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At least 199 records · Page 11

ARC Software Validation Work for the FFTF Reactor

Extensive efforts have been carried out at ANL for the verification and validation of the Argonne Reactor Codes (ARC) software package currently used for the design of Versatile Test Reactor (VTR). The ARC software package consists of steady state neutronics and thermal hydraulics modeling capabilities which are being used by the VTR program to develop most of the VTR reactor design details which will be part of the licensing application. It is anticipated that this software will continue to be used for the design work and for initial operations although additional software may be introduced at a later time. The validation work was focused primarily on obtaining validation data consistent with VTR and usable for the ARC software. Because no critical facilities or operating fast spectrum reactors are available to do experiments for the VTR, the next best option is to identify historical experimental data that can be used as validation data. Early on in VTR, the ZPPR-15 set of experiments was identified as good validation data because of 1) the availability and quality of the data, 2) existing staff that are already familiar with the experimental machine and measurements, 3) most of the ZPPR-15 loadings of interest have already been processed into ARC models, and 4) a full uncertainty quantification has already been done for several loadings of ZPPR-15. The FFTF startup and operations data was identified as the most consistent reactor type that has validation data usable for VTR. Finally, the EBR-II fuel depletion measurements were identified as the best available validation data for VTR. It is important to note that both the FFTF and EBR-II reactors typically come with higher uncertainties than the ZPPR. In the frame of the discussed verification and validation efforts, the present document discusses the analysis of selected FFTF measurements included in the benchmark specifications of the International Reactor Physics Experiment (IRPhE) handbook. The FFTF reactor core configurations from the benchmark specification are presented in Section 2. The analysis is performed with the use of the ARC code suite available at ANL for fast reactor studies and is discussed in Section 3. The reactor parameters from the benchmark include criticality, neutron spectra, effective delayed neutron spectra, control rod worth, isothermal temperature coefficient and low energy gamma-ray spectra. The calculated values and the comparison with the experimental data is discussed in Sections 4 to 9 for each considered reactor parameter. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 10.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Electric arc heater is self starting

Remote method initiates an electric arc over a large range of gaps between two water-cooled electrodes of an arc-heated wind tunnel without disassembling the arc unit. This type of starting system can be used on both three-phase ac arc heaters and dc arc heaters.

Brown, R. D.↗

Pressure and current effects on the thermal efficiency of an MPD arc used as a plasma source

Measurements of arc voltage and energy loss to the cooled electrodes of a magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) arc, operating without an applied magnetic field, were made at chamber pressures of 26 to 950 torr, argon mass flow rates of 0.08 to 44 g/s and current of 200 to 2000 A. The resulting arc thermal efficiency varied from 22% at a chamber pressure of 26 torr to 88% at 950 torr. Thermal efficiency was only weakly dependent on arc current. It is concluded that the MPD arc operating without an applied magnetic field and at higher pressure than normally used in thruster applications is a reliable and efficient steady-state plasma source.

Pivirotto, T. J.↗

Mini-arc orbit determination for the Geos C altimetry experiment.

The problem is, given simultaneous observations of an altimeter-bearing geodetic satellite, from three or more high-precision radar stations, to determine its orbit to submeter accuracy in the presence of perturbations arising from strong, localized gravitational anomalies. A new solution to this problem involves the use of an f and g series specialized to the determination of radial distance (pertinent to the satellite altimeter experiment) to process data over a very short arc (e.g., 6 sec to 10 min). Such a short arc is termed a 'mini-arc.' In this approach, the data batches are connected by dynamics, rather than by the usual curve fit to a power series in time. A nonunity value of the mass factor is introduced to serve as an 'alias' for the perturbations that affect the satellite's path during the mini arc. The essence of the mini-arc approach is to include the influence of the far, or relatively lower-order, force field analytically and to solve for the remaining fine structure with accuracies that can approach a few centimeters.

Baker, R. M. L., Jr.↗

Satellite and ground-based observations of a red arc.

Simultaneous observations carried out during the red-arc period of Aug. 8-9, 1970 at Richland, Washington and by the Ogo 6 satellite are examined in the light of the present-day theoretical knowledge. The observed formation of the arc at the electron temperature peak and density trough supports the thermal-conduction theory of red-arc formation. The lack of dc electric fields in the red-arc region rules out these fields as an excitation mechanism. Particle precipitation as a direct source of red-line emission can also be ruled out by the observations presented. The formation of the arc in the plasmapause region and the detection of low-frequency ac fields are consistent with a theory that predicts wave-particle interaction at the plasmapause as a mechanism for supplying thermal energy to the plasmasphere electrons.

Nagy, A. F.↗

Contributions to study of the stability of the electric welding arc under the action of acoustic pressure

During the treatment of an electric welding arc with ultrasonic oscillations, an improvement was found in overall source-arc stability. Theoretical explanations are provided for this phenomenon and formulas of equivalence between the classical arc and the treated arc are derived, taking stability as their criterion. A knowledge of this phenomenon can be useful in extending the applications of ultrasounds to different forms of electric arcs.

Petru, S.↗

Waveguide arc study

Research on waveguide arcs is presented as well as an evaluation on an arc detector. Ways of improving the radio frequency arc generation include methods of generating RF arcs inside the resonator. Dc nitrogen arcs were used to study a spectroradiometer. The spectral strucutres obtained provide a general sketch of spectral distribution and their relative magnitude. The upgrading of a transmitter test light and the simulation of an LED array are reported.

Yen, H. C.↗

AE-C observations of electric fields around auroral arcs

Variations in the ion drift signatures observed by the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite during passage through the auroral zone are discussed. Three mutually perpendicular components of ion drift velocity were derived, along with the ion concentrations and temperature. Electric field signatures detected in the vicinity of auroral arcs in the nighttime ionosphere are described, including the existence of auroral arcs both equatorward and poleward of the global convection reversal. It was also found that when electric field enhancements occur on one side of an auroral arc, particle precipitation is present on both sides, although the field-aligned potential drop associated with the accompanying particles is lower than that required for a discrete arc. Finally, it is noted that the region of the magnetosphere connected to discrete arcs has large and small areas in which adjacent flow regions are opposed to one another.

Heelis, R. A.↗

Sensor Control of Robot Arc Welding

The potential for using computer vision as sensory feedback for robot gas-tungsten arc welding is investigated. The basic parameters that must be controlled while directing the movement of an arc welding torch are defined. The actions of a human welder are examined to aid in determining the sensory information that would permit a robot to make reproducible high strength welds. Special constraints imposed by both robot hardware and software are considered. Several sensory modalities that would potentially improve weld quality are examined. Special emphasis is directed to the use of computer vision for controlling gas-tungsten arc welding. Vendors of available automated seam tracking arc welding systems and of computer vision systems are surveyed. An assessment is made of the state of the art and the problems that must be solved in order to apply computer vision to robot controlled arc welding on the Space Shuttle Main Engine.

Sias, F. R., Jr.↗

Investigation of arc cloud lines

The natural mechanisms that lead to the development of deep convective storms through the integration of radio scan satellite data with research aircraft observations is discussed. The aircraft measurements are designed to provide detailed air motion and thermodynamic data near and in the arc cloud line region at the same time GOES rapid scan data is taken. Inspection of the data indicates: (1) Arc cloud lines are important in both the production of convergence and vorticity, and in the interaction with intense thunderstorms which may act to trigger tornado activity. (2) The lateral extent of the vertical motion field compared to the cloud scale indicates that the main driving force for the initial cloud development along the arc-line is controlled by the thunderstorm outflow(s) interacting with the convectively unstable air of the environment. (3) Arc cloud lines and their associated DSL region can pose extreme hazards to aircraft operations. (4) An arc cloud line's major threat to space shuttle operations lie in its ability to generate new thunderstorm activity along the shuttle glide path.

Purdom, J. F. W.↗

The anode mechanism of a thermal argon arc

In order to clarify the anode mechanism in freely burning argon arcs, the anode drop was determined by probe measurements in the current intensity range of 10 to 200 A and arc lengths between 2 and 10 mm. Simultaneously, the power input at the anode was determined by measuring the temperature increase in the cooling water, using a thermoelement, and compared to the electrical output at the arc and in the anodic drop area. An anodic contraction was observed in the arc, at low current intensities. The results can be explained in terms of the effects of a cathodic plasma current, and in the contracted arc, in terms of an additional anodic plasma current.

Busz-Peuckert, G.↗

Fluctuations of precipitated electron intensity in flickering auroral arcs

Electron spectra associated with two aurorae observed by ground-based television are reported. One auroral arc was observed to flicker, large variations in the precipitated electron energy occurring on a time scale of 114 ms. The major variations occur at the higher energies of the 0.5-20 keV range covered by the detectors. Changes in the particle flux occur primarily in the pitch angle range 0 to 60 deg. Analysis of the video data shows a larger variation in intensity along the lower border of the arc in keeping with the results of the electron spectra. The second arc was not observed to flicker, and the associated electron spectra and video data show no large variations in precipitated electron energy or video intensity modulation. While pitch-angle distributions tend to be field-aligned in the first arc, the distributions in the second arc are nearly isotropic or peaked from 60 to 90 deg in the downward hemisphere.

Spiger, R. J.↗

A sun-aligned arc observed by DMSP and AE-C

On May 12, 1977, 8 minutes after a DMSP satellite photographed a sun-aligned auroral arc in the southern polar cap, AE-C crossed over the same arc. Precipitating electrons were observed with a peak energy flux of 0.94 erg per sq cm s but with no clear monoenergetic beam, and coincident ion precipitation was measured at energies of a few keV. A very sharp ion convection reversal was found coincident with the particle precipitation and embedded in a region of constant antisunward flow. Magnetic field data indicate that the arc occurred during the recovery phase of a weak magnetic storm, with the IMF in a toward sector and the Z component nearly zero. The data are consistent with a source of particles at altitudes of the order of 5-8 R(E) on field lines containing the plasma sheet boundary layer. The electron spectra do not indicate the existence of an electrostatic potential along the magnetic field lines projecting from the arc. The electrodynamic properties associated with the arc appear to be consistent with a simple model in which field-aligned currents are required along any boundary where the horizontal ionospheric current diverges.

Hoffman, R. A.↗

Welding torch with arc light reflector

A welding torch arc light reflector is disclosed for welding torches having optical viewing systems. A schematic of a welding torch having an internal coaxial viewing system consisting of a lens which focuses the field of view of the weld scene of the workpiece onto the end of the fiberoptic bundle is provided. The transmitted image of the fiberoptic bundle is provided to a camera lens which focuses it onto a TV sensor array for transmission. To improve the parity of the image of the monitoring system, an arc light reflector is shown fitted to the end of the torch housing or gas cup. The arc light reflector has an internal conical section portion which is polished to serve as a mirror which reflects the bright arc light back onto the darker areas of the weld area and thereby provides a more detailed image for the monitoring system. The novelty of the invention lies in the use of an arc light reflector on welding torches having optical viewing systems.

Gordon, Stephen S.↗

Jovian decametric arcs and Alfven currents

The Voyager Planetary Radio Astronomy (PRAD) experiment revealed prominent 'arcs' when the radio intensity at 1-40 MHz was displayed in time-frequency coordinates. These data are consistent with multiple currents flowing along longitudinally separated Jovian magnetic flux tubes, each current radiating conically at angles up to about 90 deg. The spacings between adjacent PRA arcs, and also between adjacent S burst arc segments observed at the Nancay Observatory, were analyzed and found to be so brief, less than 1-3 min, that either these currents and any associated Alfven waves survive for at least a few circulations of Jupiter by Io (a hypothesis independently supported by the observations of arcs at all Io phase angles), or each such Alfven current can radiate at several different cone-angles simultaneously (a hypothesis independently supported by the observation of such behavior in the S burst arcs).

Staelin, David H.↗

Numerical exploration of planetary arc dynamics

After analytically characterizing the response of a test particle to the combined effects of corotation and Lindblad resonances, due to the satellites of Neptune, as two coupled dynamical systems whose coupling depends on the collective effects in the arc, a formula is obtained for the energy imparted by the Lindblad resonance. This energy confines the arc material around the corotation resonance radius. The fact that the gradient of the torque density around the arc must be negative confirms the constraints defined by Lin et al. (1987) on the relative positions of the corotation and the Lindblad resonances if the arc is to be stable. These results are tested with a direct numerical simulation for two different arc configurations.

Sicardy, Bruno↗

An explanation for Neptune's ring arcs

The Voyager mission revealed a complex system of rings and ring arcs around Neptune and uncovered six new satellites, four of which occupy orbits well inside the ring region. Analysis of Voyager data shows that a radial distortion with an amplitude of approximately 30 kilometers is traveling through the ring arcs, a perturbation attributable to the nearby satellite Galatea. Moreover, the arcs appear to be azimuthally confined by a resonant interaction with the same satellite, yielding a maximum spread in ring particle semimajor axes of 0.6 kilometer and a spread in forced eccentricities large enough to explain the arc's 15-kilometer radial widths. Additional ring arcs discovered in the course of this study give further support to this model.

Porco, Carolyn C.↗

Solar cell arcing: The role of outgassing and contamination

The effect of outgassing, venting, and thruster firing events on spacecraft system performance has been a long standing issue. Recent laboratory measurements on negatively biased high voltage solar cells at Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) suggest that some currently designed and certainly future space power systems must address/re-evaluate this issue. Our observations show that exposing these cells to moderate levels (10 exp -3 torr-min) of H2O vapor enhances the arcing frequency, while heating to 85 C to remove water vapor significantly reduces the arc frequency. The interaction of the adhesive used to attach the cover glass to the solar cell with ambient water vapor is the key factor in determining arcing rates. Elimination of adhesive exposed to the environmental plasma reduces the arc frequency more than two orders of magnitude, and eliminates any sensitivity to H2O exposure. The adhesive may also become a source of spacecraft contamination. Macroscopic amounts were observed to blow off some arc events, and (we assume) electrostatically precipitate at other negatively biased locations. Data, analysis, and potential impact for future space platforms are discussed.

Marinelli, W. J.↗