenna synchronous arrays). Simulation results were validated against experiments in ex vivo tissue. Results: Theoretical, computational, and experimental results indicated greater power deposition and larger diameter ablation zones when using a single insulated microwave antenna at 2.45 GHz; experimentally, 32 ± 4.1 mm and 36.3 ± 1.0 mm for 5 and 10 min, respectively, at 2.45 GHz, compared to 24 ± 1.7 mm and 29.5 ± 0.6 mm at 915 MHz, with 30 W forward power at the antenna input port. In experiments, faster heating was observed at locations 5 mm (0.91 vs 0.49 °C/s) and 10 mm (0.28 vs 0.15 °C/s) from the antenna operating at 2.45 GHz. Larger ablation zones were observed with dual-antenna arrays at 2.45 GHz; however, the differences were less pronounced than for single antennas. Conclusions: Single- and dual-antenna arrays systems operating at 2.45 GHz yield larger ablation zone due to greater power deposition in proximity to the antenna, as well as greater role of thermal conduction.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of laser radiation on the gamma activity of aqueous salt solutions containing {sup 152}Eu

We report an experimental study of the effect of laser irradiation of aqueous salt solutions containing the {sup 152}Eu isotope in the presence of nickel nanoparticles on the gamma activity of the isotope. Nickel nanoparticles are generated using laser ablation of the target in water and added to the radionuclide solution before irradiation. Two types of Nd : YAG lasers with a pulse duration of 10 ns and different repetition rates are used to irradiate the solutions. It is found that the {sup 152}Eu activity as a result of repeated irradiation of solutions by a series of pulses decreases with each irradiation cycle. The obtained results are compared with data on the effect of maser radiation with a wavelength of 8 mm on the activity of the same isotope. Possible mechanisms of the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the {sup 152}Eu gamma activity are discussed. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Kr photoionized plasma induced by intense extreme ultraviolet pulses

Irradiation of any gas with an intense EUV (extreme ultraviolet) radiation beam can result in creation of photoionized plasmas. The parameters of such plasmas can be significantly different when compared with those of the laser produced plasmas (LPP) or discharge plasmas. In this work, the photoionized plasmas were created in a krypton gas irradiated using an LPP EUV source operating at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The Kr gas was injected into the vacuum chamber synchronously with the EUV radiation pulses. The EUV beam was focused onto a Kr gas stream using an axisymmetrical ellipsoidal collector. The resulting low temperature Kr plasmas emitted electromagnetic radiation in the wide spectral range. The emission spectra were measured either in the EUV or an optical range. The EUV spectrum was dominated by emission lines originating from Kr III and Kr IV ions, and the UV/VIS spectra were composed from Kr II and Kr I lines. The spectral lines recorded in EUV, UV, and VIS ranges were used for the construction of Boltzmann plots to be used for the estimation of the electron temperature. It was shown that for the lowest Kr III and Kr IV levels, the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions were not fulfilled. The electron temperature was thus estimated based on Kr II and Kr I species where the partial LTE conditions could be expected.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mössbauer Studies and the Microwave Properties of Al{sup 3+}- and In{sup 3+}-Substituted Barium Hexaferrites

The correlation of the chemical composition, the structure, and the microwave characteristic of solid solutions of the BaFe{sub 12–x}D{sub x}O{sub 19} (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.2) barium hexaferrite substituted with diamagnetic Al{sup 3+} and In{sup 3+} ions has been studied. The precise data on the crystal structure have been obtained by powder neutron diffraction using a high-resolution Fourier diffractometer (Dubna, JINR). The data on the distribution of the diamagnetic substituting ions in the hexaferrite structure have been obtained by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The microwave properties (the transmittance and the reflectance) have been studied in the frequency range 20–65 GHz and in external magnetic fields to 8 kOe. It is found that the transmission spectra are characterized by a peak that corresponds to the resonant frequency of the electromagnetic energy absorption, which is due to the ferromagnetic resonance phenomenon. The correlation of the chemical composition, the features of the ion distribution in the structure, and the electromagnetic properties has been revealed. It is shown that external magnetic fields shift the absorption peak of electromagnetic radiation to higher frequencies due to an increase in the magnetocrystal anisotropy. The results enable the conclusion that the features of the intrasublattice interactions and the electromagnetic properties should be explained using the phenomenological Goodenough–Kanamori model.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Nonlinear properties of gated graphene in a strong electromagnetic field

We develop a microscopic theory of a strong electromagnetic field interaction with gated bilayer graphene. Quantum kinetic equations for density matrix are obtained using a tight binding approach within second quantized Hamiltonian in an intense laser field. We show that adiabatically changing the gate potentials with time may produce (at resonant photon energy) a full inversion of the electron population with high density between valence and conduction bands. In the linear regime, excitonic absorption of an electromagnetic radiation in a graphene monolayer with opened energy gap is also studied.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Whistler wave generation by non-gyrotropic, relativistic, electron beams

Particle-in-cell code, EPOCH, is used for studying features of the wave component evident to propagate backwards from the front of the non-gyrotropic, relativistic beam of electrons injected in the Maxwellian, magnetised background plasma with decreasing density profile. According to recent findings presented in Tsiklauri [Phys. Plasmas 18, 052903 (2011)], Schmitz and Tsiklauri [Phys. Plasmas 20, 062903 (2013)], and Pechhacker and Tsiklauri [Phys. Plasmas 19, 112903 (2012)], in a 1.5-dimensional magnetised plasma system, the non-gyrotropic beam generates freely escaping electromagnetic radiation with properties similar to the Type-III solar radio bursts. In this study, the backwards propagating wave component evident in the perpendicular components of the electromagnetic field in such a system is presented for the first time. Background magnetic field strength in the system is varied in order to prove that the backwards propagating wave's frequency, prescribed by the whistler wave dispersion relation, is proportional to the specified magnetic field. Moreover, the identified whistlers are shown to be generated by the normal Doppler-shifted relativistic resonance. Large fraction of the energy of the perpendicular electromagnetic field components is found to be carried away by the whistler waves, while a small but sufficient fraction is going into L- and R-electromagnetic modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Position sensitive detection of neutrons in high radiation background field

We present the development of a high-resolution position sensitive device for detection of slow neutrons in the environment of extremely high γ and e{sup −} radiation background. We make use of a planar silicon pixelated (pixel size: 55 × 55 μm{sup 2}) spectroscopic Timepix detector adapted for neutron detection utilizing very thin {sup 10}B converter placed onto detector surface. We demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation background can be discriminated from the neutron signal utilizing the fact that each particle type produces characteristic ionization tracks in the pixelated detector. Particular tracks can be distinguished by their 2D shape (in the detector plane) and spectroscopic response using single event analysis. A Cd sheet served as thermal neutron stopper as well as intensive source of gamma rays and energetic electrons. Highly efficient discrimination was successful even at very low neutron to electromagnetic background ratio about 10{sup −4}.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Monte Carlo simulation applied in total reflection x-ray fluorescence: Preliminary results

The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a technique for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical constituents in a sample. This method is based on detection of the characteristic radiation intensities emitted by the elements of the sample, when properly excited. A variant of this technique is the Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) that utilizes electromagnetic radiation as excitation source. In total reflection of X-ray, the angle of refraction of the incident beam tends to zero and the refracted beam is tangent to the sample support interface. Thus, there is a minimum angle of incidence at which no refracted beam exists and all incident radiation undergoes total reflection. In this study, we evaluated the influence of the energy variation of the beam of incident x-rays, using the MCNPX code (Monte Carlo NParticle) based on Monte Carlo method.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Linear dichroism infrared resonance in overdoped, underdoped, and optimally doped cuprate superconductors

By measuring the polarization changes in terahertz, infrared, and visible radiation over an extended energy range (3–2330 meV), we observe symmetry breaking in cuprate high-temperature superconductors over wide energy, doping, and temperature ranges. We measure the polarization rotation (Re[$θ_F$]) and ellipticity (Im[$θ_F$]) of transmitted radiation through thin films as the sample is rotated. We observe a twofold rotational symmetry in $θ_F$, which is associated with linear dichroism (LD) and occurs when electromagnetic radiation polarized along one direction is absorbed more strongly than radiation polarized in the perpendicular direction. Such polarization anisotropies can be generally associated with symmetry breakings. We measure the amplitude of the LD signal and study its temperature, energy, and doping dependence. The LD signal shows a resonant behavior with a peak in the few hundred meV range, which is coincident with the midinfrared optical feature that has been associated with the formation of the pseudogap state. In this work, the strongest LD signal is found in underdoped films, although it is also observed in optimally and overdoped samples. The LD signal is consistent with an electronic nematic order which is decoupled from the crystallographic axes as well as novel magnetoelectric effects.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Charged particle motion and radiation in strong electromagnetic fields

The dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic fields is an essential component of understanding the most extreme environments in our Universe. In electromagnetic fields of sufficient magnitude, radiation emission dominates the particle motion and effects of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in strong fields are crucial, which triggers electron-positron pair cascades and counterintuitive particle-Trapping phenomena. As a result of recent progress in laser technology, high-power lasers provide a platform to create and probe such fields in the laboratory. With new large-scale laser facilities on the horizon and the prospect of investigating these hitherto unexplored regimes, this review explores the basic physical processes of radiation reaction and QED in strong fields, how they are treated theoretically and in simulation, the new collective dynamics they unlock, recent experimental progress and plans, and possible applications for high-flux particle and radiation sources.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Maintainable Fusion Pilot Plant

The US fusion community has coalesced around the goal of building an FPP as described by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). In addition to demonstrating the viability of the technologies necessary to operate such a plant, including demonstration of net energy and electricity production, NASEM found that a “fusion pilot plant will need to demonstrate the ability to efficiently perform remote maintenance and replacement in support of the design of a power plant, taking into account details of the consequences of the fusion environment, such as material activation and tritium retention in components.” Current designs of fusion demonstration reactors do usually foresee a regular exchange of their first wall modules, including the tritium breeding blankets. In the European Power Plant Conceptual Studies, it is assumed that a fusion reactor will need to change its divertor every 2 years and its first wall blanket module every 5 to 6 years to reach acceptable availability. Underlying this capability are remote-handling technologies to keep the outage for the exchange of these components short. There are many uncertainties in the remote-handling schemes, and most schemes are at a preconceptual level at best. In addition, the exchange of these components would either produce an enormous rad-waste stream or would require an enormous refurbishment activity with huge cost-prohibitive hot-cells. Past Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) preconceptual studies have led to hot cell dimensions of an unbelievable size, likely costing tens of billions of dollars. Already at The Way (previously International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, ITER), hot-cells have become cost-prohibitive, demanding redesigns of the ITER first wall to reduce the toxic rad-waste/inventory. In this in-situ PFC repair project, a concept for a long-life, maintainable first wall module concept is developed and tested. This first wall concept relies on innovative remote handling to repair the first wall modules in-situ, avoiding costly refurbishments outside of the tokamak vessel. This approach was highlighted in the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) report on Transformative Enabling Capabilities for Efficient Advance Toward Fusion Energy. In general, the damage of the first wall armor is due to particle and radiation exposures. Load conditions vary from one fusion reactor design to another. In tokamaks, first wall Plasma Facing Components (PFCs) are exposed to far-Scrape-Off-Layer plasma fluxes, electromagnetic radiation, energetic CX neutrals, and potentially runaway electron beams. Protecting the first wall to the worst-case load conditions would require the design of a very thick first wall armor. Transient heat and particle fluxes due to disruptions or edge localized modes can lead to excessive heat loads resulting potentially in melting PFCs down to the cooling channel. Catastrophic events like these need to be avoided by appropriate disruption mitigation systems. However, failure of these systems will still put a first wall at an unacceptable risk. Hence, a first wall design needs to accommodate the occasional transient heat loads by introducing sacrificial limiters, which will absorb these transients.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

The phase transition in VO 2 probed using x-ray, visible and infrared radiations

Vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) is a model system that has been used to understand closely occurring multiband electronic (Mott) and structural (Peierls) transitions for over half a century due to continued scientific and technological interests. Among the many techniques used to study VO 2 , the most frequently used involve electromagnetic radiation as a probe. Understanding of the distinct physical information provided by different probing radiations is incomplete, mostly owing to the complicated nature of the phase transitions. Here, we use transmission of spatially averaged infrared (λ = 1.5 μm) and visible (λ = 500 nm) radiations followed by spectroscopy and nanoscale imaging using x-rays (λ = 2.25–2.38 nm) to probe the same VO 2 sample while controlling the ambient temperature across its hysteretic phase transitions and monitoring its electrical resistance. We directly observed nanoscale puddles of distinct electronic and structural compositions during the transition. The two main results are that, during both heating and cooling, the transition of infrared and visible transmission occurs at significantly lower temperatures than the Mott transition, and the electronic (Mott) transition occurs before the structural (Peierls) transition in temperature. We use our data to provide insights into possible microphysical origins of the different transition characteristics. We highlight that it is important to understand these effects because small changes in the nature of the probe can yield quantitatively, and even qualitatively, different results when applied to a non-trivial multiband phase transition. Our results guide more judicious use of probe type and interpretation of the resulting data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Parametric Amplification of High-Frequency Radiation by Point Josephson Junctions Near Shapiro Subharmonic Steps

Parametric amplification of a high-frequency radiation by point-like Josephson junctions in the cavity has been studied within a resistive model. It is shown numerically and analytically that near the subharmonic steps of the current–voltage characteristic there are areas of amplification of electromagnetic radiation. An one-dimensional array of the Josephson point junctions connected in series is treated. It is shown that the junctions in the array near the subharmonic steps of current–voltage characteristic are nonsynchronized and, accordingly, the amplification regions near the subharmonic steps of the array are missing.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Can the Solar Atmosphere Generate Very-High-Energy Cosmic Rays?

The origin and acceleration of high-energy particles, constituting cosmic rays, is likely to remain an important topic in modern astrophysics. Among the two categories galactic and solar cosmic rays, the latter are much less investigated. The primary source of solar cosmic ray particles are impulsive explosions of the magnetized plasma, known as solar flares and coronal mass ejections. These particles, however, are characterized by relatively low energies compared to their galactic counterparts. In this work, we explore the resonance wave–wave (RWW) interaction between the polarized electromagnetic radiation emitted by the solar active regions and the quantum waves associated with high-energy, relativistic electrons generated during solar flares. Mathematically, the RWW interaction problem boils down to analyzing a Klein–Gordon Equation (spinless electrons) embedded in the electromagnetic field. We find that RWW could accelerate the relativistic electrons to enormous energies even comparable to energies in the galactic cosmic rays.

acceleration of particles↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing Properties of Steel Slag

This research explores the electromagnetic radiation protection function of steel slag for use as a building material. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to analyze the chemical composition and mineralogical phase of steel slag powder. Electromagnetic parameters of the samples were analyzed and discussed in detail for the frequency range of 1-18 GHz. We found that steel slag had the electromagnetic wave-absorbing property due to electric components (such as FeO and carbon powder) and magnetic components [such as magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) and hematite (α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3})]; electric loss was far greater than magnetic loss. With the increasing milling time, the electric and magnetic properties were increased. The calculated reflectivity curve of steel slag powder epoxide resin–matrix composite at a thickness of 10 mm had several interference peaks, and the absorbing properties increased gradually with increasing frequency. Moreover, the minimum reflectivity was − 21 dB (Decibel) at 13 GHz (Gigahertz). The steel slag powder cement-based composite showed electromagnetic wave-absorbing properties at 10-18 GHz, and the greatest absorption of the 25 mm sample reached 11.5 dB; therefore, the steel slag shows promise as a building material for electromagnetic protection.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

EMR Coupling into Systems: Calibration of the Sandia Reverberation Chamber and Validation of the Single Slot Aperture Gain Model

Electromagnetic threats to weapon systems are always specified in terms of an incident plane wave. Sandia strongly prefers to test electromagnetic susceptibility in a reverberation chamber because a reverberant environment does not allow any potential point of entry to be shadowed. At the same time, a reverberation chamber averages out the directive gain of any points of entry. This would result in an under test of the system. Subsequently, a plane wave correction factor is needed to relate the plane wave and reverberation environments. Warne, et al, at Sandia have developed a theoretical correction factor and a previous attempt to validate it using an anechoic chamber (Higgins & Charley, Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Coupling into Complex Systems Aperture Coupling into Canonical Cavities in Reverberant and Anechoic Environments and Model Validation (SAND2007-7391), 2007) was not conclusive. In this current work the theoretical factor has been validated by creating the plane wave environment inside a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell instead of an anechoic chamber. The correlation is excellent at all but the lowest frequencies tested. The discrepancy in the low frequency regime is understood in terms of limits on the test capabilities.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

CdZnTeSe: Recent advances for radiation detector applications

The quest for cost-effective, high performing room temperature semiconductor detector (RTSD) materials for high energy gamma rays has been continuing for more than three decades. The requirements for RTSD materials, however, are more stringent as compared to other applications unrelated to detection of X- and gamma-rays, mainly due to the requirement of thick detectors for sufficient absorption of high-energy electromagnetic radiation and excellent charge-transport properties. The II-VI compound CdZnTe (CZT) with the composition of 10 atomic % Zn (Cd0.9Zn0.1Te) has been the material of choice over the past several years, and it has dominated the commercial market for RTSD materials and detectors. Despite its commercial success as a room temperature radiation detection material, CZT suffers from a lack of compositional homogeneity on both a micro- and macro-scale and the presence of high concentrations of sub-grain boundary (dislocation walls) networks and secondary phases (Te-rich inclusions). This chapter focuses on the presence of performance-limiting defects in CZT that hinder the yield and elevate the cost of high-quality detectors. The presence of such performance-limiting defects has restricted widespread deployment of CZT for a variety of potential applications, particularly for uses of relatively large detectors where the demands on material perfection are significantly greater. In the recent past, replacing some of the tellurium with selenium in the CZT matrix was found to be very effective in drastically reducing the Te-rich secondary phases and dislocation networks, plus

Roy, Utpal N.↗