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At least 181 records · Page 10

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration in the National Airspace System (NAS) Project: ACAS Xu Engineering Analysis Results

This presentation provides an overview of the results from a two-part engineering analysis conducted as part of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration in the National Airspace System (NAS) Project. Part one of this analysis examined how to present resolution advisories (RAs) issued by Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) Xu, which can be in the vertical dimension, the horizontal dimension, or both (i.e., "blended"). The study varied the appearance of the alerting and the verbiage used in the aural alerts. Results revealed high acceptability ratings for the appearance of the RA guidance. Part two of the analysis assessed pilot acceptability of varying levels of automation in the collision avoidance (CA) task. Pilots experienced conditions in which ACAS Xu RAs were executed either manually or automatically (i.e., auto-Collision Avoidance). In some conditions the return to a previously filed course was also executed automatically (auto-Return to Course). Results indicated that improvements are needed to how the state of the automation is presented. Implications of these findings are also discussed.

Detect and Avoid↗

A Digital Twin Feasibility Study (Part II):Non-Deterministic Predictions of Fatigue Life Using In-Situ Diagnostics and Prognostics

The Digital Twin (DT) concept has the potential to revolutionize the way systems and their components are designed, managed, maintained, and operated across a vast number of fields from engineering to healthcare. The focus of this work is the implementation of DT for the health management of fatigue critical structures. This paper is the second part of a two-part series. The first of the series demonstrated the use of multi-scale, initiation-to-failure crack growth modeling to form non-deterministic predictions of fatigue life. In this second part, a general method for reducing uncertainty in fatigue life predictions is presented that couples in-situ diagnostics and prognostics in a probabilistic framework. Monte Carlo methods and high-fidelity finite element models are used to (i) generate probabilistic estimates of crack state throughout the life of the same geometrically complex test specimen and (ii) predict fatigue life with decreasing uncertainty as more of these diagnoses are obtained. The ability to predict accurately and in the presence of uncertainty is demonstrated, suggesting that the proposed DT method is feasible for fatigue life prognosis and should be pursued further with a focus on increasing application realism.

Patrick E Leser↗

Evaluation of NASA’s Remote-Sensing Capabilities in Coastal Environments

This work represents the second part of a two-part study set up by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) in 2017. The study summarizes a three-year investigation on the feasibility of using satellite remote sensing to monitor emissions of oil and gas operations over the outer continental shelf (OCS) to determine if they have negative impacts on coastal air quality (AQ). The target pollutant is nitrogen dioxide (NO2), for which BOEM conducts regular emissions surveys. The major data source for this report is a May 2019 oceanographic cruise (“SCOAPE” = Satellite Coastal and Oceanic Atmospheric Pollution Experiment) conducted in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) off Louisiana with the Research Vessel Point Sur, loaded with a suite of trace-gas analyzers and a direct-sun remote sensor Pandora spectrometer that measures column NO2. The SCOAPE cruise, augmented by in situ NO2 and Pandora measurements at Cocodrie (Louisiana; 29.25° N, 90.66° W) showed that (1) under cloud-free conditions, satellites can detect elevated column NO2 amounts near isolated large platforms and from clusters of smaller operations; (2) satellite (the European Space Agency’s TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument [TROPOMI]) total column (TC) NO2 agrees well with TC NO2 from ground-based Pandora spectrometers (to 11–18%), with the satellite biased low when pollution levels are higher; (3) in general, NO2 measured in situ and in column amounts by Pandora or TROPOMI is greater over coastal Louisiana than over the OCS; (4) the extent to which Pandora or satellite measurements correlate with surface NO2 is highly variable.

NO2↗

Urban Air Mobility: Predictive Modelling on the Behavior of Air-Service Bookings in Metropolitan Areas

The demand for a ride to work without running into the inefficiencies of traffic in a bustling, metropolitan area beckons for a system to tackle on-the ground traffic congestion, thus fueling the need for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). The instant gratification culture, notably its effect on Generation Z, has given way to the nature of impulsive decision making. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis, with its use of tap-to-gratify technology, highlights passengers preferring late booking. This last-minute airport reorganization crisis spearheaded our research goal to create a more user-personalized assessment of cancellation rates. Our research highlights that there will be a market in the 2030s for UAM, short-distance air transportation, and the world must prepare for the challenges that come with this new market. Through a two-part model, we obtained two randomized sets of profiles of user-specific and ridership attributes and their relationship with cancellations. Recommendations for future research include factoring this personalized aspect into cancellation projections to provide reasoned user discounts as well as a remedy for the scheduling chaos that stems from the airport organizational crisis.

Srushti Adesara↗

Algorithmic Analysis of the Effect of Human Behavior on Future Urban Air Mobility Operations

The demand for a ride to work without running into the inefficiencies of traffic in a bustling, metropolitan area beckons for a system to tackle on-the ground traffic congestion, thus fueling the need for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). The instant gratification culture, notably its effect on Generation Z, has given way to the nature of impulsive decision making. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis, with its use of tap-to-gratify technology, highlights passengers preferring late booking. This last-minute airport reorganization crisis spearheaded our research goal to create a more user-personalized assessment of cancellation rates. Our research highlights that there will be a market in the 2030s for UAM, short-distance air transportation, and the world must prepare for the challenges that come with this new market. Through a two-part model, we obtained two randomized sets of profiles of user-specific and ridership attributes and their relationship with cancellations. Recommendations for future research include factoring this personalized aspect into cancellation projections to provide reasoned user discounts as well as a remedy for the scheduling chaos that stems from the airport organizational crisis.

Harbani Jaggi↗

Electrostatic Discharges from Conductive Thermal Coatings

Selecting the correct thermal control coating for a spacecraft can be a significant challenge. From the start, the process includes balancing conflicting needs. Thermal control paints must have the ability to either absorb or emit heat as desired and this property cannot change beyond a set point over the life of the mission. When the mission involves operating in a heavy charging environment, the control coating must be static dissipative enough to bleed away absorbed energetic electrons to minimize induced electric fields and the risk of electrostatic discharges. Finding the right balance of thermal performance and electrical performance can be difficult for spacecraft designers. In an effort to aid in spacecraft design, a number of white and black thermal control coatings were tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory using a two-part test campaign. These tests involved an initial screening test to determine the bulk resistivity of the material using a traditional parallel plate test, but placed in a vacuum chamber immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen to obtain data over a range of temperatures. The most promising materials were then exposed to a stream of energetic electrons and monitored for the production of electrostatic discharges. Results from these tests indicated that only a few of the common thermal control coatings have a resistivity below 109 ohm-cm as suggested in NASA-HDBK-4002A. Of those that meet this criterion, most will still produce electrostatic discharges when exposed to electrons with energies from 20keV to 60keV while held at cryogenic temperatures. Additional testing is required to characterize additional coatings to create a database that designers may use when selecting an appropriate coating for their application.

Chinn, James↗

Assessments of Physiology And Cognition in Hybrid-reality Environments (APACHE) – Physical Workload Approximation

The Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations Laboratory (H-3PO) at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is developing a hybrid reality exploration surface analog, “Assessments of Physiology and Cognition in Hybrid-reality Environments” (APACHE). The goal of APACHE is to create a planetary extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation environment that provides a representative physical and cognitive workload approximation using a combination of virtual reality (VR), physical reality, and hybrid reality (HR) techniques. To develop and characterize the physical workload approximation within the APACHE environment, a two-part approach was implemented. In part 1, baseline physical work load during ambulation within APACHE was evaluated and compared with that in other planetary EVA analog environments and with existing data sets from Apollo planetary EVAs and reduced gravity testing of prototype planetary spacesuits. For this evaluation, 10 subjects were asked to ambulate in three surface analog environments: a passive treadmill in APACHE, natural terrain in an outdoor field environment, and a standard motorized treadmill. Subjects’ heart rate and metabolic rate (VO2/VCO2) were measured and compared among the different test conditions and existing data sets. Gait parameters were also collected to compare with suited mechanics and to understand the role of gait kinematics in physical workload. In part 2, the aim is to evaluate the addition of a custom weighted body suit to the aforementioned surface analog environments and the ability to titrate the suit configuration to provide the best possible physical workload approximation for simulation of lunar and Martian EVAs.

Alex Baughman↗

Meteorite Sample Section Repair at NASA Johnson Space Center

Introduction: Meteorite thin and thick sections are routinely shipped from NASA Johnson Space Center to fulfill sample allocation requests from principle investigators around the world. Sections are also re-turned to JSC when researchers are finished studying them since, in most cases, they can be reused for other studies. The sections are very fragile unfortunately, and sometimes return to us needing repairs. The fol-lowing should give you an idea of how we repair sections here in the very lab where they were created. NOTE: Please do not attempt to repair ANSMET meteorite sections that are in your possession. We will perform the repairs for you at NASA JSC if you send the section back to us. Section Delamination: The majority of the meteorite sections that we produce here are secured to the glass slide using a high quality, two-part epoxy. Occasionally, we are asked to use superglue if the researcher wishes to dismount the section from the slide. Both epoxy and superglue are excellent adhesives, but they both tend to embrittle with time which results in delamination from the slide. Exposure to vacuum can also degrade the adhesion between the sample section and the glass slide. Repeated handling of the slide edges can accelerate delamination and, as a preventive measure, the outer 1-2 mm of epoxy is trimmed from newly created sections at JSC. If conductive tapes (copper, carbon, etc.) are used on the section during analysis, great care must be taken in removing the tape so that the epoxy is not pulled up with it. If in doubt, the tape can be left on the section when it is returned to JSC. Before we perform any repairs to sample sections, carbon, gold, or other coatings are removed. We accomplish this using a slurry of 0.05 micron alumina and 190 proof ethyl alcohol applied to a felt polishing pad fitted to a rotating lap wheel. Coatings are re-moved in this manner from all sections that are re-turned to JSC. The extent of the delamination determines how we proceed with the section repair. If the meteorite sample area of the section is not disturbed, then we carefully remove the delaminated epoxy. This is done using a binocular microscope with a 6X zoom, cut-proof gloves, and a very sharp, single edged razor blade. We cut the delaminated epoxy with the blade angled away from the sample area and using very light pressure. The trimmed section is then cleaned in an ultrasonic bath of 200 proof ethyl alcohol for no more than 10 seconds and carefully dried using a lint-free clean room wipe. The section is then placed into a lab oven at 110o F in preparation for epoxy. We mix the resin and hardener components of the low viscosity epoxy and very small amounts are applied to the cut edges of the section using a needle probe and the binocular microscope. Warming the epoxy helps secure the existing section by filling any voids between the glass slide and the section. After the new epoxy cures, we give the section a light polish on a lap wheel fitted with cotton polishing paper that is charged with 1 micron diamond paste. If the section has delaminated to the point of sample area being lifted from the glass, then it may be irreparable. We employ the above technique along with clamping the section in a Teflon pad arrangement in order to flatten the sample while the epoxy cures. Otherwise, the sample will tend to curl. This works to some degree, but once the sample area curls, it seldom re-turns to the original flatness without cracking or bending. Canada Balsam and Crystalbond: We repair damaged sections that had originally been prepared using Canada Balsam or Crystalbond adhesives through the gradual application of heat. We take great care with these samples since these bonding materials tend to get brittle with age. The section is heated in gradual steps (40-50o F per hour) to the melting point of the adhesive. We repair the sample while the adhesive is fluid and then the section is cooled in the same gradual manner in which it was heated. Slide Cracks and Breaks: Accidents happen. Especially with something as small and fragile as a thin/thick section. We all know someone who has driven a microscope objective into a section. As bad as the damage may look, the section can be repaired in most instances. NOTE: Please do not try to tape or glue section pieces back together prior to returning the dam-aged section. This practice usually renders the section irreparable. If the glass slide is cracked but the section is still in one piece, we repair it by infilling the crack with the low viscosity epoxy mentioned earlier. If the slide is in pieces, we can reassemble it with epoxy on a new backer slide. This is a tricky task as the pieces need to be in the correct plane with respect to each other, especially if the sample area is split among several pieces.

Meteorite↗

Evaluation of High Mountain Asia-Land Data Assimilation System (Version 1) from 2003 to 2016, Part I: A Hyper-Resolution Terrestrial Modeling System

This first paper of the two-part series focuses on demonstrating the accuracy of a hyper-resolution, offline terrestrial modeling system used for the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region. To this end, this study systematically evaluates four sets of model simulations at point scale, basin scale, and domain scale obtained from different spatial resolutions including 0.01° (∼1-km) and 0.25° (∼25-km). The assessment is conducted via comparisons against ground-based observations and satellite-derived reference products. The key variables of interest include surface net shortwave radiation, surface net longwave radiation, skin temperature, near-surface soil temperature, snow depth, snow water equivalent, and total runoff. In the evaluation against ground-based measurements, the superiority of the 0.01° estimates are mostly demonstrated across relatively complex terrain. Specifically, hyper-resolution modeling improves the skill in meteorological forcing estimates (except precipitation) by 9% relative to coarse-resolution estimates. The model forced by downscaled forcings in its entirety yields the highest skill in model output states as well as precipitation, which improves the skill obtained by coarse-resolution estimates by 7%. These findings, on one hand, corroborate the importance of employing the hyper-resolution versus coarse-resolution modeling in areas characterized by complex terrain. On the other hand, by evaluating four sets of model simulations forced with different precipitation products, this study emphasizes the importance of accurate hyper-resolution precipitation products to drive model simulations.

Yuan Xue↗

Assessments of Physiology And Cognition in Hybrid-reality Environments (APACHE) – Physical Workload Approximation

The Human Physiology, Performance, Protection & Operations Laboratory (H-3PO) at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) is developing a hybrid reality exploration surface analog, “Assessments of Physiology And Cognition in Hybrid-reality Environments” (APACHE). The goal of APACHE is to create a planetary extravehicular activity (EVA) simulation environment that provides a representative physical and cognitive workload approximation using a combination of virtual reality (VR), physical reality, and hybrid reality (HR) techniques. To develop and characterize the physical workload approximation within the APACHE environment, a two-part approach was implemented. In part 1, baseline physical workload during ambulation within APACHE was evaluated and compared with that in other planetary EVA analog environments and with existing data sets from Apollo planetary EVAs and reduced gravity testing of prototype planetary spacesuits. For this evaluation, 10 subjects were asked to ambulate in three surface analog environments: a passive treadmill in APACHE, natural terrain in an outdoor field environment, and a standard motorized treadmill. Subjects’ heart rate and metabolic rate (VO2/VCO2)were measured and compared among the different test conditions and existing data sets. Gait parameters were also collected to compare with suited mechanics and to understand the role of gait kinematics in physical workload. In part 2, the aim is to evaluate the addition of a custom weighted body suit to the aforementioned surface analog environments and the ability to titrate the suit configuration to provide the best possible physical workload approximation for simulation of lunar and Martian EVAs.

Alexander J Baughman↗

Invariant Funnels for Resonant Landing Orbits

We discovered a simple, two-part solution to the problem of finding resonant orbits to land on high latitudes of Ocean Worlds. First, we apply a standard planar Poincare ́ map in the spatial problem to identify a resonant landing orbit. Next we generate an ”invariant funnel” of trajectories that converge to the orbit, which acts as an attractor. The funnel has a wide mouth, thousands of kilometers wide, that shrinks to a small disc at a landing site only a few kilometers (or less) wide. These funnels are governed by ”resonant rings” of landing trajectories, and will make navigation more simple and robust.

Close, Sigrid↗

Time-Frequency Analysis of Experimental and Analytical Hub Loads of a Rotor Undergoing a Rotor Speed Change

A two-part analytical study was conducted examining a small-scale, two-bladed rotor undergoing a change in rotor speed in a wind tunnel setting. First, a parametric study was conducted to understand how rotor transient response, determined using a time-marching solution, is affected by the choice of rotor wake model, blade elasticity, and inclusion of an elastic support structure model. The second part of the study compared results from an analytical model of the NASA Multirotor Test Bed (MTB) undergoing a rotor speed change to experimental data. Since the analytical and experimental time histories were non-stationary signals, a Stockwell transform was employed to analyze the data in lieu of traditional Fourier transform-based methods. The analysis included extraction of time-varying frequency content of the rotor thrust and hub motion, damping ratios, instantaneous rotor speed, and instantaneous phase difference between thrust and hub motion. Use of a free wake model was found to be necessary to predict higher-harmonic thrust, however, it underpredicted the amplitude of the unsteady loads. Modeling the elasticity of the stiff rotor blades installed on the MTB resulted in minimal impact on the vibratory loads compared to a rigid blade model. The current analytical model of the MTB, including an elastic support structure, properly predicted the measured trends in the frequency content of the thrust.

Rotor dynamics↗

Effects of Porous Gap Fillers on Leading-Edge Slat Noise of 30P30N. Part II: PIV Measurements

The leading edge slat of a high-lift system is one of the main contributors to the airframe noise during approach conditions. This paper, the second of two parts, continues our previous studies on the slat gap filler as a passive noise control device on the two-dimensional, 30P30N multielement airfoil. Whereas the earlier study was focused on the effects of an impermeable gap filler that completely blocks the flow through the gap, this follow-on assessment is devoted to permeable slat gap fillers that allow limited amounts of flow to pass through the gap. Part I of this two-part abstract described the aerodynamic and acoustic effects of the permeable gap fillers, as inferred from both the measurements of static and unsteady surface pressures and the microphone array data for the radiated noise. To understand the physical mechanism responsible for the noise reduction documented in Part I, as well as for the accompanying aerodynamic penalty due to the porous gap fillers, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used in this paper to measure the flow details in the slat-cove region of the 30P30N model. A single angle of attack (𝛼 = 5.5◦) and a chord based Reynolds number of 1.71𝑒6 are selected as the test conditions. The PIV results show that the slat flow features are significantly altered with the presence of the porous gap filler, resulting in a more stable slat-cove shear layer and, thus, reduced velocity fluctuations with a successive decrease in the permeability. The porous gap filler with the lowest permeability acts similar to the solid gap filler. However, flow separation is observed on the upper side of the porous interface, which leads to an aerodynamic performance penalty via a reduction in lift on the main wing.

slat noise↗

Time-Frequency Analysis of Experimental and Analytical Hub Loads of a Rotor Undergoing a Rotor Speed Change

A two-part analytical study was conducted examining a small-scale, two-bladed rotor undergoing a change in rotor speed. First, a parametric study was conducted to understand how rotor transient response, determined using a time-marching solution, is affected by the choice of rotor wake model, blade elasticity, and inclusion of an elastic support structure model. The second part of the study compared results from an analytical model of the NASA Multirotor Test Bed (MTB) undergoing a rotor speed change to wind tunnel data. Since the analytical and experimental time histories were nonstationary signals, a Stockwell transform was employed to analyze the data in lieu of traditional Fourier transform-based methods. The analysis included extraction of time-varying frequency content of the rotor thrust and hub motion, damping ratios, instantaneous rotor speed, and instantaneous phase difference between thrust and hub motion. Use of a free wake model was found to be necessary to predict higher-harmonic thrust, however, it underpredicted the amplitude of the unsteady loads. Modeling the elasticity of the stiff rotor blades installed on the MTB resulted in minimal impact on the computed vibratory loads compared to a rigid blade model. The current analytical model of the MTB, including an elastic support structure, properly predicted the measured trends in the frequency content of the thrust.

Martin K Sekula↗

Evaluation of High Mountain Asia-Land Data Assimilation System (version 1) from 2003 to 2016: 2. The impact of assimilating satellite-based snow cover and freeze/thaw observations into a land surface model

This second paper of the two-part series focuses on demonstrating the impact of assimilating satellite-based snow cover and freeze/thaw observations into the hyper-resolution, offline terrestrial modeling system used for the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region from 2003 to 2016. To this end, this study systematically evaluates a total of six sets of 0.01° (∼1 km) model simulations forced by different precipitation forcings, with and without the dual assimilation scheme enabled, at point-scale, basin-scale, and domain-scale. The key variables of interest include surface net shortwave radiation, surface net longwave radiation, skin temperature, near-surface soil temperature, snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), and total runoff. First, the point-scale assessment is mainly conducted via evaluating against ground-based measurements. In general, the assimilation enabled estimates are better than no-assimilation counterparts. Second, the basin-scale runoff assessment demonstrates that across three snow-dominated basins, the assimilation enabled experiment yields systematic improvements in all goodness-of-fit statistics through mitigating the negative effects brought by the fixed long-term precipitation correction factors. For example, when forced by the bias-corrected precipitation, the assimilation-enabled experiment improves the bias by 69%, the root-mean-squared error by 30%, and the unbiased root-mean-squared error by 18% (relative to the no-assimilation counterpart). Finally, the domainscale assessment is conducted via evaluating against satellite-based SWE and skin temperature products. Both sets of domain-scale analysis further corroborate the findings in the point-scale evaluations. Overall, this study suggests the benefits of the proposed multi-variate assimilation system in improving the cryospherichydrological process within a land surface model for use in HMA.

Yuan Xue↗

Evaluation of High Mountain Asia-Land Data Assimilation System (version 1) from 2003 to 2016: 2. The impact of assimilating satellite-based snow cover and freeze/thaw observations into a land surface model

This second paper of the two-part series focuses on demonstrating the impact of assimilating satellite-based snow cover and freeze/thaw observations into the hyper-resolution, offline terrestrial modeling system used for the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region from 2003 to 2016. To this end, this study systematically evaluates a total of six sets of 0.01° (∼1 km) model simulations forced by different precipitation forcings, with and without the dual assimilation scheme enabled, at point-scale, basin-scale, and domain-scale. The key variables of interest include surface net shortwave radiation, surface net longwave radiation, skin temperature, near-surface soil temperature, snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), and total runoff. First, the point-scale assessment is mainly conducted via evaluating against ground-based measurements. In general, the assimilation enabled estimates are better than no-assimilation counterparts. Second, the basin-scale runoff assessment demonstrates that across three snow-dominated basins, the assimilation enabled experiment yields systematic improvements in all goodness-of-fit statistics through mitigating the negative effects brought by the fixed long-term precipitation correction factors. For example, when forced by the bias-corrected precipitation, the assimilation-enabled experiment improves the bias by 69%, the root-mean-squared error by 30%, and the unbiased root-mean-squared error by 18% (relative to the no-assimilation counterpart). Finally, the domain-scale assessment is conducted via evaluating against satellite-based SWE and skin temperature products. Both sets of domain-scale analysis further corroborate the findings in the point-scale evaluations. Overall, this study suggests the benefits of the proposed multi-variate assimilation system in improving the cryospheric-hydrological process within a land surface model for use in HMA.

Yuan Xue↗

Solid-State Ultracapacitor Polymer Composite

An ultracapacitor made from a polymer loaded with ceramic powder would have several advantages over current ultracapacitors and batteries. First is the possibility of it being printable, which would allow for printing the energy storage device along with the circuit instead of having to find a way to add one later without damaging the rest of the components. When not printed in a specific design for use on a printed wiring board, this type of ultracapacitor could still be cured via a mold to a shape suitable to specific applications. Many polymers maintain some flexibility even after curing, such as the silicone used in this study. The manufacturing process would also be far simpler than that of conventional ultracapacitors.In this work, solid-state ultracapacitors were made by adding the dielectric powder to a two-part polymer (resin and hardener) at the same time. The mixture was then cured in the desired shape at a low temperature until completely set. The addition of the powder to the polymer increased its dielectric properties while leaving most of its physical properties unaltered. At higher powder loading percentages, there were some physical changes as the maximum loading point was approached. To determine the efficiency of these solid-state ultracapacitors, their capacitances were tested, and their dielectric constants (DCs) were measured and compared.

energy storage↗

Winds at the Mars 2020 Landing Site: 1. Near-Surface Wind Patterns at Jezero Crater

This is the first part of a two-part paper. NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover measured winds on the Jezero crater floor close to the delta of an ancient river. A mostly repeatable diurnal cycle was observed and presented two regimes: (a) a convective regime, from dawn to sunset, with average easterly to southeasterly winds, during which maximum wind speeds were measured, and (b) a nighttime regime with westerly-northwesterly winds followed by a relatively calm period with highly variable wind directions as a function of sol and time of night. The timing and magnitude of the observed regimes are consistent with primary control by regional and local slope flows. Data suggest that the surface circulation at Jezero region in northern spring and summer is highly unaffected by large-scale circulation except during particular periods in the diurnal cycle or generally during dust storms, which is supported by MarsWRF model simulations. Consequently, the observed seasonal variability was weak. However, sol-to-sol and seasonal variability were measured, most of it during certain nighttime periods. Traveling waves consistent with baroclinic instability were clearly observed in surface winds at L_s ∼ 75°. The early MY36/2022A regional dust storm at L_s ∼ 153° disturbed the wind patterns with changes suggesting enhanced tidal flows. After sunset, the dust storm also produced detectable gravity wave activity, increasing the mixing in the nighttime planetary boundary layer during storm conditions. Inferred wind directions from dust devil movies strongly suggest that prevailing winds continued to be slope-driven during the late summer, fall and early winter seasons.

D. Viúdez-Moreiras↗