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Weak structure functions in $\nu_l-N$ and $\nu_l-A$ scattering with nonperturbative and higher order perturbative QCD effects

We study the effect of various perturbative and nonperturbative QCD corrections on the free nucleon structure functions [FiNWI(x,Q2);i=1–3] and their implications in the determination of nuclear structure functions. The evaluation of the nucleon structure functions has been performed by using the MMHT 2014 parton distribution functions (PDFs) parametrization, and the target mass correction (TMC) and higher twist (HT) effects are incorporated following the works of Schienbein et al. and Dasgupta et al., respectively. These nucleon structure functions are taken as input in the determination of nuclear structure functions. The numerical calculations for the νl/ν¯l-A deep inelastic scattering (DIS) process have been performed by incorporating the nuclear medium effects like Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions, shadowing, and antishadowing in several nuclear targets such as carbon, polystyrene scintillator, iron, and lead, which are being used in MINERνA, and in argon nuclei, which is relevant for the ArgoNeuT and DUNE experiments. The differential scattering cross sections d2σAWIdxdy and (dσAWIdx/dσCHWIdx) have also been studied in the kinematic region of the MINERνA experiment. The theoretical results are compared with the recent experimental data of MINERνA and the earlier data of the NuTeV, CCFR, CDHSW, and CHORUS Collaborations. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the present results for the ratio (dσAWIdx/dσCHWIdx), and the results from the Monte Carlo (MC) generator GENIE and other phenomenological models of Bodek and Yang, and Cloet et al., has been performed in the context of the MINERνA experiment. The predictions have also been made for the ν¯l-A cross section relevant for the MINERνA experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Extraction of the higher-twist parton distribution $e(x)$ from CLAS data

We present the first point-by-point extraction of a twist-3 PDF. The scalar PDF, e(x), is accessed through the analysis of the data for the sin φR-moment of the beam-spin asymmetry for dihadron production in semi-inclusive DIS off proton target at CLAS and CLAS12. The dihadron formalism allows for use of collinear framework, hence calling for a minimal set of approximations and hypotheses. The extracted PDF e(x) carries insights into the physics of the largely-unexplored quark-gluon correlations, and its first Mellin moment is related to the marginally known scalar charge of the nucleon. We show that the proton flavor combination of the scalar PDF is nonzero at more than 74% probability.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

High-energy neutrino deep inelastic scattering cross sections

We present a state-of-the-art prediction for cross sections of neutrino deep inelastic scattering (DIS) from nucleon at high neutrino energies, E v , up to 1000 EeV (10 12 GeV). Our calculations are based on the latest CT18 NNLO parton distribution functions (PDFs) and their associated uncertainties. To make predictions for the highest energies, we extrapolate the PDFs to small x according to several procedures and assumptions, thus affecting the uncertainties at ultrahigh E v ; we quantify the uncertainties corresponding to these choices. Similarly, we quantify the uncertainties introduced by the nuclear corrections that are required to evaluate neutrino-nuclear cross sections for the neutrino observatories. These results can be applied to currently running astrophysical neutrino observatories, such as IceCube and KM3NeT, as well as various future experiments that have been proposed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Neutron Valence Structure from Nuclear Deep Inelastic Scattering

Mechanisms of spin-flavor SU(6) symmetry breaking in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are studied via an extraction of the free neutron structure function from a global analysis of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data on the proton and on nuclei from $A = 2$ (deuterium) to 208 (lead). Modification of the structure function of nucleons bound in atomic nuclei (known as the EMC effect) are consistently accounted for within the framework of a universal modification of nucleons in short-range correlated (SRC) pairs. Our extracted neutron-to-proton structure function ratio $F_2^n/F_2^p$ becomes constant for $x_B \ge 0.6$, equalling $0.47 \pm 0.04$ as $x_B \rightarrow 1$, in agreement with theoretical predictions of perturbative QCD and the Dyson Schwinger equation, and in disagreement with predictions of the Scalar Diquark dominance model. Finally, we also predict $F_2^{^3\mathrm{He}}/F_2^{^3\mathrm{H}}$, recently measured, yet unpublished, by the MARATHON collaboration, the nuclear correction function that is needed to extract $F_2^n/F_2^p$ from $F_2^{^3\mathrm{He}}/F_2^{^3\mathrm{H}}$, and the theoretical uncertainty associated with this extraction.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Multilevel atomic structural model for interstratified opal materials

The structure of opal has long fascinated scientists. It occurs in a number of structural states, ranging from amorphous to exhibiting features of stacking disorder. Opal-CT, where C and T signify cristobalite- and tridymite-like interstratification, represents an important link in the length scales between amorphous and crystalline states. However, details about local atomic (dis)order and arrangements extending to long-range stacking faults in opal polymorphs remain incompletely understood. Here, a multilevel modeling approach is reported that considers stacking states in correlation with the abundance of C and T segments as a high-level structural parameter (i.e. not each atom). Optimization accounting for inter-tetrahedral bond lengths and angles and the regularity of the silicate tetrahedra is included as lower levels of structural parameters. Together, a set of parameters with both coarse-grained and atomistic features for different levels of structural details is refined. Structural disorder at the ~10–100 Å distance scale is evaluated using experimental pair distribution function and diffraction datasets, comparing peak intensities, widths and asymmetry. Here this work presents a complete multilevel structural description of natural opal-CT and explains many of the unusual features observed in X-ray powder diffraction patterns. This modeling approach can be adopted generally for analyzing layered materials and their assembly into 3D structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Uncertainty-Proof Hosting Capacity with Surrogate Affine Policy

Physical constraints must be enforced when dis-tributed energy resources, such as PV, are integrated into distribution network. Hosting capacity (HC) is thus introduced to define the maximum renewable that distribution system can accommodate. When the grid is further pushed towards low-carbon, many research efforts are devoted to increasing HC. Security and cost-efficiency become even more important in determining HC. This work proposes an uncertainty-proof HC with surrogate affine policy. Flexible resources are leveraged to increase HC. We propose a novel hybrid two-stage AC model with variable uncertainty set. An iterative algorithm is designed to solve the problem. The proposed model and solution approach are validated in modified 141-node feeders, and HC performance is also analyzed.

hosting capacity↗

System Resilience Benefits of Dual-Fuel Capable Generators

The growing dependency on natural gas (NG) for power generation raises challenges for ensuring the resilience of power systems during extreme cold weather. Dual-fuel capable generators that can switch from burning NG to distillate fuel oil during a NG shortage offer one way to alleviate these challenges. In this study, the impacts of gas unavailability on the IEEE 73- bus reliability test system (RTS) with 2019 updated generation mixture are explored. An extension to the standard production cost model formulation of unit commitment and economic dis- patch is proposed to allow representation of dual-fuel capable generators that can switch fuels between NG and distillate oil with a specified oil tank capacity and tank refueling capability. The operation of the system under gas unavailability with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of combined cycle and combustion turbine generators as dual-fuel capable with a one-day supply of fuel oil are simulated using PLEXOS, a production cost model. The dual-fuel generator performance, unserved energy, and system costs are fully assessed.

duel-fuel generator performance↗

Modeling and Impact of Hyperloop Technology on the Electricity Grid

This paper provides an overview of hyperloop technologies, including a brief discussion of key components of a hyperloop system that determine the electric power requirements as a function of time. At-scale hyperloop systems do not yet exist, so a model was used to generate a set of load profiles for conceptual hyperloop realizations at four locations in the United States: two systems in California and one each in Colorado and Ohio. In all four cases, the modeled hyperloop load profiles included pulses in both active and reactive power. Grid modeling was performed to estimate the grid impacts and for dis-cussing grid integration challenges. The paper discusses how energy storage systems might be used to eliminate the pulsating load characteristics or significantly reduce it to accommodate current grid planning guidelines

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

An experiment for electron-hadron scattering at the LHC

Abstract Novel considerations are presented on the physics, apparatus and accelerator designs for a future, luminous, energy frontier electron-hadron ( eh ) scattering experiment at the LHC in the thirties for which key physics topics and their relation to the hadron-hadron HL-LHC physics programme are discussed. Demands are derived set by these physics topics on the design of the LHeC detector, a corresponding update of which is described. Optimisations on the accelerator design, especially the interaction region (IR), are presented. Initial accelerator considerations indicate that a common IR is possible to be built which alternately could serve eh and hh collisions while other experiments would stay on hh in either condition. A forward-backward symmetrised option of the LHeC detector is sketched which would permit extending the LHeC physics programme to also include aspects of hadron-hadron physics. The vision of a joint eh and hh physics experiment is shown to open new prospects for solving fundamental problems of high energy heavy-ion physics including the partonic structure of nuclei and the emergence of hydrodynamics in quantum field theory while the genuine TeV scale DIS physics is of unprecedented rank.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Impact of jet-production data on the next-to-next-to-leading-order determination of HERAPDF2.0 parton distributions

The HERAPDF2.0 ensemble of parton distribution functions (PDFs) was introduced in 2015. The final stage is presented, a next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) analysis of the HERA data on inclusive deep inelastic ep scattering together with jet data as published by the H1 and ZEUS collaborations. A perturbative QCD fit, simultaneously of $\alpha _s(M_Z^2)$ and the PDFs, was performed with the result $\alpha _s(M_Z^2)= 0.1156 \pm 0.0011~\mathrm{(exp)}~ ^{+0.0001}_{-0.0002}~ \mathrm{(model}$ $\mathrm{+ parameterisation)}~ \pm 0.0029~\mathrm{(scale)}$. The PDF sets of HERAPDF2.0Jets NNLO were determined with separate fits using two fixed values of $\alpha _s(M_Z^2)$, $\alpha _s(M_Z^2)$ = 0.1155 and 0.118, since the latter value was already chosen for the published HERAPDF2.0 NNLO analysis based on HERA inclusive DIS data only. The different sets of PDFs are presented, evaluated and compared. The consistency of the PDFs determined with and without the jet data demonstrates the consistency of HERA inclusive and jet-production cross-section data. The inclusion of the jet data reduced the uncertainty on the gluon PDF. Predictions based on the PDFs of HERAPDF2.0Jets NNLO give an excellent description of the jet-production data used as input.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Demonstration of event position reconstruction based on diffusion in the NEXT-white detector

Noble element time projection chambers are a leading technology for rare event detection in physics, such as for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay searches. Time projection chambers typically assign event position in the drift direction using the relative timing of prompt scintillation and delayed charge collection signals, allowing for reconstruction of an absolute position in the drift direction. In this paper, alternate methods for assigning event drift dis tance via quantification of electron diffusion in a pure high pressure xenon gas time projection chamber are explored. Data from the NEXT-White detector demonstrate the ability to achieve good position assignment accuracy for both high and low-energy events. Using point-like energy deposits from 83m Kr calibration electron captures (E ~ 45 keV), the position of origin of low-energy events is determined to 2 cm precision with bias < 1 mm. A convolutional neural network approach is then used to quantify diffusion for longer tracks (E ≥ 1.5 MeV), from radiogenic electrons, yielding a precision of 3 cm on the event barycenter. The precision achieved with these methods indicates the feasibility energy calibrations of better than 1% FWHM at Q ββ in pure xenon, as well as the potential for event fiducialization in large future detectors using an alternate method that does not rely on primary scintillation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Dynamic Importance Sampling

Dynamic Importance (DynIm) Sampling is a new approach for importance sampling in high-dimensional space. DynIm has two key characteristics. (1) Importance sampling: The notion of importance of candidate samples is used to guide the sampling, where importance is defined based on the (dis)similarity from previously selected samples (via Euclidean distance metric). (2) Dynamic sampling: The sampling can be performed dynamically, as new candidates are generated and new samples must be selected. DynIm was developed as part of a machine learning based coupling of scales in large multiscale simulations and can be used for a variety of applications.

Bhatia, Harsh↗

Updated U.S. Low-Temperature Heating and Cooling Demand by County and Sector

This dataset includes U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand at the county level in major end-use sectors: residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data centers. Census division-level end-use energy consumption, expenditure, and commissioned power database were dis-aggregated to the county level. The county-level database was incorporated with climate zone, numbers of housing units and farms, farm size, and coefficient of performance (COP) for heating and cooling demand analysis. This dataset also includes a paper containing a full explanation of the methodologies used and maps. Residential data were updated from the latest Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) dataset (2015) using 2020 census data. Commercial data were baselined off the latest Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) dataset (2012). Manufacturing data were baselined off the latest Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) dataset (2021).

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Materials Data on P2Pb3O8 by Materials Project

Pb3(PO4)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are seventeen inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.85 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. In the third Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.99 Å. In the fourth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.63–2.94 Å. In the fifth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.56–2.98 Å. In the sixth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.85 Å. In the seventh Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. In the eighth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. In the ninth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.85 Å. In the tenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.85 Å. In the eleventh Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. In the twelfth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.85 Å. In the thirteenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. In the fourteenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.63–2.94 Å. In the fifteenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.99 Å. In the sixteenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.56–2.98 Å. In the seventeenth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted PbO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.72 Å. There are ten inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There is two shorter (1.56 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There is two shorter (1.56 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the fifth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the sixth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There is two shorter (1.56 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the seventh P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There is two shorter (1.56 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the eighth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the ninth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. In the tenth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four PbO6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one PbO6 pentagonal pyramid. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.58 Å. There are forty-eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–Pb bond length is 2.29 Å. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.56 Å. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.56 Å. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–Pb bond length is 2.58 Å. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.56 Å. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.57 Å. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.57 Å. In the thirty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the fortieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the forty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the forty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–Pb bond length is 2.85 Å. In the forty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. The O–P bond length is 1.57 Å. In the forty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ and one P5+ atom. In the forty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a dis

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Nb3Sn Coating of Twin Axis Cavity for SRF Applications

The twin axis cavity with two identical accelerating beams has been proposed for Energy recovery linac (ERL) applications. Nb3Sn is a superconducting material with a higher critical temperature and a higher critical field as compared to Nb, which promises a lower operating cost due to higher quality factors. Two niobium twin axis cavities fabricated at JLab and were proposed to be coated with Nb3Sn. Due to their more complex geometry, the typical coating process used for basic elliptical cavities needs to be improved to coat these cavities. This devel-opment advances the current coating system at JLab for coating complex cavities. Two twin axis cavities were coated recently for the first time. This contribution dis-cusses initial results from coating of twin axis cavities, RF testing and witness sample analysis with an overview of the current challenges towards high performance Nb3Sn coated twin axis cavities.

Tiskumara, J.↗

Nb₃Sn Coating of Twin Axis Cavity for SRF Applications

The twin axis cavity with two identical accelerating beams has been proposed for energy recovery linac (ERL) applications. Nb₃Sn is a superconducting material with a higher critical temperature and a higher critical field as compared to Nb, which promises a lower operating cost due to higher quality factors. Two niobium twin axis cavities were fabricated at JLab and were proposed to be coated with Nb₃Sn. Due to their more complex geometry, the typical coating process used for basic elliptical cavi-ties needs to be improved to coat these cavities. This development advances the current coating system at JLab for coating complex cavities. Two twin axis cavities were coated recently for the first time. This contribution dis-cusses initial results from coating of twin axis cavities, RF testing and witness sample analysis with an overview of the current challenges towards high performance Nb₃Sn coated twin axis cavities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Proton Spin Structure from Simultaneous Monte Carlo Global QCD Analysis

Despite the great effort and achievements made towards understanding proton spin structure in the past few decades, a complete picture is still elusive. Parton distribution functions (PDFs), which in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) encode the momentum and helicity distributions of quarks and gluons inside a proton, provide the means by which to quantify the proton structure information. Being inherently nonperturbative, PDFs have to be extracted from unpolarized and polarized lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering data. In particular, experiments that measure unpolarized and polarized jet observables can provide insight into the momentum and helicity distributions of gluons, which have generally been more difficult to determine reliably than those of quarks. In the past, extraction of the spin-averaged and spin-dependent (or helicity) PDFs has been performed in separate analyses. In this thesis, we perform the first simultaneous extraction of both types of quantities from deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), Drell-Yan and single jet observables, within the Monte Carlo global QCD analysis framework developed by the Jefferson Lab Angular Momentum (JAM) Collaboration. The results from this work indicate that the gluon helicity distributions depend rather strongly on the theory assumptions on which the global analysis is based, which calls for the need of measurements with higher precision. As an application of the new simultaneous JAM analysis, we perform an impact study for future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) data with parity-conserving and parity-violating polarization asymmetries on quark and gluon helicity distributions in the proton. The extrapolation of structure functions from the current data is studied for the first time in the context of the impact study. Theory assumptions, such as SU(2) and SU(3) flavor symmetries, are also studied to give a more thorough understanding of the impact of EIC pseudodata on proton spin structure.

Zhou, Yiyu↗

Constraining the nuclear gluon PDF with inclusive hadron production data

The nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) of gluons are known to be difficult to determine with fits of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) and Drell-Yan (DY) data alone. Therefore, the nCTEQ15 analysis of nuclear PDFs added inclusive neutral pion production data from RHIC to help in constraining the gluon. In this analysis, we present a new global analysis of nuclear PDFs based on a much larger set of single inclusive light hadron data from RHIC and the LHC. Using our new nCTEQ code (nCTEQ++) with an optimized version of INCNLO we study systematically the limitations of the theory and the impact of the fragmentation function uncertainty.

Duwentäster, Pit↗