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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-TeP1-04: Deriving Spot Shape Criteria for Proton Pencil Beam Scanning

Purpose: The shape of a single beam in proton PBS influences the resulting dose distribution. Spot profiles are modelled as two-dimensional Gaussian (single/ double) distributions in treatment planning systems (TPS). Impact of slight deviations from an ideal Gaussian on resulting dose distributions is typically assumed to be small due to alleviation by multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) in tissue and superposition of many spots. Quantitative limits are however not clear per se. Methods: A set of 1250 deliberately deformed profiles with sigma=4 mm for a Gaussian fit were constructed. Profiles and fit were normalized to the same area, resembling output calibration in the TPS. Depth-dependent MCS was considered. The deviation between deformed and ideal profiles was characterized by root-mean-squared deviation (RMSD), skewness/ kurtosis (SK) and full-width at different percentage of maximum (FWxM). The profiles were convolved with different fluence patterns (regular/ random) resulting in hypothetical dose distributions. The resulting deviations were analyzed by applying a gamma-test. Results were compared to measured spot profiles. Results: A clear correlation between pass-rate and profile metrics could be determined. The largest impact occurred for a regular fluence-pattern with increasing distance between single spots, followed by a random distribution of spot weights. The results are strongly dependent on gamma-analysis dose and distance levels. Pass-rates of >95% at 2%/2 mm and 40 mm depth (=70 MeV) could only be achieved for RMSD<10%, deviation in FWxM at 20% and root of quadratic sum of SK <0.8. As expected the results improve for larger depths. The trends were well resembled for measured spot profiles. Conclusion: All measured profiles from ProBeam sites passed the criteria. Given the fact, that beam-line tuning can result shape distortions, the derived criteria represent a useful QA tool for commissioning and design of future beam-line optics.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Radiation Effects of n-type, Low Resistivity, Spiral Silicon Drift Detector Hybrid Systems

We have developed a new thin-window, n-type, low-resistivity, spiral silicon drift detector (SDD) array - to be used as an extraterrestrial X-ray spectrometer (in varying environments) for NASA. To achieve low-energy response, a thin SDD entrance window was produced using a previously developed method. These thin-window devices were also produced on lower resistivity, thinner, n-type, silicon material, effectively ensuring their radiation hardness in anticipation of operation in potentially harsh radiation environments (such as found around the Jupiter system). Using the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility beam line RERS1, we irradiated a set of suitable diodes up to 5 Mrad and the latest iteration of our ASICs up to 12 Mrad. Then we irradiated two hybrid detectors consisting of newly, such-produced in-house (BNL) SDD chips bonded with ASICs with doses of 0.25 Mrad and 1 Mrad. Also we irradiated another hybrid detector consisting of previously produced (by KETEK) on n-type, high-resistivity SDD chip bonded with BNL's ASICs with a dose of 1 Mrad. The measurement results of radiated diodes (up to 5 Mrad), ASICs (up to 12 Mrad) and hybrid detectors (up to 1 Mrad) are presented here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Transfer of polarized 3He ions in the AtR beam transfer line

In addition to collisions of electrons with various unpolarized ion species as well as polarized protons, the proposed electron-hadron collider (eRHIC) will facilitate the collisions of electrons with polarized {sup 3}He ions. The AGS is the last acceleration stage, before injection into one of the RHIC's collider ring for final acceleration. The AtR (AGS to RHIC) transfer line will be utilized to transport the polarized {sup 3}He ions from AGS into one of the RHIC's collider rings. Some of the peculiarities of the AtR line's layout (simultaneous horizontal and vertical bends) may degrade the matching of the stable spin direction of the AtR line with that of RHIC's. In this paper we discuss possible simple modifications of the AtR line to accomplish a perfect matching of the stable spin direction of the injected {sup 3}He beam with the stable spin direction at the injection point of RHIC.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Web Based Beamline Control System (Bluesky Web) v0.1.0

Bluesky Web is a web based interface that provides beam line controls to the end user. It allows users to issue commands to various physical devices at a beam line end station like motors and cameras. It utilizes an open source Python library (Bluesky) as the controller. It uses Bluesky to also allow for running "plans" or a sequence of device operations that can be used when running an experiment. This program is different from other controls technologies because it is intended to be open source and can be accessed from a web browser, as opposed to other paid software that is run as a stand-alone application on a computer.

De Leon, Seij↗
DOE OSTI2026

BL7011 v1.0.0

This is a software package tailored to the needs of beam line 7.0.1.1 at the Advanced Light Source. It use open source packages to increase workflow efficiency around the beam line. This software package provides analysis code to deal with tasks connected to coherent x-ray measurements at the Cosmic Scattering end station.

Morley, Sophie [Lawrence Berkeley National Laborat↗
DOE OSTI2012

Preliminary results of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility deuteron injector

In the framework of the IFMIF-EVEDA project (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility-Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities), CEA/IRFU is in charge of the design, construction, and characterization of the 140 mA continuous deuteron injector, including the source and the low energy beam line. The electron cyclotron resonance ion source which operates at 2.45 GHz is associated with a 4-electrode extraction system in order to minimize beam divergence at the source exit. Krypton gas injection is foreseen in the 2-solenoid low energy beam line. Such Kr injection will allow reaching a high level of space charge compensation in order to improve the beam matching at the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) entrance. The injector construction is now completed on the Saclay site and the first plasma and beam production has been produced in May 2011. This installation will be tested with proton and deuteron beams either in pulsed or continuous mode at Saclay before shipping to Japan. In this paper, after a brief description of the installation, the preliminary results obtained with hydrogen gas injection into the plasma chamber will be reported.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

FaNGaS: a New Instrument for Fast Neutron Gamma Spectroscopy at FRM II Research Reactor at Garching

For the identification and quantification of actinides in radioactive packages, the non-destructive method of Prompt-Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) is applied. To investigate the inelastic (n, n 'γ) scattering, a new instrumentation was installed at the FRM II research reactor. It is designed to exploit the 10{sup 8} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1} neutrons at an average neutron energy of 1.9 MeV delivered by the SR10 beam line. The outgoing prompt γ-rays are measured utilizing a 50% efficiency HPGe detector. Since the cross sections are expected to be low for such a process, two related factors had to be taken into account for the design of the instrumentation: the high beam intensity at the sample position and the high signal-to-background ratio seen by the detector. Eventual low energy neutrons due to the multiple scatterings through the beam line can be minimized using collimators in the beam tube. This has also an effect to a prior neutrons and photons background reduction of the experimental environment. A higher efficiency of the counting can be achieved by the lowering of background at the detector. In this case, a heavy shielding for both neutrons and photons, is designed around the detector while optimizing the sample-detector distance. Monte-Carlo simulation studies were conducted to effectively design the fast neutron beam collimators and the detector shield. A detailed description of the setup characterization and results from simulations and experimental measurements will be discussed through this contribution. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Anisotropic line emission and the geometry of the broad-line region in active galactic nuclei

Attention is given to an escape probability-based formalism, including the interaction with a background opacity, which is used to predict line-beaming factors for broad-line region (BLR) clouds of AGN. Several computational details necessary to model gas exposed to an intense nonthermal continuum are outlined. It is found that all hydrogen lines are strongly inwardly beamed, and that C IV 1549 is moderately beamed. The implications of this for the geometry of the emission-line regions of AGN are discussed. Beaming is found to cause the source-cloud separation to be overestimated by variability studies (so that the radiation field at the BLR is even more intense than previously thought); it can even cause spherical geometries to have little instantaneous response to continuum changes.

Ferland, G. J.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synchrotron radiation-induced contamination on LiF window: Characterization by Raman spectroscopy

Characterization of synchrotron induced contamination on optical elements and their cleaning are serious issues in beam lines. We used Raman spectroscopy for characterization of synchrotron induced contamination layer on LiF window (used in high resolution vacuum ultra violet beam line). Three peaks at 1035 cm{sup −1} (corresponding to C-C sp{sup 3} vibrations), 1563 cm{sup −1} and 1375 cm{sup −1} (corresponding to G and D bands of carbon) are observed. By data fitting I(D)/I(G) ratio (0.84) and FWHM(G)=124 cm{sup −1} was obtained. Comparison with available literature indicates that the carbon might be present in the form of rings of hydrogenated amorphous carbon a-C:H (GLHC) with atomic hydrogen concentration about 15% with both sp{sup 2} and sp{sup 3} hybridization.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Detector response calibration for the NOvA quasi-elastic cross-section measurement

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment designed to observe the neutrino oscillation phenomenon of muon neutrinos oscillating into electron neutrinos. The NuMI beam line located at Fermilab produces the muon neutrinos for this observation. The Near and Far Detectors are constructed off-axis of the NuMI beam line and located at Fermilab and northern Minnesota (electron neutrino appearance maximum), respectively. In order to carry out the long-term goals of the experiment, the NOvA Near Detector Prototype (NDOS) was built and commissioned at Fermilab. Its goals are to demonstrate that, using the same materials and technologies as the larger NOvA detectors, we are able to observe neutrino data from the NuMI beam and cosmic ray muons. The cosmic ray muon data were used in the commissioning and it is currently being used in testing of detector response. These data are also being used in the development of reconstruction and calibration techniques to be used in the Near and Far Detectors. Furthermore, the neutrino data acquired are being used in the development and implementation of physics analyses, not only for NDOS data, but also for the first NOvA data. This thesis will discuss the development of the detector response calibration using cosmic ray muon data and its effects on the preliminary charged current quasi-elastic cross-section measurement using beam neutrino data in the NDOS.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Polarized 3 He(e,e'n) Asymmetries in Three Orthogonal Measurements

Asymmetry measurements were conducted in Jefferson Lab's experimental Hall A through electron scattering from a polarized 3 He target in the quasi-elastic polarized- 3 He(e,e'n) reaction. Measurements were made with the target polarized in the longitudinal direction with respect to the incoming electrons A_L, in a transverse direction that was orthogonal to the beam-line and parallel to the q-vector A_T, and in a vertical direction that was orthogonal to both the beam-line and the q-vector (A_y 0 ). The experiment measured $A_y 0 $ at four-momentum transfer squared Q 2 of 0.127 (GeV/c) 2 , 0.456 (GeV/c) 2 , and 0.953 (GeV/c) 2 . The A_T and A_L asymmetries were both measured at Q 2 of 0.505 (GeV/c) 2 and 0.953 (GeV/c) 2 . This is the first time that three orthogonal asymmetries have been measured simultaneously. Results from this experiment are compared with the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) and Faddeev calculations. These results provide important tests of models that use 3He as an effective neutron target and show that the PWIA holds above Q 2 of 0.953 (GeV/c) 2 .

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Note: Neutron shutter for Kolkata superconducting cyclotron

In particle accelerator facilities, experimental areas are isolated from active accelerator area with thick concrete walls. A neutron shutter is used to isolate the experimental areas from the active accelerator area in the beam line. These shutters are provided primarily to reduce the secondary radiations like neutrons in the experimental areas to permissible limit when the primary beam is blocked in the accelerator area. The reduced radiation level in the experimental areas makes the experimental areas accessible. The shutters should allow the primary beam to pass to the experimental caves when they retracted from the beam line. A new neutron shutter has been designed and fabricated. This shutter incorporates compact features with considerable reduction in length, surface area and volume. The attenuation of secondary radiations is evaluated using Monte-Carlo radiation transport code FLUKA. It is found that the features of the shutter are sufficiently good enough to reduce the diffused secondary radiations well within the permissible levels.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS2013

Galactic Cosmic Ray Event-Based Risk Model (GERM) Code

This software describes the transport and energy deposition of the passage of galactic cosmic rays in astronaut tissues during space travel, or heavy ion beams in patients in cancer therapy. Space radiation risk is a probability distribution, and time-dependent biological events must be accounted for physical description of space radiation transport in tissues and cells. A stochastic model can calculate the probability density directly without unverified assumptions about shape of probability density function. The prior art of transport codes calculates the average flux and dose of particles behind spacecraft and tissue shielding. Because of the signaling times for activation and relaxation in the cell and tissue, transport code must describe temporal and microspatial density of functions to correlate DNA and oxidative damage with non-targeted effects of signals, bystander, etc. These are absolutely ignored or impossible in the prior art. The GERM code provides scientists data interpretation of experiments; modeling of beam line, shielding of target samples, and sample holders; and estimation of basic physical and biological outputs of their experiments. For mono-energetic ion beams, basic physical and biological properties are calculated for a selected ion type, such as kinetic energy, mass, charge number, absorbed dose, or fluence. Evaluated quantities are linear energy transfer (LET), range (R), absorption and fragmentation cross-sections, and the probability of nuclear interactions after 1 or 5 cm of water equivalent material. In addition, a set of biophysical properties is evaluated, such as the Poisson distribution for a specified cellular area, cell survival curves, and DNA damage yields per cell. Also, the GERM code calculates the radiation transport of the beam line for either a fixed number of user-specified depths or at multiple positions along the Bragg curve of the particle in a selected material. The GERM code makes the numerical estimates of basic physical and biophysical quantities of high-energy protons and heavy ions that have been studied at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) for the purpose of simulating space radiation biological effects. In the first option, properties of monoenergetic beams are treated. In the second option, the transport of beams in different materials is treated. Similar biophysical properties as in the first option are evaluated for the primary ion and its secondary particles. Additional properties related to the nuclear fragmentation of the beam are evaluated. The GERM code is a computationally efficient Monte-Carlo heavy-ion-beam model. It includes accurate models of LET, range, residual energy, and straggling, and the quantum multiple scattering fragmentation (QMSGRG) nuclear database.

Cucinotta, Francis A.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Radioactive ion beam transportation for the fundamental symmetry study with laser-trapped atoms

The search for the violation of the fundamental symmetry in a radioactive atom is the promising candidate for precision tests of the standard model and its possible extensions. The subtle signal arising from the symmetry violation is enhanced in heavy atoms, such as a francium (Fr). To realize high precision measurements, a large amount of radioactive isotopes is required. The Fr is produced via a nuclear fusion reaction using a melted gold target with a {sup 18}O primary beam at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University. The maximum extraction efficiency of the Fr ion was achieved at approximately 35%. The beam line consists of an electrostatic deflector, three electrostatic quadrupole triplets to the measurement area at 10 m away from the reaction point, and several beam diagnosis systems. We optimized parameters of the beam line.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Beam studies at the SPEAR3 synchrotron using a digital optical mask

The 3GeV SPEAR3 synchrotron light source operates in top-up injection mode with up to 500 mA circulating in the storage ring (equivalently 392 nC). Each injection pulse contains 40–80 pC producing a contrast ratio between total stored charge and injected charge of about 6500:1. In order to study transient injected beam dynamics during user operations, it is desirable to optically image the injected pulse in the presence of the bright stored beam. In the present work this is done by imaging the visible component of the synchrotron radiation onto a digital micro-mirror-array device (DMD), which is then used as an optical mask to block out light from the bright central core of the stored beam. The physical masking, together with an asynchronously-gated, ICCD imaging camera, makes it possible to observe the weak injected beam component on a turn-by-turn basis. The DMD optical masking system works similar to a classical solar coronagraph but has some distinct practical advantages: i.e. rapid adaption to changes in the shape of the stored beam, a high extinction ratio for unwanted light and minimum scattering from the primary beam into the secondary optics. In this paper we describe the DMD masking method, features of the high dynamic range point spread function for the SPEAR3 optical beam line and measurements of the injected beam in the presence of the stored beam.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

A state of the art current-septum dipole magnet

Here, the acceleration process of charged particle beams often requires the use of few acceleration stages to provide the beam with the desired energy. The extraction of the beam from one acceleration stage and the injection to the next, both require a special type of magnet which comes under the name septum magnet. Such a magnet generates a strong field in one region and a very low field in another region with the two regions separated by a very thin material (septum). The septum thickness of such a magnet should be as thin as possible to reduce the strength of other devices, like kickers, which are involved in the extraction or injection processes. A thin septum is also advantageous during the slow beam extraction process to reduce the beam losses at the septum. One of the methods which in theory can generate very large differences in field strength in adjacent field regions separated by a thin septum, is the use of two thin parallel current sheets of infinite dimensions. In practice we use other devices that can approximate such an abrupt change of the magnetic field within the septum thickness. In this paper we describe such a device, the DC current septum, we present results from the study of its electromagnetic properties, and we discuss a method to minimize the magnetic field in the region which requires a very small magnetic field. We also provide some results from the experimental measurements of the magnetic field generated by the D6 current septum magnet which is installed in the experimental beam line of the NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) facility [1],[2] at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This septum magnet is part of the beam’s extraction system from the AGS-Booster into the NSRL beam line for material and biological studies.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

CS-Studio Scan System Parallelization

For several years, the Control System Studio (CS-Studio) Scan System has successfully automated the operation of beam lines at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). As it is applied to additional beam lines, we need to support simultaneous adjustments of temperatures or motor positions. While this can be implemented via virtual motors or similar logic inside the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) Input/Output Controllers (IOCs), doing so requires a priori knowledge of experimenters requirements. By adding support for the parallel control of multiple process variables (PVs) to the Scan System, we can better support ad hoc automation of experiments that benefit from such simultaneous PV adjustments.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Moly99 Production Facility: Report on Beamline Components, Requirements, Costs

In FY14 we completed the design of the beam line for the linear accelerator production design concept. This design included a set of three bending magnets, quadrupole focusing magnets, and octopoles to flatten the beam on target. This design was generic and applicable to multiple different accelerators if necessary. In FY15 we built on that work to create specifications for the individual beam optic elements, including power supply requirements. This report captures the specification of beam line components with initial cost estimates for the NorthStar production facility.This report is organized as follows: The motivation of the beamline design is introduced briefly, along with renderings of the design. After that, a specific list is provided, which accounts for each beamline component, including part numbers and costs, to construct the beamline. After that, this report details the important sections of the beamline and individual components. A final summary and list of follow-on activities completes this report.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗