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At least 1,801 records · Page 100
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Scissors mode of Gd nuclei studied from resonance neutron capture

Spectra of {gamma} rays following the neutron capture at isolated resonances of stable Gd nuclei were measured. The objectives were to get new information on photon strength of {sup 153,155-159}Gd with emphasis on the role of the M1 scissors-mode vibration. An analysis of the data obtained clearly indicates that the scissors mode is coupled not only to the ground state, but also to all excited levels of the nuclei studied. The specificity of our approach ensures unbiasedness in estimating the sumed scissors-mode strength {Sigma}B(M1){up_arrow}, even for odd product nuclei, for which conventional nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements yield only limited information. Our analysis indicates that for these nuclei the sum {Sigma}B(M1){up_arrow} increases with A and for {sup 157,159}Gd it is significantly higher compared to {sup 156,158}Gd.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Measuring the axial form factor of {sup 3}He using weak capture of polarized electrons

A low energy, high intensity polarized electron beam could enable the extraction of the A=3 weak axial form factors F{sub A} using the reaction →e+{sup 3}He→{sup 3}H+ν. These form factors have never been measured before. We discuss the feasibility of such an experiment using a small toroidal magnet and a radial low energy recoil detector to tag the recoil tritons. A moderately high intensity polarized electron beam (>500 μA) with beam energies between 50 - 150 MeV is necessary for the cross section measurement and to provides a free clean measurement of the background. Moreover, in addition to the cross section, by measuring the electron spin and recoil triton correlation coefficient it may be possible to search for second class currents and to extract the ratio of the axial to the vector form factor of the nucleon. Such novel electron scattering based measurements would have a completely different set of systematic uncertainties compared to polarized neutron beta decay, neutrino scattering and muon capture experiments which are typically used to extract the weak form-factors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tomographic image of prompt gamma ray from boron neutron capture therapy: A Monte Carlo simulation study

Purpose of paper is to confirm the feasibility of acquisition of three dimensional single photon emission computed tomography image from boron neutron capture therapy using Monte Carlo simulation. Prompt gamma ray (478 keV) was used to reconstruct image with ordered subsets expectation maximization method. From analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve, area under curve values of three boron regions were 0.738, 0.623, and 0.817. The differences between length of centers of two boron regions and distance of maximum count points were 0.3 cm, 1.6 cm, and 1.4 cm.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Noble gas excimer scintillation following neutron capture in boron thin films

Far-ultraviolet scintillation signals have been measured in heavy noble gases (argon, krypton, xenon) following boron-neutron capture ({sup 10}B(n,α){sup 7}Li) in {sup 10}B thin films. The observed scintillation yields are comparable to the yields from some liquid and solid neutron scintillators. At noble gas pressures of 107 kPa, the number of photons produced per neutron absorbed following irradiation of a 1200 nm thick {sup 10}B film was 14 000 for xenon, 11 000 for krypton, and 6000 for argon. The absolute scintillation yields from the experimental configuration were calculated using data from (1) experimental irradiations, (2) thin-film characterizations, (3) photomultiplier tube calibrations, and (4) photon collection modeling. Both the boron films and the photomultiplier tube were characterized at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Monte Carlo modeling of the reaction cell provided estimates of the photon collection efficiency and the transport behavior of {sup 10}B(n,α){sup 7}Li reaction products escaping the thin films. Scintillation yields increased with gas pressure due to increased ionization and excitation densities of the gases from the {sup 10}B(n,α){sup 7}Li reaction products, increased frequency of three-body, excimer-forming collisions, and reduced photon emission volumes (i.e., larger solid angle) at higher pressures. Yields decreased for thicker {sup 10}B thin films due to higher average energy loss of the {sup 10}B(n,α){sup 7}Li reaction products escaping the films. The relative standard uncertainties in the measurements were determined to lie between 14% and 16%. The observed scintillation signal demonstrates that noble gas excimer scintillation is promising for use in practical neutron detectors.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electron-capture supernovae of super-asymptotic giant branch stars and the Crab supernova 1054

An electron-capture supernova (ECSN) is a core-collapse supernova explosion of a super-asymptotic giant branch (SAGB) star with a main-sequence mass M{sub Ms} ∼ 7 - 9.5M{sub ⊙}. The explosion takes place in accordance with core bounce and subsequent neutrino heating and is a unique example successfully produced by first-principle simulations. This allows us to derive a first self-consistent multicolor light curves of a core-collapse supernova. Adopting the explosion properties derived by the first-principle simulation, i.e., the low explosion energy of 1.5 × 10{sup 50} erg and the small {sup 56}Ni mass of 2.5 × 10{sup −3} M{sub ⊙}, we perform a multigroup radiation hydrodynamics calculation of ECSNe and present multicolor light curves of ECSNe of SAGB stars with various envelope mass and hydrogen abundance. We demonstrate that a shock breakout has peak luminosity of L ∼ 2 × 10{sup 44} erg s{sup −1} and can evaporate circumstellar dust up to R ∼ 10{sup 17} cm for a case of carbon dust, that plateau luminosity and plateau duration of ECSNe are L ∼ 10{sup 42} erg s{sup −1} and {sup t} ∼ 60 - 100 days, respectively, and that a plateau is followed by a tail with a luminosity drop by ∼ 4 mag. The ECSN shows a bright and short plateau that is as bright as typical Type II plateau supernovae, and a faint tail that might be influenced by spin-down luminosity of a newborn pulsar. Furthermore, the theoretical models are compared with ECSN candidates: SN 1054 and SN 2008S. We find that SN 1054 shares the characteristics of the ECSNe. For SN 2008S, we find that its faint plateau requires a ECSN model with a significantly low explosion energy of E ∼ 10{sup 48} erg.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Measurement of the energy, multiplicity and angular correlation of γ-rays from the thermal neutron capture reaction Gd(n, γ) using JPARC-ANNRI

We conducted an experiment using the JPARC-ANNRI spectrometer to measure the energy, multiplicity and correlation of γ-rays from the neutron capture of natural gadolinium. We incorporated the GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation into the detector, and compared the data with the results of the MC simulation. We report our data analysis and compare our data with those obtained by the MC simulation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Non-dissipative energy capture of confined liquid in nanopores

In the past, energy absorption of protection/damping materials is mainly based on energy dissipation, which causes a fundamental conflict between the requirements of safety/comfort and efficiency. In the current study, a nanofluidic “energy capture” system is reported, which is based on nanoporous materials and nonwetting liquid. Both molecular dynamics simulations and experiments show that as the liquid overcomes the capillary effect and infiltrates into the nanopores, the mechanical energy of a stress wave could be temporarily stored by the confined liquid phase and isolated from the wave energy transmission path. Such a system can work under a relatively low pressure for mitigating high-pressure stress waves, not necessarily involved in any energy dissipation processes.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Theoretical simulation of carrier capture and relaxation rates in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers

Based on Auger scattering mechanism, carrier-carrier scattering dynamics between the two-dimensional carrier reservoir (also called wetting layer, i.e., WL) and the confined quantum dot ground and first excited state in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD-SOAs) are investigated theoretically in this paper. The scattering rates for independent electron and hole densities are calculated. The results show an ultra-fast carrier capture (relaxation) rate up to 1 ps{sup −1}, and there is a complex dependence of the Coulomb scattering rates on the WL electron and hole densities. In addition, due to the different effective mass and the level distribution, the scattering rates for electron and hole are very different. Finally, in order to provide a direction to control (increase or decrease) the input current in realistic QD-SOA systems, a simple method is proposed to determine the trends of the carrier recovery rates with the WL carrier densities in the vicinity of the steady-state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Cross sections for electron capture and excitation in collisions of Li{sup q+} (q=1, 2, 3) with atomic hydrogen

The two-center atomic orbital close-coupling method is employed to study electron capture and excitation reactions in collisions of Li{sup q+} (q = 1-3) ions with ground state atomic hydrogen in the ion energy range from 0.1 keV/u to 300 keV/u, where u is the atomic mass unit. The interaction of the active electron with the projectile ions (Li{sup +}, Li{sup 2+}) is represented by a model potential. Total and state-selective cross sections for charge transfer and excitation processes are calculated and compared with data from other sources when available.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Single step synthesis of nanostructured boron nitride for boron neutron capture therapy

Nanostructured Boron Nitride (BN) has been successfully synthesized by carbo-thermic reduction of Boric Acid (H{sub 3}BO{sub 3}). This method is a relatively low temperature synthesis route and it can be used for large scale production of nanostructured BN. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal analyzer (DTA). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of single phase nanostructured Boron Nitride. SEM analysis showed that the particles are spherical in shape. DTA analysis showed that the phase is stable upto 900 °C and the material can be used for high temperature applications as well boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Transport and capture properties of Auger-generated high-energy carriers in (AlInGa)N quantum well structures

Recent photoluminescence experiments presented by M. Binder et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 071108 (2013)] demonstrated the visualization of high-energy carriers generated by Auger recombination in (AlInGa)N multi quantum wells. Two fundamental limitations were deduced which reduce the detection efficiency of Auger processes contributing to the reduction in internal quantum efficiency: the transfer probability of these hot electrons and holes in a detection well and the asymmetry in type of Auger recombination. We investigate the transport and capture properties of these high-energy carriers regarding polarization fields, the transfer distance to the generating well, and the number of detection wells. All three factors are shown to have a noticeable impact on the detection of these hot particles. Furthermore, the investigations support the finding that electron-electron-hole exceeds electron-hole-hole Auger recombination if the densities of both carrier types are similar. Overall, the results add to the evidence that Auger processes play an important role in the reduction of efficiency in (AlInGa)N based LEDs.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Excitations of one-valence-proton, one-valence-neutron nucleus {sup 210}Bi from cold-neutron capture

The low-spin structure of one-proton, one-neutron {sup 210}Bi nucleus was investigated in cold-neutron capture reaction on {sup 209}Bi. The γ-coincidence measurements were performed with use of EXILL array consisted of 16 HPGe detectors. The experimental results were compared to shell-model calculations involving valence particles excitations. The {sup 210}Bi nucleus offers the potential to test the effective proton-neutron interactions because most of the states should arise from the proton-neutron excitations. Additionally, it was discovered that a few states should come from the couplings of valence particles to the 3{sup −} octupole vibration in {sup 208}Pb which provides also the possibility of testing the calculations involving the core excitations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Carrier dynamics and Coulomb-enhanced capture in III-nitride quantum heterostructures

A detailed study of the small-signal response of III-Nitride quantum well (QW) light-emitting diodes is presented, in which the electrical and optical responses are simultaneously measured. A complete transport-recombination model is introduced to account for measurements. This allows for a proper evaluation of the recombination lifetime and for the accurate quantification of thermionic carrier escape from the QW. Further, a yet-unreported carrier capture mechanism is identified and quantified; it increases with the carrier density in the QW and bears the signature of a Coulomb in-scattering process.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Computational design of soft materials for the capture of Cs-137 in contaminated environments: From 2D covalent cucurbituril networks to 3D supramolecular materials

Using computational quantum chemistry methods we design novel 2D and 3D soft materials made of cucurbituril macrocycles covalently connected with each other via rigid linkers. Such covalent cucurbituril networks might be useful for the capture of radioactive Cs-137 (present as Cs{sup +}) in the contaminated environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Concentrator photovoltaic module architectures with capabilities for capture and conversion of full global solar radiation

Significance Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems, wherein light focuses onto multijunction solar cells, offer the highest efficiencies in converting sunlight to electricity. The performance is intrinsically limited, however, by an inability to capture diffuse illumination, due to narrow acceptance angles of the concentrator optics. Here we demonstrate concepts where flat-plate solar cells mount onto the backplanes of the most sophisticated CPV modules to yield an additive contribution to the overall output. Outdoor testing results with two different hybrid module designs demonstrate absolute gains in average daily efficiencies of between 1.02% and 8.45% depending on weather conditions. The findings suggest pathways to significant improvements in the efficiencies, with economics that could potentially expand their deployment to a wide range of geographic locations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Near-term deployment of carbon capture and sequestration from biorefineries in the United States

Significance Carbon dioxide removal through the permanent sequestration of biogenic CO 2 is a critical technique for climate change mitigation, but most bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies are technically immature or commercially unavailable. In contrast, examples of CCS of biogenic CO 2 resulting from fermentation emissions already exist at scale. Here, we evaluate low-cost, commercially ready sequestration opportunities for existing biorefineries in the United States. We find that existing and proposed financial incentives suggest a substantial near-term opportunity to catalyze the growth of CCS infrastructure, improve the impacts of conventional biofuels, support development of carbon-negative biofuels, and satisfy low-carbon fuel policies.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling direct air carbon capture and storage in a 1.5 °C climate future using historical analogs

Limiting the rise in global temperature to 1.5 °C will rely, in part, on technologies to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere. However, many carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are in the early stages of development, and there is limited data to inform predictions of their future adoption. Here, we present an approach to model adoption of early-stage technologies such as CDR and apply it to direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). Our approach combines empirical data on historical technology analogs and early adoption indicators to model a range of feasible growth pathways. We use these pathways as inputs to an integrated assessment model (the Global Change Analysis Model, GCAM) and evaluate their effects under an emissions policy to limit end-of-century temperature change to 1.5 °C. Adoption varies widely across analogs, which share different strategic similarities with DACCS. If DACCS growth mirrors high-growth analogs (e.g., solar photovoltaics), it can reach up to 4.9 GtCO 2 removal by midcentury, compared to as low as 0.2 GtCO 2 for low-growth analogs (e.g., natural gas pipelines). For these slower growing analogs, unabated fossil fuel generation in 2050 is reduced by 44% compared to high-growth analogs, with implications for energy investments and stranded assets. Residual emissions at the end of the century are also substantially lower (by up to 43% and 34% in transportation and industry) under lower DACCS scenarios. The large variation in growth rates observed for different analogs can also point to policy takeaways for enabling DACCS.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Counter-Current Flow Limitation Studies in Complex Geometries Utilizing Interface Capturing Simulations Coupled with PID Flow Rate Controller

In nuclear thermal-hydraulic studies, counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) typically refers to steam rising at a fast rate such that it prevents coolant from draining down within a confined channel. CCFL is a crucial issue in nuclear reactor safety analysis. This study investigates CCFL in debris bed channels using high-resolution interface-capturing simulations. A novel proportional-integral-derivative flow rate controller is developed to efficiently achieve the CCFL conditions. Verification studies confirm that CCFL occurs under the same conditions with or without the controller, demonstrating that PID control ensures accurate prediction. Three debris bed channel geometries were examined: a cylindrical channel, a channel with small obstacles, and a channel with large obstacles. Results show that obstacles significantly impact flow behavior, interfacial shear, wall shear, and pressure gradients required for CCFL. Furthermore, the comparison with experimental data confirmed that simulations incorporating geometric complexities align more closely with experimental CCFL conditions. A pressure gradient correlation was also developed for CCFL prediction.

Counter-current flow limitation↗

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