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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1970

Radar data sample products

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of BOMEX weather radar data collected by aircraft and land-based radars

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1970

Remote sensing at the University of Kansas in radar systems

Demonstration that a spectral response across an octave bandwidth in the microwave region is as variable as the comparable response in the visible and infrared region is a major mile-stone and indicates the potential of polypanchromatic radar systems is analogous with that of color photography. Averaging of the returns from a target element appears necessary to obtain a grey scale adequate for many earth-science applications of radar systems. This result can be obtained either by azimuth averaging or by the use of panchromatic techniques (range averaging). Improvement with panchromatic techniques has been demonstrated both with a landbased electromagnetic system and with an ultrasonic simulator. The advantage of the averaging achieved in azimuth with the real-aperture version of the DPD-2 when compared with the synthetic aperture version confirms the concept.

Moore, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1970

Generalized Geologic evaluation of side looking radar imagery of the Teton Range and Jackson Hole, northwestern Wyoming

A generalized geologic evaluation of lines, localities, and features of various types that are visible on a series of radar image strips covering the Teton Range and Jackson Hole in northwestern Wyoming, is given. No attempt was made to collate a complete geologic map with the radar image at each locality. Formation names, problems of geologic interpretation, and details of stratigraphy and structure that are not directly pertinent to a study of the imagery are omitted, but reference is made to publications that contain this type of supplementary information.

Love, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Information on bird navigation obtained by British long range radars

Radar observations of the migratory habits of passerine birds over a 10 year period are presented. The relationships between intensity of cloud cover and the frequency and density of migration are illustrated. The aspects of migration which were determined by the radar were: (1) migration under total overcast, (2) compensation for wind drift, (3) changes in flight direction during migration, and (4) effects of meteorological parameters.

Evans, P. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of bird migration with a tracking radar

Methods of analyzing bird migration by using tracking radar are discussed. The procedure for assessing the rate of bird passage is described. Three topics are presented concerning the grouping of nocturnal migrants, the velocity of migratory flight, and identification of species by radar echoes. The height and volume of migration under different weather conditions are examined. The methods for studying the directions of migration and the correlation between winds and the height and direction of migrating birds are presented.

Bruderer, B.↗
NASA NTRS1969

Some aspects of remote atmospheric sensing by laser radar

An analysis has been made of some aspects of atmospheric sensing by laser radar spectroscopy. A discussion of the laser radar equation is presented which leads to methods for obtaining atmospheric information by spectroscopic means. Calculations are presented which investigate the potential of Doppler, Raman and differential absorption techniques. It is concluded that atmospheric measurements based upon Doppler and Raman approaches are restricted to qualitative studies at the present time primarily because of the limitations imposed by existing laser sources and detectors. It is probable that these limitations will be removed in the near future and it is recommended that exploratory experiments be continued. The differential absorption method for obtaining the spatial distribution of atmospheric gases is well developed for such gases as water vapor and oxygen where the basic laser frequency lies close to the center of the particular absorption line. Further investigation is recommended in the field of laser frequency shifting. Additional information is also required on the shape of the absorption line, particular in the region where the line reflects both pressure and Doppler broadening.

Schotland, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Remote double resonance coupling of radar energy to ionospheric irregularities

Experimental results indicate that low frequency modulation of a high power radar beam, tuned to one of the critical frequencies of the ionosphere, may produce field-aligned density irregularities when the modulation frequency matches an ionospheric eigenfrequency. By choosing the radar carrier frequency and polarization, a number of interaction layers were selected. The variety of possible excitations shows that the double resonance technique may be adaptable to a number of different objectives.

Kennel, C. F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Detection of oil spills using 13.3 GHz radar scatterometer

The results of an analysis of 13.3-GHz single polarized scatterometer data collected during NASA/MSC Mission 135, flown on March 16, 1970 are reported. Data were gathered over a crude oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico off the Mississippi Delta. With the aid of RC-8 camera photographs, the scattering cross section was correlated with the extent of the oil spill. The scattering cross section at higher incidence angles decreased by 5 db to 10 db in the presence of the oil spill. This was attributed to oil's damping of small gravity and capillary waves. The composite scattering theory and the scatterometer acquired data were used to obtain an expression of radar scattering over ocean surfaces with oil spills. The study demonstrates that the presence and extent of oil spills can be detected using high frequency radar systems.

Krishen, K.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Short pulse radar measurements of layered ice and snow

Using a radar system with high range resolution, it was shown that measurements of snow and ice thickness are feasible with an accuracy of better than 3 inches. In addition, the water equivalent of the snowpack can be estimated, given a single surface measurement of the snow depth. Discontinuities in density were also detected and their location determined by inspection of the radar returns. The remote measurement of layer thickness is described. The system was designed for eventual incorporation into a light aircraft.

Vickers, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Tracking radar techniques for studying migratory birds

The use of NASA tracking radar at Wallops Island and the islands of Bermuda and Antigua to plot the paths of migatory birds in three dimensional space is discussed. Attempts were also made to obtain data on the direction, speed, and density of large numbers of migrating birds. Observational results show that the performance of tracking radars vary considerably with the density of bird migration. At light to moderate levels of migration it is possible to obtain tracks of a variety of types of targets, both large and small. During heavy periods of migration the sky is so filled with targets, that only the largest targets can be tracked for more than a few minutes.

Williams, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Simultaneous solution for the masses of the principal planets from analysis of optical, radar, and radio tracking data.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a set of computer programs known as the Solar System Data Processing System (SSDPS) which is employed in improving the ephemerides of the major planets and for improving the values of several associated astronomical constants. A group of solutions for the masses of the major planets, together with the AU and radii of Mercury, Venus, and Mars, is presented. These solutions based upon optical, radar, and spacecraft radio tracking data are preliminary. The relative power of radar and radio tracking data vis-a-vis purely optical data in a solution is shown. The problems which could arise by adopting solutions based upon a single data type are demonstrated.

Lieske, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Venus - Topography revealed by radar data.

Surface height variations over the entire equatorial region on Venus have been estimated from extended series of measurements of interplanetary radar echo delays. Most notable is a mountainous section of about 3-kilometer peak height located at a longitude of 100 degrees (International Astronomical Union coordinate system). The eastern edge has an average inclination of about 0.5 degrees, which is unusually steep for a large-scale slope on Venus. The resolution of the radar measurements along the surface of Venus varied between about 200 and 400 kilometers with a repeatability in altitude determination generally between 200 and 500 meters. The mean equatorial radius was found to be 6050.0 plus or minus 0.5 kilometers.

Campbell, D. B.↗

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