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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Steam explosion of oil palm residues for the production of durable pellets

Here we investigated the effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the physical and mechanical properties of the pellets made from empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) and we compared to that of softwood Douglas fir (DF). We found that the high heating value of the empty fruit bunch was increased by 21% after steam explosion pretreatment. The pellet density of EFB and Douglas fir pellets did not change while the pellet density of PKS increased from 1.13 to 1.21 g/cm 3 after steam explosion. That may be attributed to the rapid volatilization of high mass fraction extractives during high pressure steaming and lead to the shrinkage of micropores of the PKS fibers. The maximum brealdng strength of steam exploded EFB and PKS were increased by 63% and 45%, respectively. The required compaction energy for the steam exploded EFB pellet is 44.50 J/g while that of the untreated EFB pellet is 30.15 J/g. Similar to Douglas fir, the required extrusion energy for the steam exploded EFB pellet was about 6 times than that of the untreated EFB pellet. The increased extrusion energy is mainly contributed by the increase in mono-saccharides by auto-hydrolysis during steam explosion pretreatment.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction of oleaginous yeast and residual lignin from bioconversion of corn stover

A major barrier to profitable bioconversion of cellulosic biomass to hydrocarbon fuel precursors is the difficulty in breaking down feedstock lignin into carbon substrates that can be easily metabolized by industrial microbes. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of cellulosic biomass effectively breaks down and converts lignin into biocrude oil products, but provides relatively low yields of biocrude from feedstock carbohydrates. In the present study, bioconversion and HTL were integrated into a new hybrid system that employs the best of both processes to produce high quality fuel in high quantity. Bioreactor cultivation of the oleaginous yeast Lypomyces starkeyi produced dry cell mass yields up to 0.43 g/g of sugar and yields of intracellular triglyceride lipids (measured as fatty acid methyl esters) of up to 0.26 g/g of sugar in pretreated corn stover hydrolysate or simulated hydrolysate media. The lipid-rich bioreactor broth was mixed with pretreated corn stover lignin, and then co-fed to an HTL reactor to produce 0.40 g of biocrude oil per gram of feed on a dry weight basis. Optimizing the separation of HTL biocrude and the HTL aqueous phase could significantly increase the biocrude yield. Hydrotreating of the biocrude produced a high quality, renewable hydrocarbon fuel blendstock, with the majority of the product boiling in the distillate range. The estimated cost of production could be reduced to $3/gasoline gallon equivalent through addressing identified research gaps. Our results provide a proof-of-concept for a new hybrid biorefinery design that could enhance domestic production of renewable diesel, jet, and marine fuel in the United States.

Biomass, Continuous hydrothermal liquefaction, Bio↗
DOE OSTI2017

Galangin enhances TGF-β1-mediated growth inhibition by suppressing phosphorylation of threonine 179 residue in Smad3 linker region

Highlights: • Galangin significantly induced apoptosis in the presence of TGF-β1. • Galangin inhibits phosphorylation of the Thr-179 site at the Smad3 linker region. • Galangin suppresses CDK4-mediated Smad3 linker phosphorylation. Smad3 linker phosphorylation is a candidate target for several kinases that play important roles in cancer cell initiation, proliferation and progression. Also, Smad3 is an essential intracellular mediator of TGF-β1-induced transcriptional responses during carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is highly advantageous to identify and develop inhibitors targeting Smad3 linker phosphorylation for the treatment of cancers. Galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) has been known to be an active flavonoid showing a cytotoxic effect on several cancer cells. However, the mechanism of action of galangin in various cancers remains unclear, and there has been no report concerning regulation of Smad3 phosphorylation by galangin. In the present study, we show that galangin significantly induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in the presence of TGF-β1 in both human prostate and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Particularly, galangin effectively inhibits phosphorylation of the Thr-179 site at Smad3 linker region through suppression of CDK4 phosphorylation. Thus, galangin can be a promising candidate as a selective inhibitor to suppress phosphorylation of Smad3 linker region.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

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